PA 4216

.P3

1866

Copy

THE

PANEGYRICUS
OF

ISOCRATES,
FROM THE TEXT OF

RE MI.

WITH ENGLISH NOTES,

BY

C.

C.

FELTON,

LL.D.

CAMBRIDGE:

SEVER AND FRANCIS.

I 8 6 0.

'^R.Stinsbury
JUL

10

1912

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by

SEVER AND FRANCIS,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

University Press:
Welch, Bigelow, and Company,
Cambridge.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

In the valuable

" History of Eloquence in

Rome " * by Westermann,

Each period

ological periods is adopted.

vided into shorter portions.

The

history of

Greek eloquence down

sian wars,

and

ularly of

Greece and

a convenient division into chron-

first

then subdi-

is

period brings the

Per-

to the time of the

treats of various interesting topics, partic-

Homer and

delineated in his

the popular institutions incidentally

poems.

The second

period

extends to

the death of Alexander the Great, and includes the most

brilliant

quence.

he

names

that illustrate the history of

In the second subdivision of

calls the

Athenian

this period,

elo-

which

Spartan age, on account of the great influence

which Sparta acquired by the result of the Peloponnesian

war, he places Lysias, Isocrates, and Isaeus, although the
life

of Isocrates extended into the Macedonian epoch.

The

father of Isocrates

citizen of Athens,

manufacture of
sion to

many

was a wealthy and respectable

named Theodoras, who

flutes

satirical allusions

on the

by the comic poets of the

Geschichte der Beredtsamkeit in Griechenland

den Quellen bearbeitet von Dr. Anton Westermann.

t Dionysius, Ilept

carried

f a circumstance that gave occa-

'^,

p.

und Horn, nach

Leipzig, 1863.

534 seqq.

PREFACE.

iv

Isocrates

time.
first

was born

deme

in the

of Erchia, in the

year of the 86th Olympiad, or B. C. 436, in the ar-

chonship of Lysimachus, a

little

more than half a century

before the birth of Demosthenes, and five years before the

breaking out of the Peloponnesian war.

He

about seven years older than Plato.

Besides Isocrates,

Theodorus had two other

tus,

and a daughter.

The

by the manufacture of
his

sons

the ablest

even of Socrates.

Theramenes,

of

fortune of Theodorus, acquired

flutes,

enabled him to secure for

of

the

He was
whom he

and Isocrates

age,

Gorgias, Prodicus, and

of Tisias,

and associate

also the friend

vainly

endeavored

But the natural

against the fury of Critias.

the

and Diomnes-

sons, Telesippus

teachers

listened to the lessons

was, therefore,

serve

to

timidity of

young man, and some physical disadvantages which

he labored under, prevented him from engaging personally in the

career of public

He

which had such

life,

tions for the ambitious spirits at

attrac-

Athens.

accordingly devoted himself to the study of the the-

ory of eloquence, and to the training of pupils, by teaching and writing, for the

pears

that

his

Assembly and the

other estates of Athenian citizens,

Peloponnesian war
to

repair

business
school in
is

said to

these
as

many

calamities of the
in

by the income derived

rhetoric.

He

first

where he had but nine pupils

have assisted

this unsuccessful

view was
from his
opened a
;

but he

in the formation of a republican

constitution for that sta^e,

After

by the

and one object he had

losses

a teacher of

Chios,

It ap-

courts.

patrimony was diminished, like so

on the model of that of Athens.

attempt, he returned to his native

PREFACE.
city,

where the number of

his pupils soon

increased to

one hundred, and his instructions gained him a large

he was employed,

like

many Greek

rhetoricians, in writ-

ing discourses for others, for one of which he

have received the enormous sum of twenty

The wealth

of Isocrates exposed

some

offices to

were

liable.

him

said to

is

talents.

to the usual

which the possessors of property

He

for-

Besides teaching,

tune and an extraordinary reputation.

burden-

Athens

at

served the expensive liturgy of trierarch,

B. C. 352, with great magnificence.

The

private

life

of Isocrates was neither above nor below

the average standard of morals in his age.

He

appears to

have indulged in the pleasures and dissipation common

among

When somewhat

the Athenians of the time.

ad-

vanced, he married Plathane, the widow of Hippias the

and adopted her youngest

Sophist,

son,

Aphareus, who

became an orator and a distinguished tragic poet.*

ing spent

many

Hav-

years in the laborious profession of a

teacher of eloquence, he died a voluntary death immediately after the disastrous result of the

battle of

Chaero-

nea, B. C. 338.
" That dishonest victory

At Chaeronea,

fatal to liberty,

Killed with report that old

The

life

man

eloquent."

of Isocrates extended over a period that em-

braced the most important events in the history of Athens.

His youth and early manhood were passed amidst the

scenes

Peloponnesian war.

of the

* According
Plathane.

to

He

witnessed the es-

Plutarch, Aphareus was the son of Isocrates by

PREFACE.
tablishment of the tyranny of the Thirty, and the trium-

phant restoration of the democracy by Thrasybulus.

The

romantic expedition of Cyrus the Younger, and the im-

Ten Thousand,

mortal retreat of the

The

of his age.

flower

took place in the

by the atrocious sentence of a popular

With

his reflecting mind.

laus,

and shared

He

he watched

downfall of

the

without regret.

When

sonage in Grecian

submitted impatiently to the

and he doubtless witnessed the sud-

den glory of Thebes, the

and

patriotic jealousy

hopes and the disappointments

the

in

Corinthian war.

Spartan supremacy

das,

saddened

court,

of the Spartan arms in Asia under Agesi-

the progress

of the

Socrates,

death of his teacher,

brilliant

the

Philip

exploits of

Epaminon-

ancient rival of

Athens,

became a prominent per-

politics, Isocrates

was one of those who

looked on him as the saviour of the country.

The

opposition between the views of Isocrates

of Demosthenes was

remarkable.

from an early period the danger

to the liberties of

from the ambition of Philip, and engaged

resistance,

which tasked

splendid oratory.

But

to the

and those

Demosthenes foresaw

in

Greece

a strenuous

utmost the powers of his

Isocrates felt that Philip had the

power, and he gave him credit for the disposition, to unite

the

discordant and

warring elements that disturbed the

peace of the Grecian States, and to bend their concentrated forces

upon the great enterprise of conquering the

barbarian world.

overthrown

These hopes and

by the

battle

of

this

confidence were

Chaeronea, and the aged

teacher refused to survive an event so disastrous to the in-

dependence of Greece.

Demosthenes, the practical

states-

PREFACE.
man, was

wrong

Isocrates, the theoretical rhetorician,

right.

and

it

vii

is

one of the perversities of ancient

was

politics,

that both careers led to suicide.

From

the quiet scene of his labors and studies, Isocrates

saw passing before him, with

matic

the

effect,

startling rapidity

and dra-

Athenian

fortunes.

scenes

shifting

of

Perhaps these events of more than tragic

his

mind from the

Sophistic subtilties in the midst of which

he had been educated,

views of

to the serious, earnest,

and of eloquence in

life,

to

first

and the

tions

and

influence

its

which are so profusely scattered over

was the

interest turned

his

ethical

upon

works

life,

for

he

apply the art of eloquence to public ques-

affairs

of state.

In

were trained

his school

the most eminent statesmen, orators, and philosophers of

his

It

age.

and

birth

tion of

was the

talents

resort of persons

distinguished

from every country where the

Greece was known and honored.

for

civiliza-

Even

foreign

princes corresponded with Isocrates, on terms of equality.

His manner of composition was precise and technical.

We

see in

it

the habits of the careful student, nicely ad-

justing and rounding off his periods

matter,

yet

over-scrupulous

His Panegyric Discourse

ten years,

by others

can read

it

finish,

is

fifteen,

in
said

not neglecting the

respect

the manner.

to

by some

under his hand

without discerning the traces

to
;

have been

and no one

of scrupulous

which contrasts strikingly with the practical vigor

and overpowering vehemence of Demosthenes.

It

would

be a very useful exercise for the student of rhetoric to

compare the

styles of these

inimitable in his

own way.

two eninent masters,

each

Demosthenes was as careful

PREFACE.

viii

as Isocrates in the preparation which he expended upon

his

orations

but the

addressing a

necessity of

living

multitude forced him to mould his speech into those forms

pointed

of

cogency,

crystal

and

clearness,

adamantine

which no orator of modern times, perhaps,

strength, to

has approached so near as Webster.

on the

Isocrates,

other hand, intent upon the rhythm of his sentences and

the

balance of his antithetical clauses, sometimes trains

his

constructions

been equally

such a length

to

for

difficult

that

speaker

the

it

to

would

have

deliver

them

without breaking down, and for an audience to hear them

Nowhere

without losing part of the sense.

is

the differ-

ence between the practical statesman and orator and the

more

philosophical rhetorician

instructively exhibited.

But the language of Isocrates

his composition

less

carelessly

it

to

the reader

it

is

clear,

at

but

it

is

of antiquated

and

elegant,

times richly ornamented,

beautifully simple

The most

is

at times

critics

formal examination of them

to

observations in the sketch of his

Plato, in the Phaedrus,|

* aneipctKaXiav.

also

rarely concise and forcible.

by Dionysius of Halicarnassus,

tarch.

delightful.

a high degree

His merits were discerned by the principal

cient times.

is

unsuited to public de-

It is select, carefully formed, polished to

and though

and

employs no word

it

avoids the bad taste *

However

artificial

Dionysius, u

says

pure than that of Lysias, and

and far-fetched phrases."

livery,

the purest Attic

" His diction,"

and elaborate kind.

no

is

an exquisite specimen of the

is

which

life

may

of anis

that

be added the

and character by Plu-

makes Socrates speak of

t p.

278, E.

PREFACE.
him

as a

ix

young man of high promise.

Cicero, Quintilian,

Lucian, Pausanias, Aelian, Philostratus, Photius,

and even Eustathius, have touched upon

more or

His moral sentiments are gen-

less minuteness.

however mistaken he may have been

erally elevated, and,

some of

in

Suidas,

works with

his

his opinions, the patriotic spirit of his writings

unquestionable.

is

There were sixty

of Isocrates

orations in antiquity that bore the

nized as genuine by Caecilius, a

we have
on

the

political

subjects,

Theory of Eloquence

The twenty-one

1.

letters

Au-

Besides these,

written to his friends

()
one of

The

nounced spurious.

sified

the age of

and some fragments of twenty-seven

titles

There are also ten

more.

critic in

Twenty-one have been preserved.

gustus.

name

but only twenty-eight of them were recog-

title

discourses

which, the

now

is

pro-

have been preserved.

extant

Three Paraenetic

tenth,

and a few fragments of a

may

be thus

clas-

orations, or discourses written for

the purpose of giving advice, resembling the moral epistle.

One

of these

cles,

the son of Evagoras, prince of Cyprus.

2.

is

addressed to Demonicus, and two to Nico-

Five Deliberative orations

()

gyricus, those addressed to Philip

and

to

the Pane-

Archidamus, the

Areopagiticus, and that on the Peace.

3.

Four Encomia

on Evagoras, Helen, Busiris, and the

Panathenaicus.
4.

