An Overview of Ais 1082

IALAGUIDELINE
1082
ANOVERVIEWOFAIS
Edition2.0
June2016
DOCUMENTREVISION
RevisionstothisIALADocumentaretobenotedinthetablepriortotheissueofareviseddocument.
Date
Page/SectionRevised
RequirementforRevision
June2016
Entiredocument
AcomprehensivereviewoftheGuidelineincluding
restructuringwithmergingofGuideline1059and
updatingofreferences.
IALAGuideline1082AnoverviewofAIS
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................5
1.1.
Scope........................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.
WhatisAIS?.............................................................................................................................................5
1.3.
PurposeofAIS..........................................................................................................................................5
1.3.1.
1.4.
AISandradar..............................................................................................................................................................................6
DevelopmentofAIS.................................................................................................................................6
2. UseofAISbyIALAmembers................................................................................................................6
3. HOWDOESITOPERATE.......................................................................................................................7
3.1.
Protocolfordatatransmission(language/sentences)...........................................................................7
3.1.1.
Timing.........................................................................................................................................................................................7
3.1.2.
Position.......................................................................................................................................................................................8
3.2.
VHFdatalink............................................................................................................................................8
3.3.
ProcessforDataexchange.......................................................................................................................8
3.4.
DisplayofAISdata...................................................................................................................................9
3.5.
AISService................................................................................................................................................9
3.6.
Messages...............................................................................................................................................10
3.6.1.
Standardmessages...................................................................................................................................................................10
3.6.2.
ApplicationSpecificMessages(ASM).......................................................................................................................................11
3.6.3.
Managementmessages............................................................................................................................................................11
4. AISSTATIONS....................................................................................................................................13
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
Mobile....................................................................................................................................................14
4.1.1.
Shipborne.................................................................................................................................................................................14
4.1.2.
AISSART....................................................................................................................................................................................15
4.1.3.
MODAIS................................................................................................................................................................................15
4.1.4.
EPIRBAIS................................................................................................................................................................................15
4.1.5.
AISonSARaircraft....................................................................................................................................................................16
FixedAISstations...................................................................................................................................16
4.2.1.
AISBaseStations......................................................................................................................................................................16
4.2.2.
AISRepeaters............................................................................................................................................................................16
4.2.3.
AISAidtoNavigation................................................................................................................................................................16
AISStationReportingRate.....................................................................................................................16
5. BASICAISSERVICE(BAS)....................................................................................................................17
5.1.
Coverageconsiderations.......................................................................................................................18
5.2.
AISnetwork............................................................................................................................................18
5.3.
Redundancy...........................................................................................................................................18
5.4.
Vulnerability...........................................................................................................................................18
6. FUTUREDEVELOPMENTS...................................................................................................................18
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CONTENTS
6.1.
eNavigation...........................................................................................................................................19
6.2.
SatelliteAIS............................................................................................................................................19
6.3.
VHFDataExchamgeSystem(VDES)......................................................................................................19
6.4.
AISinGMDSS.........................................................................................................................................19
7. ACRONYMS........................................................................................................................................19
ANNEXA TIMELINEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAIS......................................................................................22
ANNEXB TableofAISstationsBYmessagetype...........................................................................................24
ANNEXC DataBroadcastbyAISstationtype................................................................................................26
ANNEXD AISFUNcTIONALITYbylayerandSTATIONTYPE............................................................................31
ANNEXE AISDocumentationOverview........................................................................................................33
ListofTables
Table1
Table2
Table3
Table4
Table5
Table6
Table7
Table8
StandardAISmessages................................................................................................................10
OverviewofAISstations..............................................................................................................13
ComparisontableAISClassAandAISClassB..........................................................................15
AISStationReportingIntervals....................................................................................................17
AISStationBehaviourbyMessageType......................................................................................24
DatabroadcastbyAISstationtype.............................................................................................26
AISFunctionalityByLayerandStationType...............................................................................31
AISdocumentationmatrix...........................................................................................................33
ListofFigures
Figure1
Figure2
Figure3
ProtocolforAISdatatransmission................................................................................................8
DisplayofAIS.................................................................................................................................9
RepresentationofsometypesofAISStations.............................................................................14
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1.
INTRODUCTION
AISwasdevelopedtoprovideautomaticreportingbetweenshipsandtoshore,whichcontributestothesafetyof
navigationandfacilitatestrafficmanagementbyexchanginginformationsuchasidentity,position,time,course
andspeed,autonomouslyandcontinuously.
1.1.
SCOPE
ThisguidelineprovidesanintroductiontoAISatanoverviewlevelforshoreauthoritiesandreferencesrelevant
documentationwherefurtherinformationcanbefound.
FurtherinformationonAISdocumentationisprovidedatANNEXEandisavailableontheIALAwebsite.1
1.2.
WHATISAIS?
AISisacommunicationssystemusingfourworldwidechannelsintheVHFmaritimemobileband,forthe
exchangeofnavigationdata.TherearenumerousAISdevices,knownasstations,whichareidentifiedbya
uniqueMaritimeMobileServiceIdentity(MMSI)2anduseaninternationalopenstandardtocommunicate.
AISstationsaredesignedtooperateautonomously(withoutinteractionbyshiporshorepersonnel)andmayalso
beinstructedtotransmitinadifferentmannerforexamplemaybeinterrogated(polled)orbecommandedto
transmitmorefrequently,oronadifferentfrequency(assignment).AISenablestheautomaticexchangeof
shipboardinformationfromvesselsensors(dynamicdata),aswellasmanuallyenteredstaticandvoyagerelated
data3,betweenonevesselandanotherandbetweenavesselandashorestation(s).
AIShasbeenmandatedasashipboardcarriagerequirementforvesselsundertherevisedChapterVofthe
InternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea,1974(asamended)(SOLAS74)section19.2.4.inaddition,
AISisrequireddomesticallyonnonSOLASvesselsbysomeadministrations.
InformationexchangebetweenvesselswithinVHFrangeofeachother,increasingsituationalawareness;
Informationexchangebetweenavesselandashorestation,suchasaVTS,toimprovetrafficmanagementin
congestedwaterways;
Automaticreportinginareasofmandatoryandvoluntaryreporting;
Exchangeofsafetyrelatedinformationbetweenvessels,andbetweenvesselsandshorestation(s).
ThedevelopmentofAIShasexpandedtoincludedevicessuchasAISforAidstoNavigation(AISAtoN),AISon
searchandrescueaircraftandAISsearchandrescuetransmitters4(AISSART).Furtherexplanationofthe
differentAISstationsisincludedinsection4.
1.3.
PURPOSEOFAIS
TheAISimprovesthesafetyofnavigationandprotectionoftheenvironmentbyassistingintheeffective
navigationofshipsandtheoperationofVTS,bysatisfyingthefollowingfunctionalrequirements:5
.l
inashiptoshipmodeforcollisionavoidance;
.2
asameansforlittoralStatestoobtaininformationaboutashipanditscargo;and
.3
asaVTStool,i.e.shiptoshore(trafficmanagement).
IALAWebsitehttp://www.ialaaism.org/
ITURM.585definestheassignmentandformatofMMSIs
Dynamicdataisdataprovidedfromsensorssuchasgyrocompass,GNSSdeviceorrateofturnindicator;staticdatareferstodatathatdoesntchangesuchasthelengthorbeamofthevessel;voyage
relateddatareferstoitemssuchasthevesseldraft,portofdestinationorcargo.
Radarsearchandrescuetransponders(SART)andAISSARTareincludedintheGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS).RadarSARTareactivatedbytheradarpulse(hencetransponder)
IMOResolutionMSC.74(69)Annex3.
whileAISSARTtransmitatsetrates.
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AISprovidesforincreasedsituationalawarenesswhichenableseffectiveresponsetoemergenciessuchassearch
andrescue(SAR)aswellasenvironmentalpollution.Additionally,AIScanprovidedatatoidentifytrendsor
improvementstotheprovisionofservicestoenhancenavigationalsafety.
1.3.1.
AISANDRADAR
AISinformationmaybeusedinconjunctionwithradarinformationtofacilitate:
Vesselidentification,heading,courseoverground(COG)andspeedoverground(SOG);
Improvedvesseltracking(notargetswap);
Widergeographicalcoverage;
Greaterpositionalaccuracy,dependentonthepositioninputsensor;
Informationinradarshadowarea('sees'aroundbendsandbehindislands);
Nearrealtimemanoeuvringdata;
Nolossoftargetsinsea,rainandsnowclutter.
ItisimportanttobeawarethatnotallshipsarerequiredtocarryAISandthatitispermissiblefortheAIStobe
switchedoffifthemasterbelievesthatthecontinualoperationofAISmightcompromisethesafetyorsecurityof
his/hership,orifsecurityincidentsareimminent.6
AvesselmustinformthecompetentauthorityifitswitchesoffitsAISwhilstinamandatoryreportingarea.
Itshouldbenotedthatsomedataisenteredorupdatedmanuallyandsothereispotentialforincorrectentryand
fortheentereddatatobecomeoutofdate.Thisincludesdatarelatedtostaticinformation(e.g.shipidentity,
dimension)andvoyagerelateddata(e.g.navigationalstatus).Shoreauthoritiesshouldtakethenecessaryaction
toensuretheintegrityoftheAISdatalinkandthatthedatatransmittedonthelinkiscorrect.
1.4.
DEVELOPMENTOFAIS
AISdevelopedthroughthecooperativeeffortsofanumberofdifferentinternationalorganisations,includingthe
InternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO),theInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU),theInternational
AssociationofMarineAidstoNavigationandLighthouseAuthorities(IALA)andtheInternationalElectrotechnical
Commission(IEC).
AISreferencestotheseinternationaldocumentsareincludedinANNEXE.
2.
USEOFAISBYIALAMEMBERS
AIScanbeaneffectivetooltoassistaidstonavigationauthoritiesinanumberofareas,asidentifiedintheIALA
Guideline1050onthemanagementandmonitoringofAISinformation.Forexample,AIScanbeusedto:
Displaytrafficonelectronicnavigationalchartandradardisplay;
ProvideinformationtoVTScentres;
Monitorshippingroutesincludingmandatoryandrecommendedroutes;
EnabletrendanalysisofAISdata(numberandsizesofdifferenttypesofships;useofrouteingmeasures);
Providedataforriskanalysis;
Providedataforlongtermplanning;
Providedataformarineaccidentinvestigation;
IMOResolutionA.917(22)asamendedbyA.956(23).
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Improvetheeffectivenessandefficiencyofplanning,managementandmaintenanceofwaterwaysincluding
theprovisionofAidstoNavigation.
AdditionalinformationontheuseofAISbyAuthoritiesisprovidedinthelatesteditionoftheIALAVTSManual,
IALARecommendationV128onOperationalandTechnicalPerformanceRequirementsforVTS(ANNEX3AIS),
and,theIALAAISRecommendationsandGuidelineslistedinANNEXE.
3.
HOWDOESITOPERATE
AISstationscommunicateusingatimedivisionmultipleaccess(TDMA)communicationsscheme.Whichmeans
thatthedatalinkusedisdividedintoanumberofequaltimeslotswhichholdasetamountofdataandare
synchronisedusingGPStime.TheprimarymethodsbywhichAISdevicesaccessthelink(asdetailedinITUR
M.1371)are:
1
SelfOrganised(SOTDMA)isthebasicaccessmethodformobilestations.Stationspreannouncewhenthey
aregoingtotransmitandplantheirtransmissionsbasedonslotuseinformationcollectedfromotherstations
inordertopreventslotcollisions(twostationspickingthesameslottotransmittheirdatapacket).
