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Treason
Allegiance
It is the obligation of fidelity and obedience which the individual
Philippine government.
2. Adherence to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort
Elements of treason:
Requisites:
Philippines;
Place of commission:
must concur.
government or sovereign.
conspiracy.
-The testimonies must refer to the same act, place and moment
-The act committed need not actually strengthen the enemy or
of time.
-If the overt act is separable, two witnesses must also testify to
enemy.
Adherence to enemy
between them.
interest.
a. Allowed:
i. Duress and fear of immediate death.
ii. Obedience to a de facto government (Mere
-acceptance of public office and discharge of official duties
under the enemy do not constitute per se the felony of
b. NOT allowed:
i. Suspended allegiance (since sovereignty is not suspended in
-Art. 116 does NOT apply when treason is already committed and
Elements:
therein;
Elements:
foreign nation.
2.Unlawfully disclosing information affecting national defense.
Ways of violating Sec. 2:
a. By communicating, delivering or transmitting or
attempting or aiding or inducing another to do it, to any
foreign government or any faction or party or military or
naval force within a foreign country, whether recognized or
unrecognized by the Philippines, or to any representative,
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 616 An Act to Punish Espionage and Other
Acts Punished:
enemy.
9.Reproducing, publishing, selling, or giving away of uncensored
3.Disloyal acts or words in time of peace.
Ways of violating Sec. 3:
Philippines.
service.
property.
Requisites:
a. Two or more persons conspire to violate the provisions of
Neutrality
Correspondence
Communication by means of letters; or it may refer to the letters
which pass between those who have friendly or business relations.
Elements of piracy:
-If the offender intended to aid the enemy by giving such notice or
same as that for treason. (Reyes, The Revised Penal Code Book II,
passengers.
High seas
Waters which are beyond the boundaries of the low-water mark,
although such waters may be in the jurisdictional limits of a foreign
government; parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive
economic zone, in the territorial seas, or in the internal waters of a
Philippine waters
Shall refer to all bodies of water, such as but not limited to seas,
gulfs, bays around, between and connecting each of the islands of
the Philippine Archipelago, irrespective of its depth, breadth, length
temporary.
crime.
-Article 121 must be implemented by the Government. If fleeing or
-Piracy is a crime not against any particular state but against all
Mutiny
The unlawful resistance to a superior, or the raising of
commotions and disturbances on board a ship against the authority
of its commander.