Eight Judicial discourses

change of Estates

the

Plataicus

on Ex-

a pleading for the son of Alcibiades

the Trapeziticus, against Pasion the banker, on a question

PREFACE.
of deposit
chites

5.

the

Paragraphias

Aegineticus

against

Lo-

defence of Nicias.

discourse against the Sophists.

These are

all

and important, as

interesting

illustrating

the age of Isocrates and his personal character.

few

from two or three of them, touching upon the

extracts

may

latter point,

be allowed to complete the biographical

notice given in the preceding pages.

In the discourse

affairs

for I

he says

to Philip

the citizens

fitted of all

had not

by nature

" I

was the

least

to take part in public

power of voice nor bold-

sufficient

ness enough to encounter a multitude, and to wrangle with

the orators storming on the bema.

But

I claim the honor

of intellectual ability and of a liberal education

fore I take

my

it

upon myself

nature and

my

to advise, in the

men."

illustrious

In the Panathenaicus he says

of the greatest blessings that

In the
in

first

place, I

all

spects.

" I

have had

men would pray

my

share

to receive.

have had health of body and of mind

no common measure, but

those

where-

that suits

both the city and the other

talent,

Greeks and the most

way

who have been most

to

such a degree as

to rival

fortunate in each of these re-

In the next place, I have had an affluence of the

means of

living, so as

never

able gratification that a

man

to

be deprived of any reason-

of sense would desire.

Then

I have never been overlooked or neglected, but have always

ranked among those

whom

the most accomplished Greeks

thought and spoke of as persons of character and influence.

All these blessings have been mine, some superabundantly,

others

sufficiently."

He

then proceeds to point out

cir-

PREFACE.
cumstances in his

lot

xi

which made him sometimes querulous

and peevish.

Near

he was ninety-four years old

it,

conclusion,

he says

when

that,

and

anybody

whom
He

to attempt its completion.

when he wanted but

work, as he says,
in such

which he

he was then per-

that

suaded by the urgency of friends, to

it,

and towards the

violent illness,

" passed three years in combating "

portions of

the composition was about

was seized with a

half written, he

dred,

when

the beginning of the oration, he states that,

he began

he had read

resumed the

three years of a hun-

a state of health as would have prevented

not only frdm attempting to write a discourse,

else,

but even from listening willingly to the discourse of another.

The

oration on the Antidosis, or

contains valuable

personal notices.

technical proceeding,

son on

whom

Exchange of

The

Estates,

antidosis

was a

by which the Attic law allowed a per-

a costly liturgy had been imposed to

call

upon

another citizen, whose estate he believed to be greater than

his

own, either to assume the

On

office

or to exchange estates.

one occasion, a person, Lysimachus probably, tendered

to Isocrates the antidosis,

and he, as the

The

nificent style.

it

in

error,

when he

it

evils,

mag-

was composed many years

form of a defence in a

after, in the

commits an

discourse

two
in a

least of

served the liturgy, and appears to have done

Scholl

fictitious trial.

says that Isocrates pronounced

defending himself against Lysimachus.

He

begins

by

stating that

he had been exposed

to

many

calumnies from the Sophists, which he had disregarded

but

when

far

been tendered

advanced
to

in

life,

him upon the

an exchange of estates had

trierarchy,

and

his

opponent

PREFACE.
made such

statements in regard to his wealth that he was

compelled to take upon himself the burden.

He

was then

upon the best method of refuting these

led to reflect

ous misrepresentations, and of setting his character,

"

found I could

Upon mature

consideration/* he

my

my

"I

life

for I

be, as

it

hoped that by

were, an
this

means

character and actions would be best understood, and

that the

views I

set

not in the

full

time that

With

tablets of brass

these

about the composition of the present discourse,

He

two."

would remain a much more hon-

discourse itself

memorial than

orable

the

mind and

says,

purpose in no other manner than

effect this

by writing a discourse which should

image of

and

and future

pursuits in a true light before his contemporaries

generations.

injuri-

life,

vigor of

my

powers, but at the age of eighty-

"I have

so lived during the

no one, either

in the oligarchy or

says of himself:

is

past, that

me any

democracy, has charged upon

insolence

or

wrong, and no arbitrator or dicast has ever been called

to sit in

He
affairs,

trators,

mies,

judgment upon

conduct."

from courts of law, from assemblies, from the arbi-

and contrasts

his

who haunted every

meddled with
states that

man

my

then describes himself as keeping aloof from political

suits

own

habits with those of his ene-

place of public resort, and inter-

and prosecutions of every kind.

with man, but upon subjects of general importance,

" Hellenic,

He

he has written, not upon the common business of

political,

and panegyrical

discourses,"

which

rank, as works of art, with those compositions which are

embellished with music and rhythm

become

that

many

his disciples, thinking that thus they

desired to

might make

He

themselves wiser aad better men-

principal compositions, giving passages

cus, the discourse

then reviews his

from the Panegyri-

on Peace, and the address to Nicoeles.

u These," says he, u having been written and published, I

acquired great reputation and received

whom

of

me

many

pupils, not

would have remained with me, had they not

to be such as they

had supposed.

And

now, when there

me

three

fault

with

have been so many, some of whom have lived with

have found any

years, not one will be seen to

me

but at the end of the time,

sail

home

and

to their parents

to their residence, that

heavy heart and with

when they were about

friends, they

to

were so attached

they took their departure with a

tears."

who had

He

then enumerates the pu-

pils

and

city

on account of their public merits

friends

one

fotr^d

received golden crowns from the

;

and, in fact

the important circumstances and relations of his

life

all

are

minutely described, so that the discourse answers the perpose he intended, of conveying an image of himself to
posterity.

The Panegyricus has been

because

it

is

selected for publication, partly

an excellent specimen of the best manner

of Isoerates, and partly because, by

its

plan,

it

presents

a review of the history of Athens from the mythical ages

down
is

in

to the period following the treaty of Antaleidas.

a convenient work

Greek

to

make

It

the text-book for lessons

history, affording a central point

around which

to assemble the leading events.

The

date of the Panegyricus has

differently

settled

by

different

been discussed and

scholars.

The

events al-

PREFACE.

xiv

luded to in the discourse

itself

of course furnish the means

The

of deciding this point approximately, but not exactly.

number of years during which

hands makes

in

his

to

historical

moment

to the

the

made with

reference

of writing the respective passages, or to

from the

aside

Panegyricus

Setting this element of uncer-

we may assume

calculation,

appeared

about B. C. 380,

and that began B. C. 386.

Of

that

since

speaks of the Cyprian war " being already in

year,"

work

the

uncertain whether these allusions

it

of his time are

time of publication.

tainty

the

facts

Isocrates kept

course

he

its

sixth

it

must

have been published before the end of the war, B. C.

376, and the death of Evagoras

since there is

discourse of either of these events.

the

in

utmost

If

limit.

the

date

assumed

is

no hint

This

is

finished the oration at the age of fifty-five or fifty-six.

was published

in the time

fore the

name

of Philip of

It

of the Spartan supremacy,

which lasted from the peace of Antalcidas, B. C. 387,

battle of Leuctra, B. C. 371,

the

correct, Isocrates

to the

and about twenty years

Macedon began

to

be-

be heard of

in Greece.

The

object of the Panegyricus

Athenian claim

to

is

the vindication of the

supremacy, and the reconciliation of the

Greeks, particularly Sparta and Athens, for the purpose of

assailing the Persians with their united forces.

After the introductory remarks upon the nature of the

subject,

upon

the orator's

ing

it,

to the

he

own

its

having been often handled before, and

ideas

upon the proper manner of

treat-

proceeds to maintain the claims of Athens

supremacy, on the ground of the antiquity of the

PREFACE.

xv

and the purity of the origin of the Athenians

city,

then

on the score of what Athens has done towards adorning,

and embellishing

cultivating,

colonies

life

her services in founding

her laws and institutions

manner

the liberal

towards other states

her

hospitality,

her elegant

festivities

and shows,

which genius was cultivated and honored

in

and

which she has conducted herself

in

and her

pursuit of literature, especially of eloquence and philos-

ophy.

He

then passes on to her history, beginning with the

mythical ages, Adrastus, the Heracleidae, the wars with

He

the Scythians, Thracians, Amazons, Persians.

upon the Trojan

lightly

times, but is

upon the wars with Darius and Xerxes,

Spartans and Athenians were

eminence was

argument

rivals.

touches

especially emphatic
in

which the

The Athenian

acknowledged then, and

this

fact

is

pre-

an

in support of their present claim to the hege-

mony.*
In the next place, he considers the conduct of the Athenians in administering their power,

their leniency,

and

their care for the safety of the allies, as contrasted with

the oppression and cruelty of the Lacedaemonians, which

have led

to great disorders

and

disasters

among

the

Greek

states.

He
ing

then points out the folly of the Greeks in contend-

among

when they might gain such

themselves,

vantages by uniting against the Persians

* The term
writers,

and

which occurs very often in Greek

in the orators,

is

admirable History of Greece.

ad-

describes the
historical

rendered primacy by Mr. Grote, in his

PREFACE.

xvi

weakness of the Persians, and the proofs and sources of

it

speaks of the natural hostility of the Greeks against

the

Barbarians,

war,

to

the

especially

times, the

reasons that encourage the

favorable

the

state of Persia,

circumstances

Greeks
the

of

and the necessity of such a

own

union among the Greeks, in order to compose their

discords.

Finally,

he argues that the Greeks should

minds upon the prosperity they

may

transfer

and that they who have the power must study

oncile the

Spartans and Athenians.

The

their

set

from Asia,
to

rec-

orators are ex-

horted to renounce the petty subjects which

now occupy

them, and to expend their rivalries on

which

far the

this,

is

by

most important interest to which their attention

can be directed.
It is

unnecessary to sketch the plan and argument of

this

discourse in greater detail, as the main heads are dwelt

upon

at considerable length in the notes.

The

text of the

the Bibliotheca

and
of

Rauchenstein
books

present edition

have

The most

that of Bremi, in

been consulted, and a variety

have been drawn upon

illustration.

is

Dobson, Becker, Spohn, Coray,

Graeca.

for

the

materials

of

important of these are Thirlwall

and Grote's Histories of Greece, and Hofmann and Wachsmuth's works on the Political and Historical Antiquities
of the Greeks.
C.

Cambridge,

July, 1847.

C.

FELTON.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

have

undertaken the revision of the notes to

this

edition of the Panegyricus, in compliance with a request

Several months before his

of the late President Felton.

death, he decided to prepare a

me

to

new

edition,

and desired

add such grammatical or other notes as I might

think expedient.

His sudden death occurred before the

work was begun, but I have

comply with

his

still

thought

request, so far as I

interpreted his wishes

by

my

was

it

my

able.

duty to
I have

former experience in revis-

ing the notes to his second edition of the Birds of Aristophanes, in which I was able constantly to refer to his
taste

and judgment.

His own copy of the Panegyricus

contained a few additions and corrections, chiefly verbal,

all

of which are included in the present edition.

will also

There

be found distributed through the notes a set of

references to

my

" Syntax of the

Moods and Tenses

of

the Greek Verb," which had been prepared for this pur-

pose at Mr. Felton's request.

by the

letter

G.