RandomAccess(RATDMA)7isusedbyAISstationstoaccessthelinkforunscheduledtransmissions.
FixedAccess(FATDMA)8isusedbyAISstationsthathavearequirementtotransmitdataatpredetermined
intervals,andinvolvesthereservationofparticularslotsfortheirexclusiveuse.
CarrierSense(CSTDMA)knownaspolitebehaviourisusedbysomemobilestationswhichcanaccessthe
link only when they find an unused slot. These stations must listen to the beginning of a slot to detect
occupancyandarethereforelimitedtoasingleslottransmission
LandAISnetworksrelyuponcommunicationtowers,referredtoasBaseStationsthatmanagethenetworkina
similarmannertotelephonecelltowers.Whenyouexperienceadroppedcallonyourmobiletelephoneitis
usuallybecauseyouareoutsidethecell(coveragearea)orbecausethecellhastoomanyotherusers.What
makesAISuniqueandverydifferentfromamobiletelephonenetworkistheabilitytoselforganise.Simply,
eachAISstationisitsowncelltowersoitscell,orcoveragearea,moveswithit.Thisispossiblebecausethe
networkiscontinuouslyselforganizingaroundtheuser,thusreducingthelikelihoodofdroppedcall
(undeliveredAISmessages).
3.1.
PROTOCOLFORDATATRANSMISSION(LANGUAGE/SENTENCES)
AISusesTDMAprotocols,thisisthemethodusedtocommunicateamongststations,usingpredefinedmessages
(sentences),whichareexchangedbetweenstationsviafourdesignatedVHFfrequencies9.Theprotocols,
frequenciesandthemessagestogetheraredefinedastheVHFdatalink(VDL).TheVDLissimilartoaninternet
emailservicewhereinternationalcompatibilityisassuredbyastrictprotocol,whateverthecontentofthe
messagemightbe.
3.1.1.
TIMING
Correctsynchronisationofeachuser'sequipmentisimperativetoensureproperfunctioningoftheTDMAandisa
criticalpartoftheprotocolforsuccessfultransmissions.
ForAIS1andAIS2,eachminuteoftime(knownastheframe)oneachdesignatedfrequencyisdividedinto2250
slots,givingatotalof4500forthetwofrequencies.Eachframeof2250slotsisrepeatedeveryminute.To
ensureallunitsaresynchronised,everyAISstationcontainsaGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystemreceiver(GNSS
e.g.GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)),whichprovidesUniversalTimeCoordinated(UTC)asatimingreference.If
GNSStimingislost,synchronisationisprovidedbyothermobileunitsorAISBaseStationsinthearea.
ShoreauthoritiesshoulduseFATDMAwheneverpossibleinsteadofRATDMAtoavoidslotcollisions
ShoreauthoritiesareresponsiblefortheallocationandreservationofFATDMAslots.
Ch.AIS1(formerly87B),Ch.AIS2(formerly88B),Ch.75(AIS3)andCh.76(AIS4).
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3.1.2.
POSITION
AlthoughAISreliesonGPSfortimingitmayalsoobtainitspositionreferencefromanexternalsource.Any
interferenceorlossoftheGNSSsignalwillimpactAISpositiondata.
3.2.
VHFDATALINK
TheAIShasbeendesignedforshortrange,VHFcoverage,normallyreferredtoaslineofsight.Althoughmost
AISmessagesonlyuseone(1)slot,somecanoccupyuptofive(5)consecutivetimeslots.Thegreaterthe
numberofslotsusedbyamessage,andthelargerthenumberofvesselsinacoveragearea,thegreaterthe
potentialfordatapacket(slot)collisions.SincemostAISbasestationstypicallyhaveahighantennaposition,
largecoveragearea,thismayresultinmessagesnotbeingdecodedfrommoredistantAISunitsinanareawhere
thereareaverylargenumberofAISstationsoperating.However,datafromthesedistantstationswould
continuetobetransmittedandreceivedcorrectlybycloserAISstations.
AdministrationsshouldorganisetheusageoftheVDLbyappropriateFATDMA10reservationsandconsiderthe
totalloadontheVDLbeforeintroducingadditionalserviceswhichrelyonAIS.
TheinformationexchangedviatheVDLissafetyrelatedandtheusageoftheVDLshouldbemonitoredand
controlledtosafeguarditsproperfunctionandavoidoverloading.IMOhashighlightedthisneedinIMO
ResolutionMSC.347(91).
Eventhoughtherearepotentiallysomescenariosinwhichdatacollisionsmayoccur,theAISisquiterobust,and
hasbeendesignedtoworkathighVDLloading.
ClassAstationsalsobroadcastaLongRangeAISbroadcastMessage(Message27)every3minutesontwoVHF
channels75(AIS3)and76(AIS4)forsatellitereception.ThismessageshouldbesuppressedwhentheClassA
stationiswithinanAISBasestationcoverageareabythegroupassignmentmessagefromthecontrollingbase
station.
Figure1
3.3.
ProtocolforAISdatatransmission
PROCESSFORDATAEXCHANGE
InadditiontoTDMA,AISstationsalsouseinternationallyadoptedmaritimedigitalinterfacesanddatasentences
toexchangedataamongstotherdevices,systemsornetworks(IEC61162/NMEA0183).Thisfacilitatesthe
displayanduseofAISinformationonboardthevesselandashore,whichenablestheuseofAIStomeetspecific
10
FATDMAslotallocationshouldbecoordinatedamongstadministrations,referenceIALARecommendationA124(Annex14).
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needs.OnboardthevesseltheAISprovidesdatatotheradar,ECDIS,chartplottersetc.,andashoretoVTS
systemsetc.
3.4.
DISPLAYOFAISDATA
AISdatacanbedisplayedindifferentways.AISclassAmusthaveaMinimumKeyboardandDisplay(MKD),
primarilyintendedforinstallationbutdisplayingAIStarget,name,bearingandrange.
OnvesselswithAIScompliantnavigationaldisplays(IEC62288),themannerinwhichtargetsaredisplayed
dependsonthetypeofAISdata:
Shipdynamicdataaretypicallydisplayedastriangularshapedicons(seeFigure2);
Shipstaticdataistypicallyshownasatextbox;
Safetymessagesarealsoshownasatextbox;
AISAtoNmessagesasdiamondshapedicons.
Meteorologicalandhydrologicaldatainalphanumericand/orinagraphicalmanner.
Figure2
3.5.
DisplayofAIS
AISSERVICE
TheAIScanbeconsideredamaritimesafetyrelatedinformationservice.ThepurposeoftheAISServiceisto
allowmarinersandmaritimeadministrationstointerfacewiththedifferentAISstationsontheVDL.
TheAISserviceprovidesafunctionalinterfacetoaccesstheavailabledatafromAISstations.Thepurposeofthis
interfaceisto:
facilitatetheintegrationoftheinformationfromAISintootherapplications;
isolatetheuserfromthetechnicaldetailsoftheAIStechnologyandthewaytheAISServicehasbeen
configuredandimplemented;
allowforasimplepointofcontrolofwhatAISdataissharedwitheachclient.
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3.6.
MESSAGES
ThedataexchangeusingAISisbasedonwelldefinedmessages,occupyingbetweenone(1)andfive(5)
consecutivetimeslotsandarelistedinTable1.Themajorityofthemessagesareconcernedwiththetransferof
navigationalinformation,howeversomemessagesareapplicationspecificorhavesystemmanagement
functions,andarespecificallydescribedinthesectionsbelow.
3.6.1.
STANDARDMESSAGES
ThestandardmessagesusedbyAISaregiveninthetablebelow.ThesemessagesareapprovedbyITUforuseby
AIS.Forfurtherdetails,seeITURM1371
Table1 StandardAISmessages
Message
ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Name
Positionreport
Positionreport
Positionreport
Basestationreport
Staticandvoyagerelateddata
Binaryaddressedmessage
Binaryacknowledgement
Binarybroadcastmessage
StandardSARaircraftposition
report
UTC/dateinquiry
UTC/dateresponse
Safetyrelatedaddressedtext
message
Safetyrelated
acknowledgement
Safetyrelatedbroadcasttext
message
Interrogation
16
Assignmentmodecommand
17
18
19
20
21
22
DGNSSbroadcastbinary
message
StandardClassBequipment
positionreport
ExtendedClassBequipment
positionreport
Datalinkmanagement
message
Aidstonavigationreport
Channelmanagement
Description
Scheduledpositionreport
Assignedscheduledpositionreport;
Specialpositionreport,responsetointerrogation;(Class
Ashipbornemobileequipment)
Position,UTC,dateandcurrentslotnumberofbase
station
Scheduledstaticandvoyagerelatedvesseldatareport;
(ClassAshipbornemobileequipment)
Binarydataforaddressedcommunication
Acknowledgementofreceivedaddressedbinarydata
Binarydataforbroadcastcommunication
PositionreportforairbornestationsinvolvedinSAR
operations,only
RequestUTCanddate
CurrentUTCanddateifavailable
Safetyrelateddataforaddressedcommunication
Acknowledgementofreceivedaddressedsafetyrelated
message
Safetyrelateddataforbroadcastcommunication
Requestforaspecificmessagetype(canresultinmultiple
responsesfromoneorseveralstations)
Assignmentofaspecificreportingbehaviourby
competentauthorityusingabasestationtoasingle
mobilestation
DGNSScorrectionsprovidedbyabasestation
StandardpositionreportforClassBshipbornemobile
equipmenttobeusedinsteadofMessages1,2,3
ExtendedpositionreportforclassBshipbornemobile
equipment;containsadditionalstaticinformation
Usedbybasestation(s)toreserveslots
Positionandstatusreportforaidstonavigation
Managementofchannelsandtransceivermodesbya
basestation
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Message
ID
Name
23
Groupassignmentcommand
24
Staticdatareport
25
26
27
Singleslotbinarymessage
Multipleslotbinarymessage
withCommunicationsState
LongrangeAISbroadcast
message
Description
Assignmentofaspecificreportingbehaviourby
competentauthorityusingabasestationtoaspecific
groupofmobiles
AdditionaldataassignedtoanMMSIPartA:Name;(for
anyAISstation)PartB:StaticData(forClassBShipborne
mobile)
Shortunscheduledbinarydatatransmission(Broadcastor
addressed)
Scheduledbinarydatatransmission(Broadcastor
addressed)
Scheduledpositionreportdesignedforsatellitedetection
(shipboardimplementationpost2017)
3.6.2.
APPLICATIONSPECIFICMESSAGES(ASM)
Messages6,8,25and26provideastructurewhichcanaccommodatedatasuitedforaspecificapplication(e.g.
meteorologicalandhydrologicaldata,notifyingofdangerouscargo,identifyingazoneoraroute,indicating
pilotagerequirements,etc.).
Inadditiontothemessagenumber,theseapplicationsareidentifiedusinganumberingsystembasedonaunique
threedigitcodeknownastheDesignatedAreaCode(DAC)andatwodigitFunctionIdentifier(FI).Thiscoding
allowsthecorrectuseofthemessageifthenecessaryapplicationsoftwareisavailable.Thesemessagesare
similartoapplicationsonamobiletelephone.
DAC001,FI0009identifyinternationalmessagesfortechnicalpurposesdefinedbyITURM.1371.DAC001,FI
1063identifyinternationalmessagesdefinedandadoptedbyIMO,asdescribedinSN.1/Circ.289.
DAC010999identifyregionalfunctionalmessages,whichmayalsobedesignatedandadoptedforuseby
administrations.AdministrationsareencouragedtoregisterregionalfunctionalmessageswithIALA,who
maintaintheregistryaccessiblefromtheirwebsite11.
Priortodevelopingaregionalfunctionalmessage,administrationsshouldverifyifamessagewithidentical
contentisalreadyontheregistry(inuse).Thesemessagesmaybeusedoutsidetheregion,buttheownership
andcontrolofthemessagesbelongtotheadministrationresponsibleforAISintheareaindicatedbytheDAC.
AdministrationsareencouragedtouseexistingmessagesasappropriatewiththeirregisteredDACandFI.
However,anychangestothecontentofanexistingmessagewouldrequireachangetotheDACandFIand
shouldberegisteredwithIALA.
3.6.3.
MANAGEMENTMESSAGES
ManagementmessagesareusedtocontrolthebehaviourofAISstationsandtheuseoftheVDL.This
functionalityisperformedsolelybyAISbasestationswhichshouldbecontrolledbyaCompetentAuthority.
3.6.3.1.
UTCanddateinquiry(msg.10)/response(msg.11)
Stationsmayrequest/provideuniversaltimecoordinatedinformationasneeded.
3.6.3.2.
Interrogation(msg.15)
AISstationsmaypollorinterrogateotherstationstorequestinformationotherthanUTCanddate.
11
Regionalregistryhttp://www.ialaaism.org/products/technical/aisbinarymessages.html.
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3.6.3.3.
Assignmentcommand(msg.16)
Assignmentsareusedbybasestationstocontrolthereportingintervalofamobilestation.Message16will
defineboththeslotandtheincrementforagivenmobilestation.
3.6.3.4.
DGNSSbroadcast(msg.17)
ThismessagemaybetransmittedbyabasestationwhichisconnectedtoaDGNSSreferencesource,and
configuredtoprovideDGNSSdatatootherstations.Useofmessage17willcorrecttheinternalAISGNSS.The
systemhasnotbeendesignedtointerfacetothevesselsGNSS(externaltotheAISGNSS).Thetransmissionof
thedifferentialbroadcastcanprovideformoreaccuratepositioninginformationwheretheAISunithasan
internalGNSS.Inaddition,theDGNSSreferencesourcewillwarnthemarinerandauthoritiesaboutfailuresin
theGNSSsignal.
3.6.3.5.
Datalinkmanagement(msg.20)
Thismessagecanbeusedbybasestationstopreannouncethefixedallocationschedule(FATDMA)foroneor
morebasestationsandshouldberepeatedasoftenasrequired.Thismessageisusedtoreserveslotsforabase
station,orotherfixedstations,touse.Themobileunitswillnotusetheseslots.Itisimportanttorefreshthe
reservationoftheseslots,withinthetimeoutperiodprovidedwithinthemessage,sothatmobileunitsthatare
planningtransmissionsinfutureframesdonotseetheslotsasavailableandnewmobilestotheareareceivethe
reservationsinatimelymanner.Inaddition,itisalsoimportantthatslotreservationiscoordinatedsothatthe
VDLremainsavailablefortheprimarypurposeofAIS,collisionavoidance.12
3.6.3.6.
Channelmanagement(msg.22)
ChannelmanagementprovidestheabilitytorequireshipswithinadefinedareatotransmitandreceiveAISon
frequenciesotherthanthetwointernationaldedicatedAISfrequencies(AIS1,AIS2).
ThiscanbeaccomplishedbysendingachannelmanagementmessageontheexistingAISfrequenciesoronDSC
channel70.Thealternatechannel(s)chosenmustbefreefromotherVHFtraffic.
ThischannelmanagementcanbeusedwheretheexistingAISfrequenciesarenotavailableforuse,ifthereis
interferenceonexistingAISfrequenciesorinareasofhighactivityontheVDL.
Channelmanagementmustbeeffectivelycoordinatedwithadjoiningstationstoensurethatsituational
awarenessinthetransitionzonesisnotlost.13
ItshouldbenotedthatexperiencehasshownthatnotallunitswillrespondproperlytotheDSCcommandto
reverttotheAISchannels,andthedefaulttimeoutinthemobileunitis30days.Therefore,IALAdoesnot
recommendtheuseofchannelmanagement.
3.6.3.7.
Groupassignment(msg.23)
GroupAssignmentprovidestheabilitytorequireshipswithinadefinedareaandcriteriatochangetheir
operatingmode.TheGroupAssignmentCommandistransmittedbyabasestationwhenoperatingasa
controllingentity.Thiscommandcanbeappliedtoamobilestationwithinthedefinedregionandasselectedby
amobilesShipandCargoTypeorbyStationtype.Thefollowingoperatingparametersofamobilestationmay
becommandedusingthismessage:
transmit/receivemode;
reportinginterval;
thedurationofaquiettime.
12
RefertoIMOResolutionMSC140(76)RecommendationfortheprotectionoftheAISVHFdatalink.
13
RefertoIALARecommendationA124Annex17.
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4.
AISSTATIONS
AISisnotsolelyusedonboardshipandcanbegroupedbyclass(shipborne)andfunction.ShipborneAIS
devices,whichcontributethemosttotheflowofAISinformation,areclassifiedaseitherClassAorB.Thereare,
however,othertypesofAISstationsthatprovidepertinentinformationorareusedtomanageAISdata.See
Table2.
Table2 OverviewofAISstations
AISStation
(MMSIformat)
AISClassA14
(MIDxxxxxx15)
AISClassB
(MIDxxxxxx)
AISbasestation
(00MIDxxxx)
AISAidstoNavigation
(99MIDxxxx)
AISonSearchandRescue
(SAR)Aircraft
(111MIDxxx)
AISSART
(970YYxxxx16)
MOBAIS
(972YYxxxx)
EPIRBAIS
(974YYxxxx)
AISRepeater
(00MID4xxx)
DescriptionofAISStation
ClassAstationsareshipborneunitswhichmeetandarerequiredonmost
commercialshipsbytheIMO.
ClassBstationsarealsoshipborneunitswhicharemainlycompatibleandvery
similarwithAISClassAbutdonotmeetIMOtechnicalorcarriagerequirements
primarilybecausetheydifferinpoweroutputandreportingrate.ThisClasshastwo
variantsbasedontheaccessschemeused:CarrierSenseandSelfOrganizing.
BasestationsaredesignedforusebyCompetentauthoritiestomanagetheVDLand
enableeffectiveshiptoshore/shoretoshiptransmissionofinformation.Theyare
thecoreofanyAISServiceandcanbenetworkedtoprovidebroadVTSorCoastal
Surveillancecoverageandoverallmaritimedomainawareness.
AISAtoNstationsextendthevisualoraudiblerangeofatraditionalaidandprovide
currentpositionorstatus;ortheycanprovideaidwhereatraditionalaiddoesnot
yetexist,knownasavirtualAtoN.
AISprovidesforauniquemessageintendedforusebySearchandRescueAircraft
andtoassistothersinaSARoperation.
SearchandRescueTransmitters(SART)arepartoftheGlobalMaritimeDistressand
SafetySystem(GMDSS).AISSearchandRescueTransmitters(AISSARTs)canbe
usedinlieuofradarSART.AISSARTsprovidemuchgreaterrangethanradarSART.
ManOverboardAISTransmittersoperateinasimilarmannertotheAISSART,but
areusedtoindicatethepositionofanindividualinthewater.
EmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeaconsarepartoftheGMDSSandarebased
ona406MHzsatellitedetectablesignal.AnEPIRBAISalsotransmitsanAISmessage
toassistwithlocating,anda121.5MHzsignaltoassistwithhoming.
Astationthatrepeatsallnonsystemmanagementmessagestoincreasetherange
oftheAISVDL
ForrepresentationofsometypesofAISseeFigure3.ThebehaviourofeachstationisshowninANNEXBto
ANNEXD.
14
InlandAISasusedininlandwaterwaysisaderivativeofClassA.
15
MID:MaritimeIdentificationDigitswhichdenotestheAdministrationhavingjurisdictionoverthestationsoidentified.
16
YY:ManufacturerIDcode
Edition2.0June2016
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Figure3
RepresentationofsometypesofAISStations
AnindicationofthedatabroadcastbyeachAISstationisprovidedinANNEXC.
4.1.
MOBILE
4.1.1.
SHIPBORNE
ClassAequipmentcomplieswiththeIMOAISperformancestandards.ClassBarecompatiblewithClassAand
arefullycompliantwithITUrequirements,but,reportlessfrequentlyandatalowerpowerthanClassA.See
Table3.
4.1.1.1.
ClassA
DuringtheinstallationofAISClassA,importantstatic17shiprelatedinformationisenteredintotheAISmemory
unit;thisincludesidentity(i.e.name,callsign,MMSI),lengthandbeam,typeofshipandthelocationofthe
positionfixingantenna.Subsequentchangestothisdatarequirepasswordaccess.
TheshipborneAISunitsrelyoninputsfromtheshipsGNSSequipment(i.e.GPS),theheadingdeviceandrateof
turnindicator.TherequirementtofeedthisinformationtoAISisidentifiedinSOLAS(e.g.SOLASV/19.2.5
requiresagyrocompass,orothermeanstodetermineanddisplayheading,isprovidedasinputintothatAIS
equipment).
ShipborneAISunitsarealsorequiredtoprovideanumberofinterfacestoallowforintegrationofreceived
informationwithavarietyofonboardnavigationequipment,includingaminimumkeyboardanddisplay(MKD).
ThisMKDisthemandateddisplaytoolforAISClassAandprovidesforaminimumofthreelinesofdataconsisting
ofbearing,rangeandthenameofaselectedship.
4.1.1.2.
ClassB
TherecanbetwodifferentvariantsofClassBstations,withdifferentaccessmethods(selforganizingTDMAand
carriersenseTDMA).ClassBshipborneAISstationsaretypicallyinstalledonnonSOLASworkcraftandpleasure
craft.
17
Staticdatareferstodatathatdoesntchangesuchasthelengthorbreadthofthevessel.
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ClassBunitsarenotuserconfigurable.Becauseofthis,theunitsmustbeconfiguredbythemanufacturerortheir
representative(salesperson)priortouse.
ThereisnorequirementfromIMOforcarriage,installationordisplayofAISClassB,howevertherearenational
requirementsinsomecountries.
Table3 ComparisontableAISClassAandAISClassB
ShipboardAIS
Comparison
TransmitPower
MajorCommunication
AccessScheme
FrequencyRange&
Bandwidth
PositionSourceand
externalinputs
Display/digital
interfaces
Safetytextmessaging
4.1.2.
ClassA(SOLAS
compliant)
ClassB/CS
ClassB/SO
(under
development)
12.5watts(nominal)/
1watt18(lowpower)
2watts
5watts(nominal)
1watt18lowpower)
Selforganizing(SOTDMA)
Carriersense(CSTDMA)
politetoClassAs
Selforganising
(SOTDMA)politeto
ClassAs
161.500162.025MHz
@25kHz
DSC(156.525MHz)
receiveonly
161.500162.025
MHz@25kHz
AISinternalGNSS;
headingoptional;
ExternalGNSSoptional
ExternalGNSS,
heading,rateofturn
indicationavailable;
AISinternalGNSS
Optional
Optional
Transmitoptional,and
onlypreconfigured.