These references are marked

All notes which I have added myself,

including even parts of sentences which materially affect the

sense, are enclosed in brackets.

I have omitted nothing,

PREFACE.

xviii

except occasionally a note which was rendered unnecessary

by something newly added, or one which I knew that President Felton would have omitted
notes himself.

The

unaltered, except

if

he had revised the

historical notes will generally

where references

be found

to Grote's History of

Greece have been added, or where quotations have been

given instead of citations.

W. W. GOODWIN.
Harvard College, December,

1863.

THE PANEGYBICUS OF ISOCEATES.

A.

CORAE PRiEFATIO
AD PANEGYRICUM.

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NOTES.

NOTES.
A

Panegyrical Discourse

originally

posed to be read or delivered at a great

;

hence

its

name,

meant one com-

festival, called

or

These discourses were generally laudatory in their style,

and finally any composition in praise of an individual or
a state was called a panegyric.
Festival assemblies, of which
Page 3, 1. 1.
Some were estabthere was a great variety in Greece.
lished for a single state, or for

bordered upon each other.

sive.

two or three

states that

Some were more comprehen-

Four of them, the Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and

Isthmian, rose to great national importance.

Their origin

was traced back into the mythical antiquity, and their

foundation was laid by heroes and demigods. They became periodic celebrations in historical times, and lasted
long after the independence of Greece was lost, and the
country had sunk into the rank of a province of the Roman empire. The Olympian and Pythian were held every
four years, the Nemean and Isthmian every two; each
of the former two was called, according to the Greek
and each of the latter
mode of reckoning, a
They furnished a means of recording events
a
chronologically.
The Olympiads, in particular, were used
for this purpose, beginning with 776 B. C, the date of
the first recorded Olympic victory.

NOTES.

64

During the periods of these national celebrations, a truce

was proclaimed between hostile states. In this respect,
their influence must have been highly favorable to the
progress of civilization.
part,

The

contests were, for the

gymnastic and equestrian.

sical rivalries

most

In some of them, mu-

formed part of the entertainment.

Authors

frequently seized the opportunity which such large assemafforded of reading their works; and this

was one
them to the world.
Deputies from
the different nations of Greece and from the colonies, and
even from princes of Greek descent, like Hiero of Syracuse and Arcesilaus of Cyrene, attended in magnificent
The enthusiasm excited by these games was prostate.
blies

mode

of publishing

found and universal; the ambition for victory, one of the

strongest passions of the Hellenic mind.

the wreath of pine or the

fortunate and

The winner

parsley crown was

envied of mortals.

the

of

most

Honors and applause

His triumph

could not be lavished upon him enough.

was celebrated by processions, sacrifices, feasts, and, above

all, by the united and richest strains of the poet and muOf the immense variety of Pindar's odes, none
sician.
have been preserved entire except those in honor of the
Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian victors. Solon,
by public enactment, offered large rewards to those Athenians who gained prizes at the Olympian and Pythian
games; such was that great man's sense of their national
importance.

In a

later age, the benefits of this eagerness

for the agonistic victory

minds.

were questioned by philosophical

Isocrates intimates, in the Introduction, a compari-

son, in respect to usefulness,

themselves to

between those who devoted

and those who

this species of public service

trained their minds to intellectual labors, showing that in

his time the

renown of an athlete had begun

to

be con-

sidered a rude kind of glory, compared with that of the

statesman, the thinker, and the teacher.

.
1, 2.

,
,

But

NOTES.
In the old

Isocrates

65

was

editions, the reading

who

.,

not speaking of those

is

took

part in the games, but of the founders.

Literally, those

who brought

i.

the festal assemblies together;

The word

instituted them.

^.

with

see G. 30, 1,

e.

in private,

as

Gen-

For the phrase

1.

e.

i.

by

private study and medita-

and moralists

tion; as the philosophers

who

those

appropriate to

in the next line, is to

itive constructed

4.

is

did,

and particu-

who, like Isocrates, occupied themselves with

larly those

,,

subjects that concerned the public welfare.

6.

Rem. under
7.

others.
9, 10.

49, 2,

tion,

...

G.

article

or

to

are in protasis, equiva

109, 6

52, 1.

I am

come

give advice; future

to

"

When

is

is

Bremi.

One

109, 5.

usually repeated after

noun, then the preposition

."

G.

placed after the preposi-

joined, not to the preposition

is

after

the preposition

the re

last

the benefit.

14.

re

and

3.

participle expressing intention or purpose.

15.

57,

no advantage would accrue

and

lent to the aor. opt.]

would enjoy

G.

Se in Apodosis, see

....

ovdev

9.

For

64.

itself,

is

object of the

but

if

but to the

usually omitted
discourse

was

to

persuade the Greeks to lay aside their discords with one

another, and to unite in a
rians,

i.

e.

the Persians.

",
. ,

common war
Philip of

against the Barba-

Macedon adopted the

,.

plan previously to his assassination, and his son Alexander

executed
17.

it.

Sophists.

'

says Coray,

Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Protagoras, Hippias, were Sophists,

6*

NOTES.

6G

sunt omnes

dicti

Bremi says

description.

or teachers of this

primum

"

."

qui sive scientia rerum ad

Turn

philosophiam pertinentium, sive alia arte excellerent.

per

vero

intelligebantur

" Imprimis ita nominati sunt, qui artem disserendi tradide-

eamque duplicem,

runt,

vel de capite aliquo doctrinae in

de republica; quod discrimen

(Cic. Fin. II. 1) vel

,
scholis

apertum

ex oratione contra Soph.

est

omnem

doctrinam

qui

(p.

."

429).

amplectuntur,

Spohn.

Isocrates ap-

plied this species of eloquence to the discussion of morals

and government, and

to the illustration of the duties of the

member

as

citizen

of a

community.

political

sense, Isocrates himself, as Cicero intimates,

(Orat.

tique

"

c. xi.)

.
",

Qualem

this

Sophist.

Isocrates fecit Panegyricum, mul-

The

qui sunt nominati Sophistae."

alii,

In

was a

art of elo-

quence was sometimes called

17, 18.

alicujus

Bremi.

70, 1.

potiundae

rei

Page

,,

G.

subject.

4,

1.

G.

tamquam
G.

98.

18, 3.
2.

gests comparison

3.

The

preposition

and preference.

. ."

participles of other verbs,

be expressed, however
310, 1;
8.
9,

10.

G.

when

slightly.

to this

,
,

ferri

egregiae et opportunae."

27, n. 3.

1.

have rushed

magno impetu

G.

73, 1

in composition, sug-

"

Coray.
is

often constructed with

the idea of chance

See Kuhner,

Gr.

is

to

Gr.,

112, 2.

}, G.

62.

having completion

i.

e.

all

having

been said and written that can be said and written about
the subject, so that no other writer can do more or better in the treatment of

it.

G.

18, 3, note.

NOTES.

,,
,
11.

refers to

next

in the

,
G.

12.

13.

14.

17, 18.

See Soph. Gr.

67
the antithesis

5*

is

line.

62.

study, or meditate carefully.

to

G.

50, 1.

....

Gr., 159,

no otherwise than.

},

For the

1.

conditional sen-

tence, see G. 49, 2.

19.

&> s

20.

the understood subject of

Kern. 3.
23, 24.
.

Page
sense,

\ ...

See Kiihner,

312,

the connective particles,

Rem.

see Kiihner, 321,

1.

114, 2.

employed here in a good

5, 1. 2, 3.
and more emphatically than the simple verb, to make

G.

use of.
3,

,
,

For an explanation of

tc ,

4, G.

26.

... ion, G. 32, 3 (a).

The participle agrees with
by speaking.

4.

ev

91.

to

to

form

opinions,

dispose of

weU

to

conceive,

tois

The two

in words.

expressions point at the two indispensable qualities of good

and

writing, namely, just

6.

7.

G.

Sv,

73, 1

41, 1.

cognitio, atque in

tovs

sophia."

eloquence

,
10, 11.

7Tpt

bvvaiTo Zv,

of
.

G.

"Omnis

exercitatio, philo-

the art or study

Bremi

of eloquence.
G. 61, 1.

52, 2.

those discowses

and which have

of

explains, the theo-

vnep tovs

13, 14.

discourses,

the art
.

iis

is

or rather, perhaps, as

retical treatment

style,

and a happy

style.

Cicero (De Orat., III. 16) says:

rerum optimarum

12.

suitable sentiments,

words or aptness of

selection of

which are above

been highly finished.

the

That

common

is,

ornate

and not arguments on mere legal questions, or

NOTES.

C8

business affairs, before the courts

Coray.

& ....

15-17.

examine

so that they

those

which have been excessively elaborated, by comparison with

made in suits concerning private business.

That is, they judge of finished discourses on

speeches
65, 3.

G.
sub-

jects of great public concern according to the standard of

arguments made in the

mere

courts,

business and con-

versational discussions growing out of every-day affairs.

accusative absolute

,
,
.

(=

).

et

18-21.

(sc.

G.

110,

),

109, 6.

i.e. business ar-

guments, which should be clearly and strongly put, in such

a way as

'

be unshaken, though destitute of ornament.

to

occasions, called

and

the

former,

i.

demonstrative, or epideictic, written

cording to the principles of art, and

quence of the author.

discourses of public

e.

ac-

exhibiting the elo-

For construction of

these accusatives, see Soph. Gr. Gr., 226, a; G. 110, 2,

. 1.
(=
(=
24.

),
&

),

the proprieties of discourse.

G.

G.

109,

41, 1

52,

it

,,
,
,
is

of the demonstrative before or

after the participle with the article is

but

1.

52, 2.

The use

not pleonastic, as

common

in Greek,

sometimes stated; the de-

is

monstrative and the article here have the force of ante-

cedent and relative.

25.

Page

who

6,

1.

judge with

will

1.

severity.

having made

bold,

having

taken the liberty to say a few words more about myself.

2.
3.
4.

5.

The

G.

The

antithesis to this is

endeavoring

25, 2,

to

conciliate.

(1.

G.

7).
113.

1.

correlative

is

',

some ....

others,

the two expressions being partitive, and both in apposition

with

off-hand, extempore.

NOTES.

...

9, 10.

composition of this discourse.

years, or, according

Plutarch's Life.
that he kept
lishing

it,

it

the time spent by us in the

Isocrates

some,

to

of this statement

he gave himself exclusively

had

leisure,

See

merely,

and not that

He

to the composition.

besides, laboriously occupied with teaching

,
[,

is

length of time before pub-

as he

it

was employed ten

in the work.

fifteen,

The meaning
by him for that

working upon

69

12, 13.

was,

and study.

See Soph. Gr. Gr.,

230, 2.

16.

G.

.,
G.

14.

18, 2.]

17.
24, 25.

the

have been said (once for

this

let

G.
to

all).

109, n. 2.

put

these things in train ; that

bring about the proposed union of the Greeks, for

to

is,

49, 1.

war against Persia.

G. 50,

Gr., 217, 2;

....

26.

25,

.
2.