Receiveonly
156.025162.025MHz@
25kHz
DSC(156.525MHz)
required
ExternalGNSS,heading,
rateofturnindication
required;AISinternal
GNSS
Minimumkeyboard
display(MKD);multiple
inputoutputportsand
singleoutput
Receiveandtransmit
AISSART
ASearchAndRescueTransponder(AISSART)isusedinthefinalstagesoftheexecutionofasearchtorespondto
thelocatingelementoftheGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS).AnAISSARTiscapableof
transmittingmessagesthatindicatetheposition(Message1)andsafetyinformation(Message14)ofaunitin
distressandiscompatiblewithexistingAISinstallations19.Thestationwilltransmitasafetyrelatedtextmessage,
containingSARTACTIVEduringanemergencyandSARTTESTwhenundertest.
4.1.3.
MODAIS
ManOverBoard(MOB)AIStransmittersoperateinasimilarmannertoAISSART,butareusedtoindicatethe
positionofanindividualperson.MOBAIStransmitMessageType1withtheNavigationalstatus14,anda
MessageType14whichstates:MOBACTIVEorMOBTEST.
4.1.4.
EPIRBAIS
EmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeaconsarepartoftheGlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem(GMDSS)
andarebasedona406MHzsatellitedetectablesignal.EPIRBsusea121.5MHzforlocatingandanEPIRBAISalso
transmitsanAISMessageType1withtheNavigationalstatus14,andaMessageType14whichstates:EPIRB
ACTIVEorEPIRBTEST.
18
WhileClassAinitiallyhadalowpowerof2watts,thiswasamendedinasubsequenteditionofITURM.13713.Themainissuethatthischangeaddressedwastherequirementforlimitationsin
19
IMOResolutionMSC.246(83).
powerasidentifiedintheInternationalSafetyGuideforOilTankersandTerminals(ISGOTT),fifthedition.
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4.1.5.
AISONSARAIRCRAFT
AIScanbefittedtoaircrafttosupportsearchandrescueandsafetyofnavigation.ThepositionreportforAISon
SARaircraftincludesinformationonaltitude.
4.2.
FIXEDAISSTATIONS
FixedAISstationsrefertoshorestationsorAISaidtonavigationstationsonlighthousesorotherfixedlocations.
4.2.1.
AISBASESTATIONS
TheAISbasestationisadevicethatisabletomanage(see3.6.3)theVDL.Inhightrafficareasthebasestation
maybenefitfromahigherlevelapplicationtofullytakeadvantageofthebenefitsofAISandmanagementofthe
VDL.
4.2.2.
AISREPEATERS
AISrepeaterscanbeusedtoextendtherangeofotherAISstations.Therepeatermustbewithintherange(often
referredtoasthefootprint)oftheotherstationtoenableconsistentrepeatcapability.
4.2.3.
AISAIDTONAVIGATION
AnAISunitcanbefittedtoanAtoNtoprovidepositiveidentification,positionandstatusoftheAtoN.AISAtoN
maybefixed(i.e.attachedtoalighthouse)orfloating(i.e.attachedtoabuoy).
AISAtoNstationsaredivided,fromatechnicalpointofview,asfollows:
1
Type 1. No receiver. Transmitter can only use predefined time slots (FATDMA), reserved by an AIS base
station;
Type2.Receiverusedforcontrolfunctionsforconfigurationonly.Transmitterusespredefinedtimeslots
only(seeType1);
Type3.FullAISreceivecapabilitytypicallyusedinanareawithoutAISbasestationcoverage.
FromanoperationalpointofviewAISAtoNstationsareidentifiedasfollows:
1
PhysicalAISAtoN.TheAISstationisphysicallylocatedontheAtoN;
Synthetic AIS AtoN. AtoN messages for a specific AtoN are transmitted from a remote location (i.e. from
anotherAtoNoraBasestation).
VirtualAISAtoN.AremoteAISStation(anotherAtoNoraBaseStation)transmitamessagetoidentifyan
AtoNinalocationwhereitdoesnotphysicallyexist.
ThevirtualAISAtoNcanonlybeseenbyotherAISunits.AnAISAtoNstationmaytransmitASMs,
SafetyRelatedMessages(e.g.AtoNisoutofpositionormalfunctioning)andmayalsorepeatany
AISSARTmessagereceived.Inaddition,thestationscanworkinachainingenvironmentto
extendtherangeofAIS. 20
4.3.
AISSTATIONREPORTINGRATE
AISstationsreportatsetrates,asindicatedin0.
Inadditiontothenominalreportingfrequency,theopportunityisavailabletopollvesselsforupdated
information.ACompetentAuthoritymayuseabasestationtorequiremobileAISdevicestoreportmore
frequently.
20
ReferenceIALAGuideline1062ontheestablishmentofAISasanaidtonavigationandIALARecommendationA126onAISasanAtoN.
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Table4 AISStationReportingIntervals
StationType
NominalInterval
ClassB<2knots
3minutes
ClassA<3knotsinAtanchororMooredstatus
3minutes
ClassB>2knots
30seconds
ClassA>3knotsinAtanchororMooredstatus
10seconds
ClassA014knots
10seconds
ClassA014knotsandchangingcourse
31/3seconds
ClassBSO1423knots
15seconds
ClassA1423knots
6seconds
ClassBSO>23knots
5seconds
ClassA1423knotsandchangingcourse;or>23knots
2seconds
SearchAndRescueAircraft(airbornemobileequipment)
10seconds
AISBaseStation
10seconds
AISAidtoNavigation
3minutes
TransmissionsofAISApplicationSpecificMessages
3minutes
TransmissionsofAISLongRangeReports(message27)
6minutes
AISSART,MOBAISorEPIRBAIS
8messages/minute
Note:ClassB'CS'reportingratewillbeimpactedinhighVDLloadingsituations.
5.
BASICAISSERVICE(BAS)
ThepurposeandfunctionsoftheAIScanbeexpressedintermsofservicesprovidedtotherecipient.Themost
fundamentalservicesoftheAISarecalledBasicAISServices.Theconceptofservicesmakeuseofthe
informationandfeaturesofthedifferentAISstationsthroughthedatatransmittedovertheVDL.
AnAISservicecanassistAdministrationsinmeetingotherIMOobligationssuchasprovidingatrafficimageto
assistVTSandaddressingreportingrequirementsfortrafficmanagementschemesandshipreportingsystems.It
canassistinothershorebasedsafetyrelatedservices,includingprovidinginformationtoassistintheexecution
ofaSARoperation.ThisAISserviceconsistsofinformationdeliverybetweenshipsandshoreandviceversa.
ShoreinfrastructureforAISnormallyincludesanetworkconnectingthedifferentsourcesandusersofAISdata
withintheareaofresponsibilityofanAdministration.TheinfrastructurecanbeassimpleasasingleAISbase
station,withawaytodisplaythedatafromthebasestationandameanstocontrolormakeuseofthetools
availableinAIS(suchasthemessagingcapability).Theinfrastructurecanbethoughtofasaseriesoflayersthat
builduptoprovidecontroloftheoverallshoreinfrastructure.Theselayersinclude:
1
ThePhysicalShoreStation(PSS)layerconsistingofoneormorefixedAISstations.(notethePSSincludes
notonlytheactualAISbasestation,butalsoalltheconnections,antenna,etc.requiredforthebasestation
toactuallyoperate).
TheLogicalShoreStation(LSS)layersoftwarethattakestheAISdatafromoneormorePSSanddeliversit,
inauseableformat,totheusersoftheAISservice.TheLSSdoesnotneedtobecolocatedwiththebase
station(thePSS).
The AIS Service Management (AISSM) layer the top layer of the system, where the system can be
controlled. The AISSM links to each base station, or group of base stations (PSS) through the software
system(LSS)andcontrolstheshorebasedAISsystem.Thereis,however,aneedtoensurereliabledata
transportationmeansbetweenallassociationphysicalAISshorestations.
TheimplementationofIALAguidelinesforshorebasedAISservices(AnnexF)allowsforthecreationofnational,
regionalandinternationalnetworks(e.g.Helcom,IALANet).
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5.1.
COVERAGECONSIDERATIONS
AISisdesignedtooptimiseclosequartersshiptoshipcommunications.WhentheVDLbecomescongested,ships
shouldstillbeabletoreceivemessagesfromthoseshipswiththestrongestsignal(usuallythoseshipsthatarein
closeproximity).Dependingonthereceivedcoverage,shorestationsmaynotnecessarilyreceivemessagesfrom
thestrongestsignalassomeofthesemessagesmayactuallycollidewithothermessages.
WhendeterminingcoverageareaforAIS,shoreauthoritiesshouldtakeintoaccount:
trafficcongestion;
antennadesign;
antennaheightanddistancefromthetheoreticalmonitoringarea;
requiredavailabilityfortheapplication(e.g.VTS,coastalsurveillance,trafficstatisticalanalysis).
5.2.
AISNETWORK
5.3.
REDUNDANCY
5.4.
VULNERABILITY
AISdatacanbetransferredoverafullytransparentdatatransportationnetwork(e.g.theInternet).Thisprocess
doesnotcompriseanyAISspecifictechnologyandcanbeintegratedwithinanexistingnetwork.
WithincreasedrelianceonreceptionofAISdatatosupportVTS,searchandrescueandotheruses,comesaneed
forhighavailabilityandreliability.Thiscanbeachievedthroughredundancyofsystemcomponents.
Allelectronicdevices,particularlyradioequipment,arepronetoradiofrequencyinterference(RFI),particularly
multipathing.Multipathingoccurswhenaradiosignal(i.e.GPSsignal)isreceivedfromtwoormorepaths(e.g.
bouncedoffanearbylargemetalstructure),thiswillcommonlyproduceerroneouspositioncalculations.AIS
cannotanddoesnotcorrecttheseerrorsthusghosttargetsarise.Suchtargetscanalsoarisebymalicious
actions.AISbydesignisnonsecure,nonproprietary,openbroadcast,assuchitisnotdifficulttotransmit
deceptiveorfalsebroadcasts(spoof).AISdoesprovideforameanstoverifytargets,bybeingableto
interrogate/pollanytargetforanewreportshouldtheusersuspectspoofing.Thoseprovidingthefalse
broadcastsarenotlikelytoanswerthesepollswithfurtherreportsbecausedoingsocouldeventuallyrevealtheir
location.FalseAISreportscanandshouldbeexpectedofAISandtheAISServiceManagerlayermaybeableto
provideautomaticwarningandverificationiffalsetargetsaredetected.
SpuriousattacksorjammingofanyVHFchannelsisrelativelyeasytodo.VHFinterferencenormallyhappens
unintentionallyorbypoordesign.RadioDirectionFinding(RDF)equipmentexistsandisusedtoidentifythe
sourceofinterference,e.g.tolocateacontinuouslytransmittingVHFradio.
AISisanonsecureopenbroadcastsystemandthedevicesthemselvesdonotshareacommonoperatingsystem.
TheinternaloperationofeveryAISisofaproprietarydesign,thusnoteasypreytohacking.Thissaid,itisstill
imperativethatAdministrationsactivelymonitortheVHFdatalinksoastobeabletoquicklyidentifyintentional
disruptionstoAISservicesandhaveproceduresinplacetomitigatethem.CommonInternetcybersecurity
measuresshouldbeadoptedforanyAISsystemsthatarenetworked21.
6.
FUTUREDEVELOPMENTS
AISisaversatiletooland,asexperienceisgainedintheimplementationanduseofthevariousAISstations,
enhancementsandotherusesarebeingidentified.