The two

See Soph. Gr.

leading

Greece were Athens and Sparta; the former

of

states

at the

head

of the democratical commonwealths, the latter the protector of the oligarchies.

Page

,
[

7,

1.

(=

1.

the others,

i.

),

et

G.

61, 1.

besides the Athenians and La-

e.

cedaemonians.
2.

the Athenians

2, 3.

with
6.

8.

those

},

who stand

at their head,

i.

e.

and Lacedaemonians.

,
.
.
when no

G.

67,

negative precedes,

7?7

The

these

two

is

states.

2.

The

subjunctive

very rare.]

Another reading

is

was the right of taking the

precedence assumed by one among several confederated

states.
The Athenians had enjoyed the supremacy by
and the Lacedaemonians by land.

sea,

70

10.

.
,

NOTES.

an emphatic use of the demonstrative, re-

ferring back to

14-17.

[rfv

any one

saying, if

any one

says, if

idiom.

....

who have handled

this

G.

point
3

66,

this

G.

22, 23.

of

Sfc,

he

54, 1 (a).

The

,
.

others therefore

i.

e.

Says,

(i.

e.

from

topic) ought to have started

G. 49, 2, n. 3, and Remarks.

and examples under 67, 1.

instead

show them, they would perhaps (under

certain circumstances) come."]

17, 18.

by a very com-

have received by tradition.

show them, they wiU come,

shall

shall

12, 13.

mon Greek

,-

Coray

Therefore

properly something before the work, something that

is

must be done as a previous condition, which being done,

the thing in question is advanced to its completion con-

something

sequently,

that

promotes the object in view,

something useful.

Page
claim, to

8,

1.

1.

something that

the sense of lays

disputes, in

claimed by another

is

constructed

with the genitive of the object claimed.

2.

, ,
,
,/,

2, 3.

has for

or matter;
5.

its

recover; that

G.

i.

e.

G.

47, 3.

any other

17.
both,

to receive

is,

lost.

hypothetical negative.

10.

(1.

9).

in each particular case,

partitive genitive.

to

one has had before, and has

13.

'

correlative

....

privilege.

61,

42, 1.

back what

precedence in point of time, and pre-eminence

in services rendered to the Greeks.

18.

hind us

those

who

dispute our claim.

we

shall leave

be-

,
.

NOTES.

20.

whole world.

1.

of discourse.
discourse

all

mankind, in

With so noble a foundation

built.

is

among

the

The word
is variously
The foundation of the city. 2. The subject
3. The basis or foundation on which the

....

21.

explained.

71

(i.

e.

as

the acknowledgment of the antiquity, the greatness, and

the fame of Athens),

we have

stronger claims to honor

still

for what is established upon this ; the sense briefly being,

This is an honorable beginning for us ; but our claims to

,
,, ,

precedence, founded on historical facts subsequent or additional to this, are

G.

26.

65, 3.

children

This was the peculiar boast of the Athenians.

the soil.

The

decisive.

59.

G.

27.

of

more

still

collected promiscuously.

25.

of the Ionic race that

portion

originally in

settled

Attica was less disturbed by changes, revolutions, and migrations than the populations of the other parts of Greece.

They

could trace their history back into the legendary and

mythical times in a more unbroken line than

Hellenes.

Page

9,

1.

2.

idem vocabulum
negligentiae

in

Isocrate

nullae."
5.

selves

with good reason.

6, 7.

hereditary honors;
nians,

and

Bremi remarks

,,

brevi

tarn

rarae

sunt,

their claims

Notandum
cujusmodi

nec tamen omnino

those

who pride them-

often boasting

upon

their self-glorification

the whole sentence

"

recurrens

of

their

a sarcastic allusion to the Lacedaemo-

scent from the Heraclidae.

14-17.

spatio

the other

is,

The

that the

their supposed de-

implication conveyed in

Lacedaemonians can

rest

on no such grounds.

....

In

this

sentence, the

NOTES.

72
genitive,

first

10

only by

dependent on

is

zeugma, being properly governed by some word

tally

The meaning

supplied.

is,

For we

be men-

to

find her

shall

not only distinguished in endurance of the perils of war,

hut also the originator of the rest of the civil order, &c.
"
raro de institutionibus quae fundamentum ha-

bent in rerum civilium ordine."

&

respiciuntur

primum, quod

113.

rj

" Tria hie

agrosque relinquentes

silvas

alterum, quod ex vita agresti ad

cultum pervenimus

19 22.

tertium,

Bremi.

excoluimus."

vires

tisque

iv

.
.,

domicilia constituimus

civilem

Bremi.

quod ingenii men-

For

G.

see

"Si ad pro-

....

priam vocabulorum vim respicimus, primum

Spondet posteriori
priori

et

Haec

est

re-

alterum

interdum oppositionis ratio

, ',,

etiam apud scriptores antiquissimos, eaque subtilis et ele-

Bremi.

gans."
25.

el

Page

G.

yeyovev,

49, 1.

G.

26, 27.
10,

1.

2, 3.

110, 1

109, 1.

the initiated,

the Eleusinian mysteries, celebrated in honor of

On

and Persephone.

i.

e.

in

Demeter

account of their pre-eminent im-

portance they are frequently spoken of as the mysteries.

Their origin

is

be traced back, as Isocrates intimates,

to

to the mythical times,

being

attributed

molpus, and by others to Erechtheus.

ed by Isocrates

Demeter

herself,

is

that

which assigns

by some

The

to

Eu-

tradition adopt-

their foundation to

who, while wandering in search of her

daughter, Persephone,

came

to

Attica,

and, being kindly

by giving them the fruits

and the sacred rites, which were regarded

received, rewarded the people

of the earth,

as the holiest institutions of the Hellenic religion.

Whatever was

the origin of these mysteries, they were

NOTES.

10

73
extraordinary de-

celebrated in the historical times with

Initiation

votion.
all

over Greece

was eagerly sought by educated persons

before the time of Herodotus, all

for,

except the Barbarians were

admitted

There were two celebrations annually

to

held at Agrae, on the Uissus, in the

teries,

and designed as a preparation

sterion,

the

privilege.

Mysmonth Anthe-

the Lesser

the Greater

for

the latter celebrated during a period of nine days, from

the fifteenth to the twenty-third of the third Attic month,

Boedromion, corresponding

and the

first

of October.

The

the last half of September

to

Each day had

its

peculiar cere-

Athens was crowded with visitors

from every part of the Grecian world. There was the
fasting and
procession to the sea-coast for purification
monies.

city of

sacrifice

granates and

poppy-seeds, borne on a

oxen, and followed by

hands

pomewagon drawn by

the sacred procession with the basket of

women

with mystic cases in their

the torch procession to the temple of

Eleusis, led

by the

Demeter

in

the carrying of the statue

of Iacchus, the son of Demeter, along the sacred road

from the Cerameicus

to Eleusis,

with an immense number

of followers and spectators, amidst songs and shouts of joy.

In the

night,

between the sixth and seventh day, the can-

didates

were

initiated into the last mysteries, repeated the

oath of secrecy, were purified anew, were conducted into

the lighted sanctuary

none

else

(),

were ever permitted

where they beheld what

to

see.

On

the seventh

day, the initiated returned to Athens, indulging in raillery

and saturnalian

jests,

of the Cephissus.

especially as they crossed the bridge

Other but

less

Games and

the remaining days.

important

rites filled

up

contests also gave variety

to the scene.

But little is known of the secret doctrines taught there.

Whatever they might have been, the ancients regarded
them with reverence and awe. Thirl wall says " They
:

NOTES.

74

10

were the remains of a worship which preceded the rise of

its attendant rites, grounded on
a view of nature less fanciful, more earnest, and better
fitted to awaken both philosophical thought and religious
the Hellenic mythology and

This view

feeling."

apparently sustained by the glimpses

is

of religious doctrine given us by Isocrates, in the words,

see Cicero de Legg. 11. 14:

In illustration of which,

"Nam

cum multa eximia

mihi

divinaque videantur Athenae tuae peperisse, atque in vita

hominum
eumus;

melius

attulisse, turn nihil

ex agresti immanique

cepimus, sed etiam

cum

cum

was taught

by many ancient

clearly pointed out

number, Plato, Phaedo,

4, 5.

11.

i.

G.

e. the

the

first fruits

G.

20, 21.
23, 24.

1,

/ .
...

received

by

1.

ground

109, N. 4; 110,

hominum sermone

we have

(end).

were sent every year to

G.

that they are anti-

1.

18, 3.

"

parum

narratio, qua-

et testimonio nititur

divino quasi numine propagata est."

25.

the

the

tenus propria narrationis origo

Among

writers.

"
."
.2

109, 6; 52,

on

quated.

fact,

productions of the earth, in acknowl-

G.

18.

92, 1,

subject,

15.

The

to the initiated,

mysteries,

,,
,
,
Se,

14.

tenus

p. 69, C.

95, 1

edgment of which the

Athens.

et mitigati

vivendi rationem ac-

laetitia

spe meliore moriendi."

that the immortality of the soul

12.

mysteriis, quibus

initiaque ut appellantur, ita revera principia vitae

cognovimus, neque solum

is

illis

ad humanitatem

vita exculti

cognita

Bremi.

tradition.

weightier arguments.

qua-

est,

sed

ilia

NOTES.

11

?'

Page

11,

2.

1.

primo adspectu

jicit,

quod de re

et

est

subtilis

aoristum

aptior videtur.

est,

Coraei animadversio, propter

quum

praesens positum esse,

Nempe

Quod Morus

"

et propter

sermo

facta

vera

et

75

con-

Sed

res saepius facta notetur.

modi obliqui una de re nec

adjecto adverbio, quod repetitionis notionem habet, poniaoristus participii

The

Bremi.

tur."

aorist of

principle involved here

the participle

denote a single

act,

et

is,

and the oblique modes

is

the

that

used to

but the present to denote habitual or

repeated action.

[The

distinction of time

participles,
is

which

is

between the present and

quite as

marked

The

overlooked by Bremi in his note.

aorist

as in the indicative,

present participle

refers to a continued or repeated action, present with refer-

ence to the time of the leading verb, while the aorist refers
to

a single or momentary aotion, past with reference

On

time.

here

states

aorist

the

principle

this

meaning

is,

is

the

to that

perfectly correct

Pythia often commanded those

which from time to time failed in their duty. The

would have meant, those who (on some one former

occasion)

had

failed.']

3.

the portions

of the fruits; i. e. the

According to Coray, the

established or customary portion.

orator alludes to the sacrifice of the

at the be-

ginning of the ploughing season, which the Athenians

fered for all the Greeks.

famine having spread

all

the land, the oracle at Delphi was consulted as to the

of averting

should

When

The

it.

sacrifice

this

the

7.

behalf of the

in

was done, the calamity ceased

firstlings

Greeks.

and by way of

sent to the

cities

of all their

acquiesce.

tion connects the

means

response directed that the Athenians

showing their gratitude, the

yearly the

of-

over

Athenians

fruits.

...

re.

The

first

conjunc-

remainder of the sentence with what pre-

NOTES.

76
cedes

,,

re is correlative with

in the following clause, the

two connecting the subordinate

11.
life.

man;

the life of

15, 16.

the condition of

,,
G.

themselves by searching.

supply rov
e.

clauses.

with

109,

struction of

and some other words, the

to

....

re,

17, 18.

participle

,
,

have been.

principle,

here,

G.

is

and

73,

428,

the con-

one case

2.

constructed instead

those

113;

With

....

of the infinitive

it

For

life.

different cases,

only being expressed, see Matt., Gr. Gr.,

16, 17.

ef-

referring to the same,

.
,

two verbs governing

found
With

or to have
23, 2.

the conveniences and refinements of

by all

human

furnished themselves by united

13, 14.
forts.

i.

11

who are admitted

[On the same

.^

2.

and

see above (line 7).

best

endowed by nature; having

the finest natural genius.

18,

"

Omnem

deorum cultum amplissimo

sensu complecti potest, quicquid homines praestare

diis

Possit etiam esse simplex periphrasis pro

teat.

Praefero prius." Bremi.

to the

The

devotion of the Athenians

worship of the gods was one

characteristics.

St.

oper-

of their well-known

Paul's happy allusion to

it

in his dis-

course on the Areopagus will occur to every one.

22, 23.

the

facts.

the things that have been done,

"Ipsis beneficiis, quae

sunt in facto posita."

Morns.
26.

For the complete

illustration of this part

of the eulogy on Athens, see the Funeral Oration of Pericles,

27.

Thucyd.

II. 35, seqq.

" Intelligitur

complectebatur Isocratis tempore

regionis

ambitus,

Graecia."

quam
Bremi.

NOTES.

12
" Ejus terrae,

quam nos

77

incolimus, quae ab Attica et Boeotia

(nam hae duae partes vetustissimis temporibus Graecia

supra Isthmum fuisse videntur, id quod de Athenis constat,
de Thebis

15) usque ad Macedonian! pertinuit,

intelligitur, c.

nomen

et postea

gimus eos qui turn

Etiam barbaros

habuit

intelli-

Boeotiae fuerant, com-

finitimi Atticae et

munique nomine Thraces et Scythae dicti videntur, quorum

nomina vaga significatio utrique tamen imperium Europae
;

Hos Thraces coegerunt Athenienses

habuerunt

re-

cedere versus Septentrionem, et Graeciae fines promoverunt

nam
lia,

Thraces

inter

Atticam Boeotiamque orta

et

est

Thessa-

Epirus, Macedonia." Mor.

Page

,,

12,

1.

1-6.

of tense.

For

Soph., Gr. Gr., 161,

of things here alluded

10.

Europa

to,

i(f>

Asia.

scilicet et

tantum partes

one

another,

For a

3.

parti-

Notice the change

73, 2.

N.

and the other

see G. 113

ciples after

=z

See

description of the state

see Thucyd., beginning of Lib.

I.

" In utraque terrae parte,

Antiquos enim terram in duas

divisisse constat, earn

quam

norant Africae

partem modo Europae modo Asiae tribuentes.

Cf. Ukert,

Geographie der Griechen und Romer, 1 Theiles 2te Abth.,

p.

" ,
.

280, seqq."

Bremi.

occupied the region.

15.

16-18.

[",

....

constructed with

the infinitive, expresses simply the result, real or aimed at

with the indicative, as here,

nently as an actual

of the two

is

used.]

19, 20.

...

them continually

G.

49, 2,

fact.

N.

2,

it

See G.

to

Graeca

, for

Rem.

facta est."

which

,
,

it

was

to colonize.

not necessary for

incur hazard in acquiring territory.

3.

'

"

finibus nostra opera constitutis, a

et

more promi-

often indifferent

65, 3.

states the result

Still it is

Morus.

noun, emphatic repetition.

quae

barbarorum regnis divisa

demonstrative pro

,,

NOTES.

78
23.

rrpiv

24 26.

G.

13

106.

....

the barbarians to be expelled

than that which caused

from

the Greeks to so great prosperity.

Page

13,

2.

1.

3, 4.

(i.

In apposition with

cvpeiv.

the preceding line.

....

evpeiv)

who would make

necessary that those

and advanced

their seats,

it is

suitable provision in

which

in

other matters should find, or secure.

4, 5.

bare necessaries of
represents
7.

G.

[m^

61, 1.

,,
. ,
,
G.

G.

i.

95, 1.

e.

the

15, 2.

used because the

is

58, 3.]

For having

received, or rather, in

having found.

vnb ....

oppressed by despotisms.

....

and by making

by becoming mistress of the

herself

'.

15, 16.
is

indefinite.

is

14, 15.

one,

G.

yap,

this place,

12.

with these alone

life

of the direct discourse

Antecedent of
10.

life.

said

The

to the others.

individual

who

proposes a law

the political authority which enacts

an example

established

it,

constitu-

tional government.

....

18, 19.

wishing

differences with one another by reason,

and

" Notanda haec oppositio

quam

per orationem

Br.

vim."

et

hie notionem verbi habet, v.

tam notionem

,
20.

bring

25.

re

.
;

,.
^,

Latini faciunt
" Praepositio
et adjunc-

Br.

the general term for trial, in a legal sense

the necessities

for pleasure

c.

to trial.

21 - 23.

for

iv

sedulitatis et assiduitatis."
is

to

to settle their

not by violence.

i.

of

e.

life,

and

those

those that are useful

which have been invented

the useful and the ornamental arts.

Here,

the

constitution

of

civil

society.

NOTES.

14

Elsewhere, administration

ment.

79

sometimes,

,
8,

treasury

depart-

liberally towards all.

25, 26.
" Quasi in proprium usum, ut quisque inveniret quae in

suam rem

....

property.

Page

14,

1.

4.

or resources to
5.

ed.

Br.

cederent."

27.

make

desirous to enjoy their

most agreeable pastimes,

their residence pleasant.

self-sufficing ;

The honor claimed

i.

for

producing

e.

Athens here

all that is

need-

by

estab-

is,

that,

lishing a great commercial centre, she enabled the different

parts of
to

Greece

supply their

to interchange their commodities,

own and each

and thus

man-

other's deficiencies in a

ner equally advantageous to both.

This mart or emporium

was the Peiraeus, which, though not geographically

midst of Greece, as Isocrates rhetorically describes

in the
it,

was

yet conveniently situated and easy of access for commercial

purposes.

Strabo has given a minute description of this

Leake (Topography of Athens, p. 300) says " The

security of the Athenian harbors, whose different capacities
were so well suited to the several stages of the naval power
port.

of Athens, conspired, with the peninsular form of the province, with its position relatively to the surrounding coasts of

Greece and Asia, with the richness of the Attic silver-mines,

and even with the general poverty of the Attic

soil, to

pro-

duce a combination of circumstances the best adapted

to

encourage the development of commercial industry, and of

nautical skill and enterprise."

,
,

Greece, Vol. II. pp. 348, 353.

ing of Athens, says

13,
cure.

15.

14.

See

also Cramer's

Thucydides

Ancient

(II. 38),

speak-

to

furnish one's self with,

to

pro-

festal assemblies, like the Olympian, Pyth-

NOTES.

80
ian,

Nemean, and Isthmian.

15

See

The

63, 64.

note, pp.

following sentences briefly describe the advantages of these

which "brought together in friendly relations so

festivals,

many

persons belonging to the different Greek races, arrestuniting

men

ing for the time, at

least, existing hostilities,

common

giving opportunities to renew old friend-

sacrifices,

ships and to form

new

in

and affording useful and enterwho came simply as spec-

ones,

taining occupation both for those

tators

and

games.
16.

ori

24, 25.

.,
for those

rots

were not candidates

games.

rols

who had
G.

81, 1.

the

private persons ;

,,
for

ural endowments.

trained themselves for the

i.

e.

who

those

any of the public honors in the

who

those

literally

idle ;

excel in nat-

here, useless, or

without advantage.
27.

ras

their

own

opera

sibi acquisivit,

naturam, acquirere
animi, corporis,

quas vero,

sibi

Wieland. " Sunt

naturam adeptus, levi

talents.

virtutes quas quis fautricem ad eas

si

maleficiam nactus esset

,
,

nunquam

potuisset."

Br.

"

Bona

rerum externarum, quorum omnium docu-

menta dantur in illis conventibus, ut animi, recitando corporis, pugnando

divitiarum,
et omnino
Morus.
Page 15, 1. 3. e<'
those things upon

."

which they may pride themselves.

[The subjunctive and

G.

65, 1, n. 3.

optative are very rare in this con-

struction in Attic Greek, the future indicative being

only regular form.

the

In Homer, however, the subjunctive

and optative are commonly used,

this older construction cor-

responding precisely with the Latin, as the relation of the

two languages would lead us

to expect.

Attic example of the subjunctive

VII. 25,

may

Another (doubtful)

be found in Thuc.
....

Kxiiger, in his note on this passage of Thucydides (2d

edit.,

'

NOTES.

15

1861),

81

very severe on those who retain

is

subjunctive, for

of a single

which he substitutes

He

MS.

with the

on the authority

explains

in the present

, ,,

passage of Isocrates as a subjunctive in an (indirect) dubi-

The

tative question.

unknown

not

'
280

yewalov

we

following examples of the aorist opta-

however, show at least that the older construction was

tive,

to the Attic poets

find

lev

'

'

avbpa

ovbiv

Soph. Phil.

'

be

Aristoph. Ran. 96.

In

vs.

98 of the Frogs

the regular Attic construction,

same thing as
above.
Both these examples of the optative must be explained as
relative sentences, and the subjunctive is certainly not more
referring to precisely the

Nor can

objectionable than the optative.

the present ex-

ample from Isocrates be explained as interrogative without

great violence to the sense

*,

they are to glory in

things in which they

3, 4.

the idea

is

. ,
,

know what

Dem.
.

may

also,

Gr.

was

the. public deputation sent

sent

them

at these assemblies.

p. 135.]

61, 3.

The

5.

'

See additional note,

may
may have

not, that they

but, that they

See

glory.

Phil. II. 8.

in

its

by the several

special sense,

states to repre-

It consisted of the

most

dis-

was equipped with splendor and at

great expense.
Demosthenes once served as
or
chief of the deputation from Athens to the Isthmian games.
tinguished citizens, and

In

its

broader sense,

signifies the

whole exhibition of

the festival.

8-14.

The number

of festivals held at Athens

the most brilliant capital of antiquity.

under the management of the

state,

made

it

These were partly

and partly furnished at

the cost of wealthy or public-spirited individuals.

They

were celebrated by processions, choruses, musical contests,

gymnastic games, and every other imaginable exhibition
4*

NOTES.

82
that

could call into exercise the

15

creative genius

of the

Athenian people, and draw together crowds of people from

The most

the whole civilized world.

interesting of these

were the Eleusinian Mysteries, the Panathenaea, and the

Dionysiac

festivals, the last

immortalized by having given

occasion to the production of the Athenian dramatic

liter-

But there was scarcely a month in the year which

was not marked by the cessation of business and the occurrence of some entertainment, embellished by the display of
feats of bodily strength, or by the beautiful productions of
genius and art.
See Clouds of Aristophanes, 299-313.
ature.

iv
other.