21
ITUTX.1205
Edition2.0June2016
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6.1.
eNAVIGATION
eNavigationisanInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)ledconceptbasedontheharmonisationofmarine
navigationinformationandsupportingshoreservicesdrivenbyuserneeds.
eNavigationiscurrentlydefinedas:
eNavigationistheharmonisedcollection,integration,exchange,presentationandanalysisof
maritimeinformationonboardandashorebyelectronicmeanstoenhanceberthtoberth
navigationandrelatedservices,forsafetyandsecurityatseaandprotectionofthemarine
environment.
IMOisworkingtogetherwithIALAtofacilitatetheeNavigationconceptforthemarinerandtheauthorities.In
thisIALAisrecommendingfuturedevelopmentsforAISandotherareas.
6.2.
SATELLITEAIS
SatelliteAIScanextendcoveragetotheentireExclusiveEconomicZone(EEZ)orevenglobally,includingocean
andremotecoastalareas.
SatelliteAISiscapableofreceivingshipborneAIStodayonexistingfrequencies.However,sincethesefrequencies
aresharedwithfixedandmobilestations,itsabilitytodosoisaffectedbytheverywidefootprintofthesatellite
andthenumberofstations(fixedandmobile)withinthefootprint.MessageType27hasbeencreatedtoassist
withthesatellitedetectionofClassAAISmobileunits.
6.3.
VHFDATAEXCHAMGESYSTEM(VDES)
6.4.
AISINGMDSS
VDESisbeingdevelopedtoincludeAISandtoefficientlyhandlefutureapplicationsaswellaslowvolumedata
communicationsforeNavigation.Thisdevelopmentisexpectedtoimprovedatacommunicationsbetweenship
andtheshoreformoreefficientpromulgationofMarineSafetyInformation,electronicchartupdates,automated
shipreportingetc.andmayalsoprovideamoresecuretransmissionmedium.
AlthoughallAISClassAdeviceshaveanintegrateddedicatedDigitalSelectiveCallingreceiver,itcannotbeused
fordistresscommunications.However,AISiscurrentlyunderconsiderationasIMOcontemplatesGMDSS
modernisation.
AISSearchandRescueTransmitters(AISSART)arelocatingdeviceswithintheGMDSS.SomeAdministrations
recognisetheEmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeaconwithAISfunctionality(EPIRBAIS)asdistresslocating
devices.
7.
ACRONYMS
AIS
AIS1
AIS2
ASM
AISSART
AtoN
CH
CSTDMA
DAC
DGNSS
DSC
AutomaticIdentificationSystem
AISDefaultChannel1161.975MHz(Ch.87B//2087)
AISDefaultChannel2162.025MHz(Ch.88B/2088)
ApplicationSpecificMessage
AISSearchAndRescueTransmitter
Aid(s)toNavigation
Channel
CarriersenseTimeDivisionMultipleAccess
DesignatedAreaCode
DifferentialGlobalNavigationSatelliteService
DigitalSelectiveCalling
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P19
ECDIS
ECS
EPFS
EPIRBAIS
FATDMA
FI
GMDSS
GNSS
GPS
Gyro
IALA
IEC
IMO
ITDMA
ITUR
LSS
MID
MKD
MMSI
MOBAIS
MSG
MSC
NMEA
PI
PSS
RATDMA
RCC
RF
ROT
Rx
SAR
SART
SOG
SOLAS
SOTDMA
TDMA
UTC
VDE
VDES
VDL
VHF
VTS
WG
ElectronicChartDisplayandInformationSystem
ElectronicChartSystem
ElectronicPositionFixingSystem
EmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeaconAISenabled
FixedAccessTimeDivisionMultipleAccess
FunctionIdentifier
GlobalMaritimeDistressandSafetySystem
GlobalNavigationSatelliteService
GlobalPositioningSystem
Gyrocompass
InternationalAssociationofMarineAidstoNavigationandLighthouseAuthorities
InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission
InternationalMaritimeOrganization
IncrementalTimeDivisionMultipleAccess
InternationalTelecommunicationsUnionRadiocommunicationSector
LogicalAISShoreStation
MaritimeIdentificationDigit
MinimumKeyboardandDisplay
MaritimeMobileServiceIdentity
ManOverboardAISdevice
AISMessage
IMOMaritimeSafetyCommittee
NationalMarineElectronicsAssociation
PresentationInterface
PhysicalAISShoreStation
RandomAccessTimeDivisionMultipleAccess
RescueCoordinationCentre
RadioFrequency
RateofTurn
Reception
SearchandRescue
SearchAndRescueradarTransponder
SpeedOverGround
InternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea,1974(asamended)
SelfOrganisingTimeDivisionMultipleAccess
TimeDivisionMultipleAccess
UniversalTimeCoordinated
VHFDataExchange
VHFDataExchangeSystem
VHFDataLink
VeryHighFrequency
VesselTrafficServices
WorkingGroup
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WGS84
WRC
WorldGeodeticSystem1984(ReferencecoordinatesystemusedbyGPS)
WorldRadiocommunicationConference
Edition2.0June2016
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ANNEXA
TIMELINEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAIS
ThefollowingprovidesachronologicaloverviewofthedevelopmentofAISfrominitialinternationaldiscussions
toimplementationoftheIMOSOLAScarriagerequirements.AIScontinuestoevolve.
Sept.1994
Sept.1995
July1996
Dec.1996
July1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2006
2007
IMO,40thsessionofthesafetyofnavigationcommittee(NAV40)UKreportedsuccessful
resultsoftrialsofaVHFDSCbasedsystemandproposedthat,toenhancethe
implementationofmandatoryreportingsystemsandtoassistincollisionavoidance,ships
shouldbefittedwithanautomaticidentificationtransponder.NAVagreedtodevelop
functionalandoperationalrequirements,aswellasperformancestandards,andinvited
memberstosubmitproposalstoNAV41.
NAV41VariousproposalssubmittedincludingtheVHFDSCbytheUK;UHFandSatcomfor
longrange(France),VHFDSCgateways(USA)andablendedapproachusingDSC,VHFand
InmarsatCforlongrangebyFinlandandSweden.DSCwasidentifiedasacommonfactor,
andwasfavouredfortheoverallimplementation.TheproposalbyFinlandandSweden
garneredinterest,andIALAwasinvitedtostudythesystemwithaviewtodeveloping
standardstoforwardtoITUR.
Therequirementsforshortandlongrangesystemswererecognised.TheAutomatic
IdentificationSystem(orAIS)wasdiscussedandtwodesignswereunderconsideration.
VHFDSCwasconsideredthemostsuitableforVTSrequirements,buttheconceptofthe
systemwasgrowing,andVHFDSCwasnotconsideredthemostsuitablecollision
avoidance,whichwouldrequireanautomaticbroadcastsystem(asopposedtotheconcept
oftransponderswhichsquawkwhenrequestedtodoso).TheWGconsideredthata2
stepapproachwouldenableearlyimplementationofVHF/DSC,withlaterintroductionofa
systemwithmorefunctionalitywhenavailable.AliaisonstatementtoITUincluded3
possiblesolutions:2ChannelVHFBroadcast;1200baudgatewayfromDSCCh20;orUHF
(usingexistingdocumentationinITURM.825Characteristicsofatranspondersystem
usingdigitalselectivecallingtechniquesforusewithvesseltrafficservicesandshiptoship
identification.
TheFinnish/Swedishproposalatthattime,touseSOTDMA(Selforganisingtimedivision
managementaccess)wassubjecttopatents,whichraisedsomeconcernsoverlicensefees.
IMOMaritimeSafetyCommittee(MSC67)consideredproposalsforearlyimplementation
ofVHFDSC,andfortheVHFandBroadcastsystembeingdevelopedintandem.However,
afterconsiderabledebate,the2stepapproachwaseventuallyabandonedinfavourofa
single,universalAIStomeetallrequirements,andthiswasreferredtoNAV43.
NAV43carriagerequirementswerediscussedandperformancestandardsagreed.During
discussionsintheTechnicalWorkingGroup(WG)thedebateontechnologyintensified.It
wasagreedbetweendelegationsthattheywouldnotopposethecurrentITUR
characteristicsforatranspondersystemusingVHFDSC(theITURM.8252).
However,attherequestofGermany,Finland,SouthAfrica,SwedenandtheUSA,IALA
undertooktohostameetingtodiscussandagreeonacommonapproachforthetechnical
characteristics.Itwasatthismeetingthatallinvolvedagreedonthe4Ssystem,using
SOTDMA.
ITUWorldRadiocommunicationConferenceallocatestwoAISVHFChannels.
MSC74IMOadoptedtheAISperformancestandardsinResolutionMSC.74(69
RecommendationITURM1371Ed.0published
IMOamendstheSafetyofLifeatSeaConvention,whichamongstotherthings,establishes
anAIScarriagerequirementfortankers,passengerships(regardlessofsize)andcargoships
of300grosstonnageormore;tobephasedinfrom20022008(SOLASChap.V,Regulation
19.2.4)
FollowingIMOdiplomaticconferenceonmaritimesecuritythetimelineforthemandatory
adoptionofAISwasshortenedto2004.
Edition2.0June2016
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2010
2012
2014
2015
2015
WorldRadioConference2012approvesuseofVHFchannels75and76byAISClassA
mobileunitsforMessageType27,andsatellitedetectionofthesemessages.
WorldRadioConference2015approvesadditionalchannelsforVDE,anddesignatedthe
useofVHFchannels27and28forVDEapplicationspecificmessaging.
RecommendationITURM.2092Ed.0published
Edition2.0June2016
P23
ANNEXB
TABLEOFAISSTATIONSBYMESSAGETYPE
Limited
Base
Station*
SAR
Aircraft*
MOB/
EPIRBAIS
AISSART/
Repeater
Base
Station
AtoN
ClassB
"CS"
ClassB
"SO"
Msg#
ClassA
Table5 AISStationBehaviourbyMessageType
Rp
Rp
R3
Tp
Rr
To
Rp
Rp
R3
Tp
Rr
Ti
Rp
Rp
R3
Tp
Rr
4
5
To
R o
To
R3
To
Tv
Rr
R o
To
R3
To
Tv
Rr
To
T?
9
10
11
R
R
R
N
T
T
N
p
N
p
N
N
N
o
12
13
Rp
To
R3
Tv
Rr
14
Rp
To
R3
To
Tv
Rr
15
16
R
R
T
N
N
R
N
N
N
N
N
3
17
18
Ti
Rp
Ti
R3
Tp
Rr
19
Ti
Rp
R3
Tp
Rr
Edition2.0
P24
20
21
R
R
N
N
R
R
Rp
R
p
R3
N
T
Limited
Base
Station*
SAR
Aircraft*
MOB/
EPIRBAIS
AISSART/
Repeater
Base
Station
AtoN
ClassB
"CS"
ClassB
"SO"
Msg#
ClassA
Tv
Rr
22
23
Tv
Rr
24A
Ti
Rp
Ti
R3
Ti
Rr
Ti
Ti
24B
NTi
Rp
Ti
R3
Tp
Rr
25
26
27
R
R
T
T
T
R
R
to
*AISforSARAircraftandLimitedBaseStationsarestillunderdevelopmentatIALAand/orIEC.
R
Rr
R3
R o
Rp
I
Receives,processes,andforwardsthismessagetothePresentationInterface(PI)
Receivesonly,thenrepeats
OnlyAISATONTypeIIIreceivemessage
Receptionisoptional
Reception,processingandportrayalisoptional
Transmitsonlyifinterrogatedbyamsg15
T
Ti
To
Tp
Transmitsthismessage
Transmitsthismessage,andifinterrogatedbyamsg15
Transmissionisoptional
CapableofbroadcastingthismessagesviaaVDMPIinput,however,not
recommended
Tv Transitsthismessage,andviaaVDMPIinput
N Notallowed/prohibited
Note
ThistablesupersedestheinformationinIALAGuideline1059ontheComparisonofAISStations.Specificationsorbehaviourinthetablesaresubjecttochangesthatmayariseduringfurther
development.ThesewillbeincorporatedinfuturerevisionsofthisIALAGuideline.
Edition2.0June2016
P25
ANNEXC
DATABROADCASTBYAISSTATIONTYPE
SARA/C(9,5)
AtoN(21)
TimeStamp
UTCsecondwhenthereportwasgeneratedbythe
EPFS(059,or60iftimestampisnotavailable,which
shouldalsobethedefaultvalue,or61ifpositioning
systemisinmanualinputmode,or62ifelectronic
positionfixingsystemoperatesinestimated(dead
reckoning)mode,or63ifthepositioningsystemis
inoperative)
SOG
Speedovergroundin1/10knotsteps(0102.2knots)
1023=notavailable,1022=102.2knotsorhigher
COG
Courseovergroundin1/10(03599).3600(E10h)=
notavailable=default.36014095shouldnotbe
used
TrueHeading
Degrees(0359)(511indicatesnotavailable=default)
PARAMETER
NAME
DESCRIPTION&FORMAT
UserID
MMSINumber
Longitude
Longitudein1/10000min(180,East=positive(as
per2scomplement),West=negative(asper2s
complement).
181=(6791AC0h)=notavailable=default)
Latitude
Latitudein1/10000min(90,North=positive(as
per2scomplement),South=negative(asper2s
complement).91(3412140h)=notavailable=
default)
RAIMFlag
RAIM(Receiverautonomousintegritymonitoring)
flagofelectronicpositionfixingdevice;0=RAIMnot
inuse=default;1=RAIMinuse.SeeTable50inITU
RM.13715.
Position
Accuracy
Thepositionaccuracy(PA)flagshouldbedetermined
inaccordancewithTable50inITURM.13715.
1=high(=<10m)
0=low(>10m)
0=default
EXACTDATABROADCASTEDVIAAISBYSTATIONTYPE
(MessagesUsed)
RepeaterStation
X
BaseStation(4,24A)
ClassB/CS(18,24A,24B)
ClassB/SO(18,19,24B)
Note:Notalldatamaybeportrayedonshipboardorshore
sidedisplaysystems
ClassA(1,5,27)
AISSART/MOB/EPIRB(1)
Table6 DatabroadcastbyAISstationtype
Edition2.0
P26
ClassA(1,5,27)
BaseStation(4,24A)
RepeaterStation
SARA/C(9,5)
AtoN(21)
TypeofShip
and/orCargo
Type
0=notavailableornoship=default;199=as
definedin3.3.2,Annex8inITURM.13715;100
199=reserved,forregionaluse;200255=reserved,
forfutureuse.NotapplicabletoSARaircraft
Name
Maximum20characters6bitASCII,asdefinedin
Table44inITURM.13715.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=not
available=default.ForSARaircraft,itshouldbeset
toSARAIRCRAFTNNNNNNNwhereNNNNNNN
equalstheaircraftregistrationnumber
ForAtoNstationsthereisanadditional14characters
allowed.
AssignedMode
Flag
0=Stationoperatinginautonomousandcontinuous
mode=default;1=Stationoperatinginassigned
mode
DTE
Dataterminalequipment(DTE)ready(0=available,1
=notavailable=default)(see3.3.1,Annex8inITU
RM.13715)[Thepurposeofthedataterminal
equipment(DTE)indicatoristoindicatetoan
applicationonthereceivingsidethat,ifsetto
available,thetransmittingstationconformsatleast
totheminimumkeyboardanddisplayrequirements.
CallSign
76bitASCIIcharacters,@@@@@@@=not
available=default.Craftassociatedwithaparent
vesselshoulduse'A'followedbythelast6digitsof
theMMSIoftheparentvessel.(Examplesofthese
craftincludetowedvessels,rescueboats,tenders,
lifeboatsandliferafts.)
Special
Manoeuver
Indicator
0=notavailable=default,1=notengagedinspecial
manoeuvre2=engagedinspecialmanoeuvre
(i.e.regionalpassingarrangementonInland
Waterway)
RateofTurn
ROTAIS
0to+126=turningrightatupto708degreespermin
orhigher;0to126=turningleftatupto708degrees
perminorhigherValuesbetween0and708degrees
permincodedbyROTAIS=4.733SQRT(ROTsensor)
degreesperminwhereROTsensoristheRateofTurn
asinputbyanexternalRateofTurnIndicator(TI).
ROTAISisroundedtothenearestintegervalue.+127
=turningrightatmorethan50per30s(NoTI
available)127=turningleftatmorethan50per30s
(NoTIavailable)128(80hex)indicatesnoturn
informationavailable(default).ROTdatashouldnot
bederivedfromCOGinformationandisonlyrequired
onvessels>50,000GT.
(MessagesUsed)
sidedisplaysystems
Edition2.0June2016
P27
ClassA(1,5,27)
BaseStation(4,24A)
RepeaterStation
SARA/C(9,5)
AtoN(21)
Navigational
Status
0=underwayusingengine,1=atanchor,2=not
undercommand,3=restrictedmanoeuvrability,4=
constrainedbyherdraught,5=moored,6=aground,
7=engagedinfishing,8=underwaysailing,9=
reservedforfutureamendmentofnavigationalstatus
forshipscarryingDG,HS,orMP,orIMOhazardor
pollutantcategoryC(HSC),10=reservedforfuture
amendmentofnavigationalstatusforshipscarrying
DG,HSorMP,orIMOhazardorpollutantcategoryA
(WIG);
11=towingastern,12=towingahead,13=reserved
forfutureuse,14=AISSART(active),MOBAIS
(active),EPIRBAIS(active)
15=notdefined=default(alsousedbyAISSART,
MOBAIS,EPIRBAISundertest)
ClassB
UnitFlag
0=ClassBSOTDMAunit;1=ClassBCSunit
ClassB
Msg22Flag
0=NofrequencymanagementviaMessage22,
operatingonAIS1,AIS2only;1=Frequency
managementviaMessage22
ClassB
DSCFlag
0=NotequippedwithDSCfunction
1=EquippedwithDSCfunction(dedicatedortime
shared)
ClassBDisplay
Flag
0=Nodisplayavailable;notcapableofdisplaying
Message12and14;1=Equippedwithintegrated
displaydisplayingMessage12and14
ClassB
BandFlag
0=Capableofoperatingovertheupper525kHzband
ofthemarineband;1=Capableofoperatingoverthe
wholemarineband(irrelevantifClassBMessage22
flagis0)
Typeof
Electronic
PositionFixing
Device
0=undefined(default);1=globalpositioningsystem
(GPS);2=GLONASS;3=combinedGPS/GLONASS;4=
LoranC;5=Chayka;6=integratednavigation
system;7=surveyed;8=Galileo;914=notused;15
=internalGNSS
Overall
Dimension/
Referencefor
Position
Referencepointforreportedposition.Alsoindicates
thedimensionofship(m)(seeFigure41and3.3.3,
Annex8inITURM.13715)
ForSARaircraft,theuseofthisfieldmaybedecided
bytheresponsibleadministration.Ifuseditshould
indicatethemaximumdimensionsofthecraft.As
defaultshouldA=B=C=Dbesetto0
(MessagesUsed)
sidedisplaysystems
Edition2.0June2016
P28
ClassA(1,5,27)
BaseStation(4,24A)
RepeaterStation
SARA/C(9,5)
AtoN(21)
VendorID
UniqueidentificationoftheUnitbyanumberas
definedbythemanufacturer(option;
@@@@@@@=notavailable=default)
SeeTable79AinITURM.13715.
Maximum
PresentStatic
Draught
In1/10m,255=draught25.5morgreater,0=not
available=default;inaccordancewithIMO
ResolutionA.851.
NotapplicabletoSARaircraft,shouldbesetto0
IMONumber
1999999999;0=notavailable=defaultNot
applicabletoSARaircraft.
00000000010000999999notused
00010000000009999999=validIMOnumber
00100000001073741823=officialFlagState
number.
ETA
Estimatedtimeofarrival;MMDDHHMMUTC
Bits1916:month;112;0=notavailable=default
Bits1511:day;131;0=notavailable=default
Bits106:hour;023;24=notavailable=default
Bits50:minute;059;60=notavailable=default
bytheresponsibleadministration
Destination
Maximum20charactersusing6bitASCII;
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=not
available
bytheresponsibleadministration
AISVersion
Indicator
0=stationcompliantwithRecommendationITUR
M.13711;1=stationcompliantwith
RecommendationITURM.13713(orlater);2=
stationcompliantwithRecommendationITUR
M.13715(orlater);3=stationcompliantwithfuture
editions
UTCYear
19999;0=UTCyearnotavailable=default
UTCMonth
112;0=UTCmonthnotavailable=default;1315
notused
UTCDay
131;0=UTCdaynotavailable=default
UTCHour
023;24=UTChournotavailable=default;2531not
used
UTCMinute
059;60=UTCminutenotavailable=default;6163
notused
(MessagesUsed)
sidedisplaysystems
Edition2.0June2016
P29
ClassA(1,5,27)
BaseStation(4,24A)
RepeaterStation
SARA/C(9,5)
AtoN(21)
UTCSecond
059;60=UTCsecondnotavailable=default;6163
notused
AltitudeSensor
0=GNSS;1=barometricsource
Altitude(GNSS)
Altitude(derivedfromGNSSorbarometric(see
altitudesensorparameterbelow))(m)(04094m)
4095=notavailable,4094=4094morhigher
Position
Latency
0=Reportedpositionlatencyislessthan5seconds;1
=Reportedpositionlatencyisgreaterthan5seconds
=default
Typeofaidsto
navigation
0=notavailable=default;refertoappropriate
definitionsetupbyIALA.Seetable74inITUR
M.13715
Offposition
indicator
ForfloatingAtoN,only:0=onposition;1=off
position
AtoNstatus
ReservedfortheindicationoftheAtoNstatus;
00000000=default.IALARec.A126provides
guidanceonitsuse.
VirtualAtoN
flag
0=default=realAtoNatindicatedposition;1=
virtualAtoN,doesnotphysicallyexist
Communication
State
Thecommunicationstateprovidesthefollowing
functions:(1)itcontainsinformationusedbytheslot
allocationalgorithmintheSOTDMAconcept;and,(2)
italsoindicatesthesynchronisationstate.See
3.3.7.2.2SOTDMAcommunicationstateinITUR
M.13715.
(MessagesUsed)
sidedisplaysystems
Edition2.0June2016
P30
ANNEXD
AISFUNCTIONALITYBYLAYERANDSTATIONTYPE
PHYSICALLAYER
SARAircraft
BaseStation
R,C3
SingleChannel
O,N3
FullFrequencyRangeCapability
Repeater
ClassB'CS'
AtoN
ClassB'SO'
ClassA
DualChannel
Functionality
NETWORKLAYER
AISSART
MOBAISEPIRBAIS
AISStationTypes
LimitedBaseStation
Table7 AISFunctionalityByLayerandStationType
Receive/Transmit
N,C3
TransmitOnly
C,N3
DSCFunctionality
OperatingFrequencyAssignment
Capability
TransmitPowerinWatts:High
(Nominal)Setting
12.5
12.5
12.5
TransmitPowerinWatts:LowPower
Setting
ChannelOperation&Management
DefaultChannelOperationAIS1&AIS2
ChannelManagementMessage22
DSCTelecommand
ManualInput
PresentationInterface
ReportingModesA,BorC
C
[BMode]
FrequencyAgile
SlotReUseDataLinkCongestion.