,
: .

18.

f?

in holding intercourse with each

ian, G. 49,

....

1.

soni similitudinem spectat Isocrates,

amat."

Br.

,
"
....

22, 23.

,
.

Eustathius,

cited

quam figuram

'

."

by Bremi, who

points out the verbal

He, however, does

represent Pericles

Xeya>

Some

perdite

....

mistake of attributing precisely this expression

ides.

. , ,^
" In OppOSltione

to

as

eivai.

Thucydsaying,
II.

41.

of the touches in Milton's magnificent description of

Athens were probably suggested by these paragraphs of

Isocrates.

I insert the lines in this place

once more, ere we leave this specular mount,

Westward, much nearer by southwest, behold

"Look

Where on

the

Aegean shore a

city stands,

and light the soil

Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts
famous
wits,
native
to
And eloquence,
Built nobly, pure the

Or

air,

hospitable, in her sweet recess,

City or suburban, studious walks and shades.

See there the olive-grove of Academe,

NOTES.

15
Plato's retirement,

83

where the Attic bird

summer long

Trills her thick-warbled notes the

There flowery

hill

Hymettus with

Of

bees' industrious

To

studious musing

murmur
;

sound

Within the walls then view

His whispering stream.

The

the

oft invites

there Ilissus rolls

schools of ancient sages

his

who bred

Great Alexander to subdue the world,

Lyceum

there, and painted Stoa next.

There shalt thou hear and learn the secret power
Of harmony, in tones and numbers hit
By voice or hand and various-measured verse,
Aeolian charms and Dorian lyric odes,
And his who gave them breath, but higher sung,
Blind Melesigenes, thence Homer called,
Whose poem Phoebus challenged for his own
Thence what the lofty grave tragedians taught
In Chorus or Iambic, teachers best
;

Of moral prudence,

with delight received,

In brief sententious precepts, while they treat

fate, and chance, and change in human life
High actions and high passions best describing.
Thence to the famous orators repair,
Those ancient, whose resistless eloquence
Wielded at will that fierce democraty,
Shook the arsenal, and fulmined over Greece,
To Macedon, and Artaxerxes' throne.

Of

To sage philosophy next lend thine ear,

From heaven descended to the low-roofed
Of Socrates see there his tenement,

house

Whom

well inspired the oracle pronounced

Wisest of

men

from whose mouth issued

forth

Mellifluous streams that watered all the schools

Of Academics

Sumamed

old and new, with those

Peripatetics,

and the sect

Epicurean, and the Stoic severe."

Paradise Regained,

24, 25.

gnomic

are soon dissolved.

This

aorist, or that particular

instance of an action

is

Book IV.

at long intervals.
is

1.

236-280.

the frequentative or

usage by which a single

put for the general

fact,

G.

30, 1.

NOTES.

84

16

Most of the panegyrical assemSee Hadley'3 Gr. 707.

but a few days. They met at intervals of two

blies lasted

See

or four years.
27.

ante, p. 63.

Qualem Cicero

"

A part of the

2."

Mor.

"

vitac philosophia

trixque vitiorum
esse potuisset

Tu

urbes peperisti
;

tu dissipatos homines

tu eos inter se primo domi-

deinde conjugiis, turn literarum et

one junxisti

legum

tu inventrix

the following

in societatem vitae convocasti

ciliis,

is

virtutis indagatrix, expuldux

Quid sed omnino vita hominum sine te

Tusc. V.

descripsit,

passage referred to

disciplinae fuisti."

awegevpe,

vocum communi-

morum

tu magistra

assisted in finding out.

et

" In

inveniendo excolendoque adjuvit ingenium." Mor.

Page

16,

1.

3,

re ...

4.

SieZKc,

has distinguished

ignorance and those

between those which happen through

which spring from, necessity. The genitive

re,
depends on the partitive expressions

each

.
,, , , , ,
,,,
being a part
6.

oi"

the whole.

words ;

i.

e.

arguments, or the power of dis-

cussing moral and intellectual subjects.

The

....

9, 10.

force of the

and the aorist of the verb, thus connected,

having gained an advantage in this, we have gained the

aorist participle,
is,

superiority in all other things

the latter expressing a re-

by the former.

sult of the state of things described

11.

men.

the

G.

depending on

fortunes

113;

i.

e.

73, 2.

of the

human

[The other

are

construction, resembling that of the infinitive.

race, of

participles

in the

same

Each

tense

of the participle represents the same tense of the indicative

in

the direct discourse.

neuter singular

verb

been

is

In the single case of

used, because

it

the

represents an impersonal

the construction in the direct discourse would have

See G.

113,

3,

NOTES.

17

85

and the example there quoted from Demosth.

p.

1299, 4:

\,

being

( ). ),

the

\
discourse

direct

&C.J

takes the genitive of the thing shared

14.

sharing

,,

....

17, 18.

and the dative of the person

agrees with

15.

connection.

ally

in Eubul.

to

be supplied from the

those

who have

been liber-

educated from their earliest years.

....

20, 21.

is

narily takes place

in the indicative,

so used.
22.

what

is

The

perfect

established and fixed,

general truth.

Page
4.

17,

1.

8.

G.

1.

The

9.

11.
16.

.,,
at

G.

with respect

to

reason-

17, n. 3.

here

is

in the predicate.

is

may

See note on

18, 2.

the perils

be rendered

i.

e.

p. 6,

1.

16.

of their existence.

those

whoever they might

who were wronged for

be.

Present participle

expressing the repeated action or condition.

21, 22.

on

the side

of

, Now

G. 109,
....

those

who

be-

which they incurred.

17. 18.

18. 19.

109, 4.

the time ;

often

settled as

subject of this infinitive

participle

loss.

G.

the time being,

is

here used to designate

and

The

lam

pres-

or the understanding and eloquence.

....

cause

is

the aorist

what has been

,
.
., "

26. 27.

ing and speaking

The

&C.

used here to designate what ordi-

ent of the participle

for

this very

reason they even.

4.

as if such words were not

are desirous of praising us.

Con-

NOTES.

86

. ,

struction accusative absolute.

tion

of the accusative

and G.

18

110, 2,

See note on

1.

The

26.

For

this particular construc-

312,

absolute, see Kiihner,

p. 5,

1.

....

more powerful in doing wrong, in committing

3.

ap,

G.

9.

asserted

for

the sake

by Athens

In his survey of the claims

is

to

By
to the

be

back

The legend

Trojan war.

placed, in the

upon Zeus, Heracles was subjected

assumed chronola fraud of Hera

commands

of

Eu-

After his death, his children were driven from

rystheus.

They

the Peloponnesus.

fled first to

Ceyx, king of Tra-

thence to Athens, where Theseus received them

kindly and gave them aid against Eurystheus.

this

of profit.

ogy, at about the year 1300 B. C.

was

join the

for the precedence, Isocrates goes

of Heracles, or Hercules,

to

injustice.

52, 2.

to the mythical ages before the

ehiniae

d;

present participle, to describe

what usually happens.

Page 18, 1. 1, 2.
eveica,

6,

17.

Eurystheus

by Hyllus, son of Heracles. Parts of

legend are embodied in the Heracleidae of Euripides.
killed in battle

10.

"-os

The legend

of Adrastus, the

son of Talaus, connects itself with the legends of the The-

ban

line of sovereigns,

The

the house of Labdacus, Laius, and

names in the mythical times of

Thebes are Cadmus, B. C. 1500 Polydorus, 1400 Labdacus and Laius, between 1400 and 1300.
Oedipus was the
fated son of Laius, whose history is so well known from
His "self-detected
the Oedipus Tyrannus of Sophocles.
crimes" banished him from Thebes to the sacred ground
Oedipus.

principal

of the Eumenides in Colonos, near Athens.

by

the ill-fated Jocasta, " by a twofold

title,

His children
his

mother and

were Eteocles and Polyneices, with their sisters Antigone and Ismene.
The brothers were to reign by alterwife,"

nate years

but Eteocles refused, at the end of his year, to

NOTES.

19

87
This occasioned the

resign the throne to his brother.

The

daughter of the Argive king, Adrastus.

"

The Seven

first

Polyneices fled to Argos, and married the

war of Thebes.

alliance of

was formed, including Adrastus, Tydeus, Polyneices, Capaneus, Amphiaraus, Hippomedon, and
Parthenopacus. They invaded Thebes a battle was fought
under the walls, and all the chiefs were slain except Adrastus.
The two brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, fell byeach other's hands. The Thebans refused to surrender the
Adrastus fled to Athens, and received the succor of
dead.
From these legends the tragic poets drew
the Athenians.
Chiefs "

the subjects of

many

of their pieces.

Among

those

still

preserved, the Seven against Thebes of Aeschylus, the Oedi-

pus Tyrannus, Oedipus Coloneus, and Antigone of Sophocles,

and the Phoenissae and Suppliants of Euripides, are

founded upon the story of the Theban

13.

ave\ea6ai, to

line.

take up, or recover, for burial.

The

sacred duty of burying the dead was laid upon the survivors by the most solemn sanctions of the Hellenic religion.

The

neglect of this duty was an offence against the most

binding laws

',

gods.
15, 16.

on

p. 16,

11.

1.

18, 19.

man

ticiple, see

G.

23, 24.
fuit."

Mor.

25.

av.~]

tovs

re

19,

1.

co-ordination

was

those

, quum

here repre-

with the causal par-

fit to rule.

under

the control

"

Par imperio

of others.

aliter turn, not only in other re-

Kiihner, Gr. Gr., 321 (a).

4, 5.

is

See note

112, 1.

109, n. 4.

spects, but also.

G.

For

41, 1.

' 4,

26.

Page

G.

the direst vengeance of the

^. \

',
&v

sents hvvaivro

performance drew down upon

to hinder its

the perverse and guilty

Be,

effected in lines 7

both

.... and.

The same

and 9 by the same

particles.

88

,,

8.

G.

...

13.
i.

Participial construction.

They did not do

short a

fall

explains
to

little

but

little

without

actually

thing, to

accomplishing
to

Translate

it.

do

also be

For the

112, 2.
-

toIs

en ! toIs

....

25, 26.
isting

many

monians
to the

i.

,
.

the

to take the

though

constructed with the dative, as well as with

the accusative.

23.

it.

depends on

20, 21.

i.

come near doing a

was compelled

18.

position of a suppliant.

lit-

Coray

it.

,,

of doing a

whole phrase, They did not fail

may

wanting a

it

of doing

as

want

thing

20

1.

battle.

they did not

e.

97,

in

10.

tle ;

NOTES.

participles with

in the

power of his

Many

children.

Literally, There ex-

services to us, towards the city

e.

see G.

the

of

Lacedae-

services having been rendered

by us

Lacedaemonians.

Page

20,

3.

1.

According

to the legends, the

Heracleidae had not long repossessed themselves of their hereditary abodes,

when they were again driven

into exile in

consequence of a pestilence, which was supposed to indicate

the anger of Heaven.
tica.

"

Once more they took refuge

in

At-

Their second restoration appears in history as the

Return of the Heracleidae," which represents the invasion

of the Peloponnesus by the Dorians, and the establishment

of Dorian reigning families in the principal Peloponnesian
cities,

as Argos, Sparta, Messene.