N,C3
LongRange
Edition2.0June2016
P31
TDMASynchronisation
SARAircraft
Repeater
AISSART
MOBAISEPIRBAIS
BaseStation
AtoN
UTCIndirect
UseSemaphoreSynchronisation
ActasSemaphore
12
Autonomous
Assigned
Polled
LimitationMaximumPermissibleNumberofSlots
PerFrame.
20
31
31
20
None 10
None
20
20
SOTDMA
RATDMA
N,C3 O
ITDMA
FATDMA
CSTDMA
N,O3 N
Tiiming
LongTransmissionPackets.No.ofSlots
ModeOfOperation
LINKLAYER
ClassB'SO'
ClassA
Functionality
ClassB'CS'
AISStationTypes
LimitedBaseStation
VDLAccessSchemes
Notes
1
Thelimitationisformessages6,8,12&14.
2
OnlyiftheClassBhasapresentationport
3
OnlyforAISATONTypeIIIstations.
.
CCompulsoryinanyconfiguration
OOptional
RReceiveonly
MManufacturertodetermine
NNotallowed
ThistablesupersedestheinformationinIALAGuideline1059ontheComparisonofAISStations.Specificationsorbehaviour
inthetablesaresubjecttochangesthatmayariseduringfurtherdevelopment.Thesewillbeincorporatedinfuture
revisionsofthisguideline.
.
Edition2.0June2016
P32
ANNEXE
AISDOCUMENTATIONOVERVIEW
Table8 AISdocumentationmatrix
Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IMO
Res.MSC.74(69)
12May1998
AdoptionOfNewAnd
AmendedPerformance
Standards
InForce
Annex3performance
standardsforAIS.
IMO
Res.A.917(22)
29Nov2001
GuidelinesForThe
OnboardOperationalUse
OfShipborne
AutomaticIdentification
Systems(AIS)
InForce(amendsRes.
A.956(23))
IMO
Res.A.956(23)
26Feb2004
AmendmentsToThe
GuidelinesForThe
OnboardOperationalUse
OfShipborneAIS
(Res.A.917(22))
InForce(amendsRes.
A.917(22))
Providestheobjectivesof
AIS,Descriptionof
shipborneAIS,datasets,
reportingrates,operation,
limitations,useofAISfor
collisionavoidance,AISin
VTS/SARandAtoN.
OperationofTransceiver
Unit(para21)Change
includessecurityaspects
includingoptiontoturnoff
theAISorwheresecurity
incidentsareimminent.
Providesthebasic
elementsofwhatAIS
shoulddo.Introduceskey
termsautonomousand
continuous,static,
dynamicandvoyage
relatedinformation.
Reportingratesidentified
from2secto3min,
dependingonspeedand
activityfordynamicinfo;
every6minforstaticinfo
(orondemand)
IMO
Res.MSC.99(73)
5Dec2000
Regulation19,SOLAS
AdoptionOf
AmendmentsToThe
InternationalConvention
ForTheSafetyOfLifeAt
Sea,1974,AsAmended
InForce(amendedby
DiplomaticConference)
Originalimplementation
datesforAISwith
incrementalimplementation
starting1July2002and
ending1July2008.
Notesthatwhenashipis
inaShipReportingSystem
(SRS)thereisa
requirementforthe
mastertoreportthe
reasonforturningoffthe
AIS.
AmendedbyDiplomatic
ConferenceonMaritime
Security,2002Original
phasedinimplementation
broughtforwardto
completionby1July2004.
Edition2.0June2016
P33

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IMO
Res.MSC.140(76)
5Dec2002
RecommendationForThe
Protection
OfTheAISVHFDataLink
(VDL)
SupersededbyRes.
MSC.347(91)
Relatedtotheintroduction
ofAISClassB.
Recognisesthecompelling
needtoensuretheintegrity
oftheVHFDataLink(VDL)
andputsonuson
administrations
IMO
MSCCirc.1062
16Dec2002
MaintenanceAnd
AdministrationOfAIS
BinaryMessages
Superseded
LedtoSN/Circ.236thento
SN.1/Circ.289
Notestheprocessfor
handingoverresponsibility
forBinaryMessages
IMO
Res.MSC.246(83)
8Oct2007
InForce
Providesperformance
standardsfortheAISSARTS.
IMO
MSC.Circ.1252
20Oct.2007
AdoptionOfPerformance
StandardsForSurvival
CraftAISSearchAnd
RescueTransmitters(AIS
SART)ForUsInSearch
AndRescueOperations.
GuidelinesOnAnnual
TestingOfTheAutomatic
IdentificationSystem
(AIS)
ToNote:
.1ClassBAISdevices,as
wellasanydevicewhich
transmitsontheradio
channelsAIS1orAIS2,
shouldmeetthe
appropriaterequirements
ofRecommendationITUR
M.1371(series);
.2ClassBAISdevices
shouldbeapprovedbythe
Administration;
.3Administrationsshould
takestepsnecessaryto
ensuretheintegrityofthe
radiochannelsusedfor
AISintheirwaters.
Initially,IALAdealtwith
BinaryMessages,in
conjunctionwithITU.The
capabilityofbinary
messageshascontinued
toevolve.
IndicatesthatAISSARTs
fittedonvesselsconform
totheidentified
performancestandards.
InForce
Providesguidanceanda
checklisttoperformthe
annualtestasrequiredby
SOLASV/Reg.18.9(Res.
MSC.308(88))
Edition2.0June2016
P34

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IMO
Res.MSC.347(91)
30Nov.2012
RecommendationForThe
Protection
OfTheAISVHFDataLink
(VDL)
InForce
(supersedesMSC.140(76)).
Relatedtotheintroduction
ofAISClassB,AISSARTand
otherAISdevices.
Recognisesthecompelling
needtoensuretheintegrity
oftheVHFDataLink(VDL)
andputsonuson
administrations.
IMO
MSC.Circ.1473
23May2014
PolicyOnUseOfAISAids
ToNavigation
InForce
Recommendsthat:any
devicewhichtransmitson
theradiochannels
allocatedforAIS,should
meettheappropriate
requirementsof
RecommendationITUR
M.1371;thatallsuch
transmittingdevices
shouldbeapprovedbythe
Administration;and,that
Administrationsshould
takethestepsnecessary
toensuretheintegrityof
theradiochannelsused
forAISintheirwaters.
IMOoptednottousethe
termsyntheticAISAtoN,
but,didnotprohibittheir
use.
IMO
SN/Circ.217
11July2001
InForce
Presentsthesymbol
triangleforAIStargets
IMO
SN/Circ.227
6January2003
InterimGuidelinesFor
ThePresentationAnd
DisplayOfAISTarget
Information
GuidelinesForThe
InstallationOfA
ShipborneAutomatic
(AIS)
InForce(amendedby
SN/Circ.245)
DetailsoninstallationofAIS
onboardvessels,including
interferencewithVHF,
antennainstallation,GNSS
installation,installationof
theunitonthebridge,static
anddynamicdatainput,
longrangefunction,.
Forsymbology,alsonote
IHOS57,IALARec.V125
(2003),ISO19018(2004)
andIEC62288(2008)
Issueshavearisenwith
regardstothepositioning
oftheantenna
(interference);thequality
oftheGNSSfeed;inputof
data.
Edition2.0June2016
P35

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IMO
SN/Circ.24415Dec2004
Guidanceontheuseof
theUN/LOCODEinthe
destinationfieldinAIS
messages
InForce
IMO
SN/Circ.227corr.1
10Dec2008
CorrigendaTo
SN/Circ.227On
GuidelinesForThe
InstallationOfA
ShipborneAutomatic
(AIS)
InForce
(correctiontoSN/Circ.227)
AdoptstheuseofUN
LOCODEtoexpressthe
originationand
destinationofavoyage
Containschangesto
shiptype,seconddigit,
dangerouscargo.
Developedtoreflectthe
entryintoforceof
resolutionMEPC.118(52),
concerningthechangein
thecategorizationand
listingofNoxiousLiquid
Substancesandother
substances.
IMO
SN/Circ.245
15Dec2004
IMO
SN/Circ.236
28May2004
IMO
SN/Circ.243
15Dec2004
AmendmentsToThe
GuidelinesForThe
InstallationOfA
ShipborneAIS
(SN/Circ.227)
GuidanceOnThe
ApplicationOfAISBinary
Messages
Inforce(amendsSN/Circ.227)
Onlychangeistheinclusion
ofanuninterruptedpower
source(UPS)fortheAIS.
Superceded
Providesinformationonthe
useofthe7agreedAIS
BinaryMessages.
Met/Hydro;Dangerous
Cargo;Fairwayclosed;Tidal
Window;Extendedship/
voyagerelateddata;
Numberofpeopleonboard;
PseudoAIStargets.
GuidelinesForThe
PresentationOf
NavigationRelated
Symbols,TermsAnd
Abbreviations
InForce
Providesguidanceonthe
appropriateuseof
navigationrelatedsymbols
toachieveaharmonizedand
consistentpresentation.
Thedisplaycapabilityof
AISbinarymessagesisnot
partofthemandatory
functionsoftheMKD
(MinimumKeyboardand
Display).Thedisplaymay
requirehardware
additionaltotheAISand
dedicatedsoftware.After
1Jan2013IMO
SN.1/Circ.289isapplied.
Includespresentationof
AIS.Thiscircularis
referencesinIEC62288.
Edition2.0June2016
P36

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IMO
SN.1/Circ.289
2June2010
GuidanceOnTheUseOf
AISApplicationSpecific
Messages
InForce
SupersedeSN/Circ.236.
IMO
SN.1/Circ.290
2June2010
InForce
Providesguidelinesonhow
topresentASMinvarious
formats.
IMO
SN/Circ.243/Rev.1
23May2014
InForce
IMO
SN/Circ.1473
23May2014
GuidanceForThe
PresentationAndDisplay
OfAISApplication
SpecificMessages(ASM)
Information.
AmendedGuidelinesFor
ThePresentationOf
NavigationRelated
Symbols,TermsAnd
Abbreviations
PolicyonuseofAISAids
toNavigation
Therewillbesignificant
functionalityavailablefor
theuseofthese
messages.
Criticalineffectively
providingASM
information.
Providesguidanceonthe
appropriateuseof
navigationrelatedsymbols
toachieveaharmonizedand
consistentpresentation.
DefinesAISAtoNsaseither
PhysicalorVirtual
IMO
COMSAR.1/Circ.46
4Feb.2009
AISSafetyRelated
Messaging
InForce
InForce
Notesissueofusingpre
fabricatedmessagesinAIS.
Includespresentationof
AIS.Thiscircularis
referencesinIEC62288.
Omitstheuseofsynthetic
asdefinedinIALA
documents
Whilesomeunitscanuse
presetsafetyrelated
messages(suchascanbe
usedinGMDSS,DSC)the
systemwasnotdesigned
forsuchuse.
Edition2.0June2016
P37

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
FromIMOwebsite
(www.imo.org)
MaritimesecurityAISshipdata
Atits79thsessioninDecember2004,theMaritimeSafetyCommittee(MSC)agreedthat,inrelationtotheissueoffreely
availableautomaticinformationsystem(AIS)generatedshipdataontheworldwideweb,thepublicationontheworldwideweb
orelsewhereofAISdatatransmittedbyshipscouldbedetrimentaltothesafetyandsecurityofshipsandportfacilitiesandwas
underminingtheeffortsoftheOrganizationanditsMemberStatestoenhancethesafetyofnavigationandsecurityinthe
internationalmaritimetransportsector.
TheCommitteecondemnedtheregrettablepublicationontheworldwideweb,orelsewhere,ofAISdatatransmittedbyships
andurgedMemberGovernments,subjecttotheprovisionsoftheirnationallaws,todiscouragethosewhomakeavailableAIS
datatoothersforpublicationontheworldwideweb,orelsewherefromdoingso.
Inaddition,theCommitteecondemnedthosewhoirresponsiblypublishAISdatatransmittedbyshipsontheworldwideweb,
orelsewhere,particularlyiftheyofferservicestotheshippingandportindustries.
ITU
ITURM.13715
2014/02
TechnicalCharacteristics
ForAnAutomatic
UsingTimeDivision
MultipleAccessInThe
VHFMaritimeMobile
Band
Version5
InForce
Providestheoverall
technicalbasisforthe
workingofAIS,including
SOTDMA,RATDMA,
FATDMA,ITDMAand
CSTDMA
ITUrecommendsthatthat
theAISdesignshouldtake
intoaccounttechnical
guidelinesmaintainedand
publishedbyIALA.
ITU
ITURM.5856
2012/01
AssignmentAndUseOf
MaritimeMobileService
Identities
Version6
InForce
Note:version7willbe
publishedin2015
Identifiesnumberingsystem
forMMSIs,
Includesnumbering
processforshipstations,
shorestations,AIS
SART/MODAIS/EPIRBAIS
andAISaidstonavigation.
ITU
ITURM.1842
ITU
ITURM.2092
ITUDocumentsAreAvailableForDownloadFromITUWebsitewww.Itu.Int
Edition2.0June2016
P38

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IEC
6109714,Ed.1
2010/02
GlobalMaritimeDistress
AndSafetySystem
(GMDSS)Part14:AIS
SART
InForce
AISSARTisacceptablefor
carriagebySOLASvessels
from1January2010
IEC
611621,Ed.4Ed4.0
2010/11
MaritimeNavigationAnd
Radiocommunication
EquipmentAndSystems
DigitalInterfacesPart1:
SingleTalkerAndMultiple
Listeners
InForce
IEC
619932,Ed.2
2012/10
Part2:
ClassAShipborne
EquipmentOfThe
UniversalAutomatic
(AIS)OperationalAnd
Performance
Requirements
InForce
Globalmaritimedistressand
safetysystem(GMDSS)
Part14:AISsearchand
rescuetransmitter(AIS
SART)
Containstherequirements
fordatacommunication
betweenmaritime
electronicinstruments,
navigationand
radiocommunication
equipmentwhen
interconnectedviaan
appropriatesystem.
Providestheactualtesting
standardfortheequipment.
Equipmentboughtshould
notecompliancewiththis
standard.
Aspartofmaintenance
cycle,thisdocumentisbeing
updatedbytheIECAIS
WorkingGroup.
IEC
622871,Ed.2.1
2013/04
ClassBShipborne
EquipmentOfThe
Automatic
(AIS)Part1:Carrier
SenseTimeDivision
MultipleAccess
InForce
standardforequipment
equipmentboughtshould
standard.
NotePolitenessfactorto
accommodateactivityon
theVDL.
ForCSTDMAonly..
(CSTDMA)Techniques
IncludesAISpresentation
interfacesentences.(in
addition,refertoNMEA
0183)
Note619931isfor
Shipborneautomatic
transpondersystem
installationusingVHF
digitalselectivecalling
(DSC)Techniques.
Edition2.0June2016
P39

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IEC
622872,Ed.1.0
2013/04
InForce
Testingstandardforthe
equipment.SOTDMAAIS
ClassBthatcontinuesto
reflectpolitenessfactorto
accommodateactivityon
theVDL.
IEC
62288,Ed.2.0
2015/01
InForce
623201,Ed.2.0
2015/01
IEC
623202,Ed.1.0(2008)
Part2:AISFittedToAids
ToNavigation(Aton)
InForce
Specifiespresentationof
navigationalinformation,
includingnavigationalterms,
abbreviations,coloursand
symbols.
standardforequipment
equipmentboughtshould
standard.
Throughimplementationof
thestandard,some
correctionshavebeen
identified,andaPAS
(Publicallyavailable
standard)isbeing
developed.
Introducesconceptofthree
typesofAIS,withdifferent
functionality.When
completed,equipment
purchasedshouldnote
compliancewiththe
standard.
Addressesthe
presentationof
information,includingthe
displayofAISunits.
IEC
ClassBShipborne
EquipmentOfThe
AutomaticIdentification
System(AIS)Part2:Self
OrganisingTimeDivision
MultipleAccess
(SOTDMA)Techniques
PresentationOf
NavigationRelated
InformationOn
ShipborneNavigational
Displays
Part1:AISBaseStations
MinimumOperational
AndPerformance
Requirements,Methods
OfTestAndRequiredTest
Results
InForce
Somepresentation
interfacesentenceswere
createdfortheAISBase
Station,whicharebeing
reviewedintheIEC
processforinclusioninto
IEC61162.Liaisonworkis
underwaytoresolvePI
sentenceissues.
Maindifferencebetween
typesofAISAtoNs:
Type1noreceiver
Type2receiverfor
controlfunctionsonly
Type32receiving
processesforautonomous
mode
Edition2.0June2016
P40

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IEC
623203,Ed.1.0(2015)
Part3:Repeaterstations
InForce
specifiestheminimum
operationaland
performancerequirements,
methodsoftestingand
requiredtestresultsforAIS
repeaterstations
IECDocumentsareavailableforpurchasefromIECwebsitehttp://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/028339
IALA
Rec.A123
June2007
OntheProvisionofShore
BasedAutomatic
IdentificationSystems
(AIS)
InForcePreviousedition
Dec.2003
A123provideshighlevel
indicationoftheneedfor
AISBaseStations.
IALA
Rec.A124Ed.1.2
Dec.2003
OnAutomatic
(AIS)ShoreStationand
NetworkingAspects
relatingtotheAISService
InForce
underreview
TheinitialconceptsofAIS
BaseStations,Repeatersand
LimitedBaseStations.
Requiressignificantrevision.
IALA
Rec.V125Ed.2
Dec.2004
TheUseAndPresentation
OfSymbologyAtAVTS
Centre(IncludeAIS)
InForce
Providesinformationon
symbologyforuseatVTS
Centres.
Thishasrecentlybeen
updatedandcontinuesto
reflectstheoverallvision
ofAISaspresentedin
SOLAS,ChapterV.
Additionalreferencefor
SymbologyISO19018
(2004)
Duringtheprocessof
developingIEC623201
manyareasofA124were
identifiedforchangeand
asubstantialrevisionis
beingcarriedout.
Ed.1coveredAISaspects
only,whileEd.2provides
abroaderviewfor
symbology.
Edition2.0June2016
P41

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IALA
Rec.A126
June2007
TheUseOfAutomatic
IdentificationSystems
(AIS)InAidsTo
Navigation
InForce/PreviouseditionDec.
2003
Initialinformationforusing
AISasanAtoN
IALA
Rec.V128Ed.3
June2007
OperationalAnd
Technicalperformance
RequirementsForVTS
Equipment
InForce
Annex3identifiestechnical
requirementsforAISina
VTScentre.
IndevelopingIEC623202
manyareasofA126were
identifiedforchange,and
thisdocumentrepresents
substantialchangestothe
initialedition.
A126iscurrentlyunder
review.
NotesthatAISisasensor
thatcanbeusedinVTS.
IALA
Rec.O143
March2010
VirtualAidsToNavigation
InForce
Notesapplication,risksand
benefitsofvirtualaidsto
navigation.
IALA
Guideline1026
Dec.2001
OnAISAsAVTSTool
InForce
NoteshowAIScanassistin
VTS.
IALA
Guideline1028ed.1.3
Dec.2004
OnAutomatic
Identification(AIS)
Volume1,Part1
OperationalIssues
InForce/ReplacedGuideline
1019onAIS
actualoperationofAIS.
AIScanbeusedto
transmitvirtualaidsto
navigation.IALA
Guideline1081provides
amplificationontheuseof
virtualaidstonavigation.
TheintroductionofAISin
VTSisunderreviewat
IALAanIALA
questionnaireisbeing
circulatedtogatherstatus
ofAISinVTSandto
updaterelevant
documents.
Providesdetailed
informationonhowAIS
works.
(notethisguidelineisno
longerbeingmaintained)
Edition2.0June2016
P42

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IALA
Guideline1029ed.1.1
Dec2002
OnAutomatic
(AIS)Volume1,Part2
TechnicalIssues
InForce/ReplacedGuideline
1019onAIS
technicalaspectsofAIS
Rangeformulaprovided.
IALA
Guideline1032
June2003
AspectsOfTrainingOf
VTSPersonnelRelevant
ToTheIntroductionOf
TheAutomatic
InForce
Notestherequiredtraining
forVTSPersonnelwhenAIS
isintroduced.
Providesdetailed
technicalinformation,
veryindepthonthe
provisionofshorebased
AIS.
(notethisguidelineisno
longerbeingmaintained)
IALA
Guideline1050
Dec.2005
ManagementAnd
MonitoringOfAIS
Information
InForce
Notesthebenefitstousing
AISinplanningand
managingaidstonavigation
systems.
IALA
Guideline1059
June2008
ComparisonOfAIS
Stations
InForce
Comparesandpresentseach
oftheAISstations.
IALA
Guideline1062
Dec.2008
EstablishmentOfAISAs
AnAton
InForce
Identifiespossiblefunctions
ofAISasanAtoN.
IALA
Guideline1081
March2010
VirtualAidsToNavigation
InForce
Introducesconceptsof
virtualaidstonavigation;
userneeds;benefitsand
risks.
AIScanprovidemany
organisationalbenefits,
bothinshortterm/real
timeandinlongterm
analysisofdata.
Willbewithdrawnon
completionofthis
document
Therearebenefitstothe
useofAISasanAtoN.The
impactontheVDLneeds
tobetakenintoaccount.
Amplifiesinformation
presentedinRec.O143
Edition2.0June2016
P43

Organisation
DocNumber
DocName
Status
Keypoints
Comments
IALA
TechnicalClarifications
ClarificationsToITUR
M.1371Series
InForce
Createdandmaintainedat
therequestofITU.
IALA
Plan
Dec2009
RadioCommunications
Plan
InForce
Technicalclarificationsto
ITURM.13714havebeen
developedandliaison
betweenIALA/ITUis
underwaypriorto
publishing.
IALA
1095
May2013
Implementationof
ApplicationSpecific
messages
InForce
IALA
1098
May2013
ApplicationofAISAtoN
onbuoys
InForce
Intendstoaidin
harmonisationand
establishestheIALAASM
collection
Providesguidanceregarding,
specification,installation
andmaintenanceofAIS
AtoNonbuoysandfixed
structures
Currentlyresidesat
http://www.e
navigation.nl/asm
IALADocumentsavailableforfreedownloadfromIALAwebsitewww.ialaaism.orgunderpublications
Edition2.0June2016
P44

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