The double

royal line

Eurysthenidae and Proclidae, claimed

at Sparta, the

to

be

descended from Hercules through these Heracleid or Dorian leaders.

Procles.

Dorians, Vol.
7.

Their direct ancestors were Eurysthenes and

See Grote's History of Greece, Vol.

I.

....

II.

G.

Midler's

49, 2,

NOTES.

21

3.

protasis

G.

dition.

15.

is

89

understood, implying an unfulfilled con-

52, 2.

16, 17.

,
),

having

set aside,

....

ov

23.

(sc.

23 - Page 21, L

3.

G.

or put out of the question.

it is

not assuredly.

11?, 2.

....

This sen-

tence, though clear in meaning, is of doubtful construction.

In some

editions, this

explanation

is

"

construction

is

primarium

Says Baiter

"

."

or even with

Quae pendere debebant ex

referuntur ad verbum

all

the

itself repeated, so that the clauses

which follow

contain the particulars included in the

general expression,

",.

Vi-

The

constructionem."

Perhaps we may construct

some verb easily to be inferred from

participles with

3.

Wolf's

therefore an anacoluthon, or rather a species

of attraction.
participio

quam

detur numeros spectasse potius

and the following sentence are joined

See the note of Spohn upon the passage.

into one.

"

Verba

....

totam argumenta-

tionem claudunt, recteque a proxime antecedentibus majori

interpunctione sejunguntur."

6-8.

....

Baiter.

This construction, in speak-

ing of what has been done by one party in either friendly or

hostile intercourse with another, the dative of the former,

and the accusative with the preposition

latter, is

Coray

very

common

in the orators.

edits,

The

or

of the

distinction, pointed

by Hermann (ad Viger. p. 780), is, that in the formula

" ad ea spectat
quae praeferimus,
re
autem ad illud quod ut momentum praeferendi hoc ipso loco
et tempore ponimus
illud quod praecipuum
In
out

est per

sons,

and

significatur."

especially because ;

Translate here, for other rea-

in this formula, in-

troducing the principal ground for the selection of this topic,

90
9.

tive,

,
" .
equivalent to

el

21

with the present opta-

G.

to

52,

109, 6.]

12-16.
the.

is

and forms the protasis

NOTES.

In

....

this

sentence and

following paragraph the orator reverts to incidents partly

The

legendary, and partly, perhaps, historical.

story of the

Thracian invasion, under the leader Eumolpus,

the time of Erechtheus

of Theseus.

is

placed in

that of the Scythians, in the time

Eumolpus was fabled to be the son of PoseiHe was thrown into the sea and borne to

don and Chione.

Aethiopia, and thence returned to Thrace.

In consequence

of a conspiracy in which he was involved, he fled to Attica,

where he was

initiated

the Eleusinian Mysteries, and

in

He

made an Hierophant.

afterwards

engaged

with Erechtheus, called the Eleusinian war.

slain,

but the priesthood remained hereditary in

in a

war

Both were
the Eumol-

pid family, and was held by them nearly twelve hundred

years.

The legend

of the

Amazons was one

of the most widely

diffused of all the fabulous traditions of the Greeks.

They

were the daughters of Ares and Harmonia, and appear in

poetry and fiction as a nation or race of warrior women, as

The name of one Amazonian queen

was Penthesilea. The Argonauts found them on the Thermodon, where Hercules attacked them. They invaded Atearly as the Iliad.

tica in the time of

Theseus, and were defeated.

of the battle was pointed out near the Pnyx.

was deeply inwrought

in

The

the national traditions, and

favorite subject of Hellenic art.

nation was believed in by

many

The

place

This legend

was a

existence of such a

of the ablest

men among
Even

the ancients, as Herodotus, Lysias, Plato, lsocrates.

the historians of Alexander the Great pretended, that, in his

campaigns

in

the East, he was visited by Thalestris, the

queen of the Amazons

Amazons was an

at that time.

article of

The

existence of the

popular belief down to the Ro-

NOTES.

21

man

Suetonius states

times.

it

91

as the opinion of Julius Cae-

sar, that

they had once held possession of the greater part

of Asia.

In the triumph of Aurelian, after the defeat of

Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, some Gothic

women were

claimed in the procession as Amazons.

See Smith's Diet,

pro-

Rom. Antiq., Art. Amazons.

The Scythians, Thracians, and Persians were described
Herodotus
as among the most powerful ancient nations.

of Gr. and

(V. 3) says

eOvos

de

The nation of

the

Thracians

*ye

is the greatest

of the whole human race, next to the Indi ; to which he adds,

that, if they were governed by one man, they would be
Pausanias

invincible.

Thucydides

(II.

6)

says that the Thracians

Socrates

Europe,

is
i.

race, except the Kelts.

97) describes the Thracian empire as opu-

and powerful.

lent

tus

(I. 9,

more numerous than any other

are

In Xenophon's Memorabilia (II.

1.

10),

represented as saying that the Scythians rule

e.

that part not subject to the Greeks.

Herodo-

and Thucydides also speak of the Scythians, the former

The Persians, though the principal people

known chiefly through their collisions with the

at great length.

of Asia, are

Greeks.

In regard to the Persian invasions, though the facts are

the commonplaces of history,

leading dates*
place B. C. 492

The
;

it

will

be well to notice the

campaign under Mardonius took

the invasion of Attica, by Datis and Arfirst

Marathon being fought in

Xerxes succeeded Darius, 485
armed against Greece, 484; and the second Persian war
broke out, 480, Xerxes crossing the Hellespont in the sumtaphernes,

490, the

battle of

September of that year

mer

of that year

then followed, in rapid succession, the

Thermopylae, the battle of Artemisium, and the

overrunning of Greece by the Persian hosts in September,

battle of

the sea-fight of Salamis, and the flight of Xerxes

in September, 479, the battles of Plataea

finally,

and Mycale.

,
, &.
NOTES.

92

Page

22,

1.

[_

8.

53,

el

i.

42, 3,

Page 23, 1.
enemy and the

5, 6.

73, 1.

1,

2.

2.

e.

i.

i.

e.

Gr.

both the

Having conquered the enemy

allies.

in respect

3.

27, n. 1

2.]

and having surpassed the

tle,

G.

23

allies in

in regard

of,

in bat-

energy and bravery.

to.

after the battle of

Artemisium, when

the honor of pre-eminent merit and valor was awarded to

the Athenians.

XL

See Herod. VIII. 17, and Diodorus

13.

4. 5.

This refers

supremacy which the Athenians acquired

and several of the Greek

states in

confederacy and paid tribute

sources thus placed at the
series of years

to the

Persian

after the

The Greek

war, chiefly through their naval power.

Sic.

islands

Asia Minor joined the

()

command

to

Athens.

The

re-

of the city for a long

gave her an immense preponderance

in

Gre-

cian affairs, and enabled the Athenian statesmen to render

the capital not only the centre of political power, but the

chosen
8.

home

of literature, eloquence, and the arts.

,
,

[/^Sels

The

present imperative and the aorist

subjunctive are the regular forms after

G.

86.

10.

12.
14.

rapidly.
15.
17.
1 8.

G.

,
G.

70, 1.

81, 1.

,,, ,

napadpapetv, to

G.

in prohibitions.]

run over

the

44, 1.

agreeing with the subject of

subject very

which have been preoccupied.

those who are publicly buried.

was a common custom at Athens to bury with public
ceremonies those who h^d fallen in the public service. Some

20.

It

24

NOTES.

eminent for eloquence was selected to deliver a

citizen

course (called

).

describes the burial of those

mer

93

Thucydides

who had

(II.

fallen in the first

).

dis-

34, 35)

sum-

of the Peloponnesian war, and the honors the Athenians

conferred upon them

On

that

was delivered by Pericles himself.

There is a funeral oration by Lysias others were delivered
by Hypereides, Demosthenes, &c. The latter makes it a
occasion the discourse

strong point in his defence against the charges of Aeschines,

that he was appointed to perform this duty over those who
were slain at Chaeronea. The oration of Hypereides over
one of the most celebrated
the Greeks who fell at Lamia,
long supposed to be lost, has been lately
in antiquity,
discovered among fragments of Egyptian papyri.

114, 2.

G.

Page
6-9.
'

,,
,
G.

24.

26.

24,

73, 1.

3.

1.

who previously

trained.

Observe the careful antitheses between the clauses

of this 'sentence, by the repetition of the corresponding particles piv

and

hk.

9.

12, 13.

by the standard of money.

....

....

For the

with the infinitive, see Kiihner, 306. 1 (a)

use of

Soph.

Observe also the force of the imperfect

tense in describing habitual action.

89,

G.

25, 2.

[*

and

also

are

in the optative merely because they stand in indirect dis-

course after

G.

74, 1.

,
,

They

represent the present

indicative of the direct discourse, in which the whole sen-

tence would be

14, 15.
late

....

, &C.]]

nor did they emu-

each other's harshness, nor cultivate in themselves dis-

Bremi remarks upon this sentence

Habet etiam codex noster Ambros.
pro
quod non displicet.
enim sunt, qui vocabantur socii

positions to oppress.

"

"

NOTES.

94

25

Atheniensium turn Lacedaemoniorum, qui vero ab

turn

que ut subjecti contumeliose tractabantur.

utris-

ma-

Dicit igitur

jores non aemulatos esse in superba alios tractandi ratione

quae sententia sequentibus explicatur.

utraque

membra

tivus."

This

it

respondent, et

differs

In sequentibus recte

pro

ovde

Sic enini

genitivus objec-

est

from the explanation given above

but

depends partly on a different reading from that adopted

in the text.

[emu

16.

the present infinitive of indirect discourse,

is

representing the present indicative, G. 15, 2

is

the ordinary present infinitive, with no designation of time,

G.

15, 1.]

,
,[

19.

a genitive, see Soph.

G.

So with

here.

70,

27.

Page

25,

compare

44, 2.

might have been used

and the indirect quesp. 25, 1. 1 - 3

;

(1);

For the con-

with participles, in the sense of

do what

310,4

were so public-spirited.

3.

1.

struction of
is

indicated

by the

Soph. Gr. Gr.,

222, 3 (c)

.
,.

G.

to be the

Kuhner,

participle, see

112, 2.

the peculiar use of the aorist participle, not referring to

the past, see G. 24, notes 1

5.

aim or

9-11.
of comparison

may

and

2.

See note on

p. 30,

1.

20.

This preposition, with the dative,

iiii

often expresses

object, as here.

and

be construed with

following clause.

In

is

to

takes place here, because

The

connect

this case,

are connected in the

though placed after

more natural construction

ma

by

which the future optative would have been regular.]

in all of

For

26,

1.

45

,
.

2.

and

tions,

first to

the possessive followed

G.

20, 21.
24.

For

156, 1, b.

way

other and perhaps

with the

Bremi remarks
is

that a zeug-

taken

in

a bad

NOTES.

27

95

sense and can apply only to

in its full force.

But

used sometimes in a good as well as a bad sense,

it is

though generally the

Diodorus Siculus applies

latter.

to

it

,
,
.
, .
, ,, ,,
, .
benefactors.
18.

23.

Page

26,

own;

their

not private, as sometimes rendered.

G.

98, 1.

-eis,

2.

1.

actions are under ;

e.

i.

support.

G.

9.

with

222,

(c).

[The

23, 2.

construction of nominative

Soph. Gr. Gr.,

infinitive, see

12 15.

G.

52, 2.

For

10.

aorist infinitive here denotes past time,

like the aorist indicative, as

it

regularly does after a verb

Here its force as a secondary tense

obvious by the three optatives,

of saying or thinking.
is

made

especially

and

which depend upon

See also

it.

the three aorist infinitives, p. 27, lines 14, 16, and 18.]
21, 22.

the ellipsis of a clause

Kuhner, Gr. Gr.,

322,

23, 24.
24.

For

yet.

after the negative, see

cm

the enslavement.

for

manner

clauses, observe the careful

in

R. 11.

In the following

which the balance

is

kept up by the correlative particles.

26, 27.

Page

27,

1.

3.

ol

See note on

p. 24,

For

the Athenians.

1.

24.

the description

to, see Herod. V. 102.

The
meet the enemy without waiting for

of the events here alluded

Athenians hastened
the arrival of the
7, 8.

they

had

to

,,

allies.

iv

been about to incur a risk in other's lives

risked their

own

lives

as readily as if

others that were in peril.

a participle

an apodosis,

is

to

thus used with

which the

See G.

it

had been

is

e.

as if
they

the lives

109, n. 3 (b).
there

i.

an

of

[When
ellipsis

participle forms the protasis,

of

NOTES.

96

,)

meaning simply as

form would

(not, as if).

{==

in one word,

el

like

el

used, as in Plat. Gorg. 479 A,

is

e.

1.

G.

2.

Here, how-

is strictly

pleonastic, as

,,

child.

42, 3,

ever, if a participle follows, the

et

below, p. 46,

on which
had no sooner heard

note.]

1.

11,

'

Soph. Gr. Gr.,

9.

222. 3

See Matt. Gr. Gr.,

parallel passages

,
11.

they

av.

620.

13.

For

see note on p. 26,

the
1.

G.
1.

illustrates

,
,,
. ,

within the same day.

....

For the juxtaposi-

or participles with a copulative,

,,
Gr. Gr.,

444.

3.

....

>

the genitive, see Matt. Gr. Gr.,

to

construction, see note to p. 25,

21.

1.

the

Page

4.

to

1.

4.

marching in

battle

array.

For

conflict.

of

use of

G.

106.

Future participle expressing pur-

human

speak of wonders.

28,

3.

extraordinary things

common range

desired

this

367. B.

engage first in

25, 26.
nifies strange,

to

For

raise a trophy of victory over the enemy.

pose.

by several

See note on

42, 3, n. 2.

7.

12 15.

15, 16.

20.

it

infinitives,

tion of several adjectives

18, 19.

of.

3.

Constructed with some word to be supplied, as

above, p. 27,

see Matt.

1.

and may be rendered when.

Bremi

a.

p. 25,

see

from the other orations of Isocrates.

would have done.

14-18.

See note on

(c).

idiomatically used,

is

full

would have done) if they had been about

Sometimes the full form
el (or,

incur a risk, &c.

, fearing

Thus here the

be,

as {they

to

23

here

things that go

events.

sig-

beyond

Translate, having

\,

G.

67, 1,

and

NOTES.

29

97

^.

These expressions refer to

by Xerxes across the Hellespont, and the
canal cut through Mount Athos.
Evident traces of this
canal still exist, confirming the truth of the Greek historians
and exposing the ignorance of Juvenal, who says (Sat. X.
....

5, 6.

the bridge built

173):

" Creditur olim

Athos

Velificatus

Audet

Now

the

narrows.

95, 2, with

1.

might have had

.']

For

thon.

.,

has here an emphasizing

particle

for

the

purpose of hindering
see G.

,
,
,
For

after

[Instead of the simple infinitive

see G. 109,

....

19, 20.

The

against.

12, 13.

them in

mendax

in historia."

8.

force,

quidquid Graecia

et

or

4.

on account of

Genitive of cause or source.

place themselves on an equality.

21.
23.

G.

46

compare

The

the battle at

we

npoc\-

Marato

44, 2.

preposition

in

this

composition

gives to the action the idea of persistency or permanency,

to

preserve throughout.
25.

Page

29,

1.

G.

70, 2.
aperfjv

1.

numbers.

usual state

of things,

113.
4.

....

,
or

6, 7.

hundred or (Diod.
tack the Grecian
7,

that valor is

what commonly happens.

were overcome in their

fell; alluding to those Spartans

mopylae.

^,

Present participle describing the

superior to

who were

slain at

the

passage

bodies,

Ther-

Xerxes had sent two

hundred ships forward to at-

understood.
Sic.) three

fleet.

G.

i.

e.

of Thermopylae.

.
,

93
11.

the genitive

is

19.

23.

NOTES.

, , ,, ,
,
,,
G.

25, 2,

The

offered.

1.

present and imperfect of this

[The

73, 1.

hence iav

27.

"?7!>,

qualifies

(p. 30,

the Greeks ;

the invading army.

J,

G.

to.

e.

i.

on

had been

the Athenians)
30,

rj

1).

betrayed.

So

15, 2.

9.

it

1.

Observe the

.,

tive describing a single experience,

state.

11.

with an

74, 1

infinitive, see

15.

For

Kiihner,

the

who had

because they

that

5.

1.

those Greeks

was

G.

81, 1.

natural, that

it be-

7.

different shades of

ing in the aorist and the present tense,

uous

might have been used here.]

'

longed

11, n. 2.

direct discourse was,

26.

Page

G.

G.

24, 25.

(i. e.

This construction of

Partitive genitive.

a favorite one with Isocrates.

verb often have this signification.

joined

30

mean-

the aorist infini-

and the present a contin-

this participial construction

310. 4.

neighboring island;

i.

e.

Salamis, to which most of the Athenians retired, with their

families,

16.
44, 2.

in

final

on the approach of the Persian army.

iv

in turn.

[The subjunctive
after

clauses,

G.

used instead of the optative

is

secondary tenses, on a principle

analogous to that by which, in indirect discourse, the indicative can be used for the optative.

or

was

ing, he said that this

was

true,

because

and the

the quotation after a past tense,

tense of the optative.

we may

Say either

both meaning,

On

the

same

we can

Thus,

say

both mean-

the direct discourse

can either be retained in

or changed to the

same

principle, in final clauses,

he came that he might see

Xbrj,

this,

because,

NOTES.

31

as the purpose

,I

who

was

99

originally conceived, the person said

go that

I may

and a speaker or writer

see ;

narrates the act as a past event can either retain the

same mood and tense (saying ha

idy),

20.

For

after

or use the correspond-

).]

ing tense of the optative (saying

see G. 112, 1

the tense of the participle, 24, notes 1 and 2.

note on p. 25,

the

1.

[The

3.

following presents

would have
tion.
That

aorist participle here differs

precisely

as

the

aorist

from

infinitive

,
() ,,

from the present in a similar construc-

differed

the city being

is,

and for
Compare

made

desolate (as a single act)

opposed to the (continuous) ravaging of the country by the

the plundering and
enemy after their entrance,

is

and

burning of the temples,

gradual coming on

.
,.
,

seems

war

and the
in their

This peculiar use of the aorist participle, in which

country.
it

of a state of

,,,

to lose its force as a past tense,

infinitive out of indirect discourse,

such verbs as

is

like the aorist

most common with

See the refer-

&c.

ence given above.]

implies admiration of the excel-

25, 26.

shame

lence of another, and

Page

31,

by him.
For the construction

for being outdone

1.

1.

of the nominative with the infinitive, see Soph. Gr. Gr.,

For the tense of the

222. 3 (c).
2.

were compelled;

i.

of shame described by

a somewhat different account of the

see G. 73, 1.

infin.,
e.

through the sense

The

affair.

historians give

See Herodotus,

VIII. 42.
6.

8.

particle de,

in speaking.

accusative subject of
'.

The

Werfer, cited by Bremi, observes of the

used as

it

is

here, that, if a period precedes, to

which, in what follows, another

that the protasis

participle agrees with the

is

opposed in such a

and apodosis of the

latter

may

way

refer

by

100

NOTES.

32

antithesis to the protasis

and apodosis of the former,

is

used in the former, and

of the

latter.

while

is

however, sometimes appears but once,

10-12.

\.

....

and

verborum

See G. Rem.

repeated, as in this passage.

64, n. 2.

ticles

both in the protasis and apodosis

concinnitati

the relation of the par-

Spohn remarks " Orator,

numerorum suavitati indulgens,

et

paullulum recessit a recta

nexum.

Upon

place,

in this

after

via, sive verius

obscuriorem red-

Urbs plures quidem instruxit

naves ad pugnam quam reliqui socii inde autem patet earn
didit

Sensus hie

est

,,

salutis nostrae esse

causam.

natu in oratorio variatum

14, 15.
19.

tols Kotvois

conflicts

was

G.

23, 2.

(partitive gen.), the

common

which the common welfare of Greece

Words

....

24, 25.

or-

est."

.
,, ,
.

conflicts in

at stake.

membrum

Posterius vero

fying to participate usually take the genitive

however, the accusative signifying the part

is

signi-

sometimes,

expressed, as

in the present instance.

24

...

27.

Page

32,

1.

rect discourse

3, 4.

would be

41, 1]

5-8.
plain at

[_,

....
some length the

here alluded

to.

...

...

It

may

".

G.

G.

50, 2.

The

di-

73, 1

be well to ex-

historical bearings of the incidents

The conduct

of the Athenians during the

Persian wars had justly given them a pre-eminence in the

general affairs of Greece.
of

their

Sparta, however,

was jealous

power, and constantly endeavored to check

The supremacy by

its

was able to vindicate and maintain, through the naval power she had acquired
by following the policy recommended by Themistocles.
While the memory of the Persian wars still remained fresh,
growth.

sea Athens

NOTES.

32

101

the inferior states of Greece were glad to range themselves

under the powerful protection of Athens, by entering into a

They formed,

confederacy with her.

therefore, a league, at

the head of which Athens was placed, and contributions for

the

common

Aristeides,

confidence,
states,

the

and

defence were apportioned among the allies.

whose character for justice inspired the highest

was appointed

common

The

fund.

gave universal

to investigate the resources of the

each

to assign to

its

proportion to be paid into

assessment, as determined by him,

The temple

satisfaction.

of Apollo, in the

was fixed upon as the treasury, and the

money was placed under the special care of a board of manisland of Delos,

and chosen by Athenians, denomiThere

also assemblies were held, consisting of deputies from the
The
confederated states, under the presidency of Athens.
annual amount of the tributes
was at first four hunagers,

Athenian

citizens,

This took place B. C. 477.

nated Hellenotamiae.

()

dred and sixty

this

heavy burden

allies,

it

details of the distribution of

not necessary to dwell upon.

is

though paying

independent

The

talents.

this

().

tribute,

But by degrees the Athenians

encroached upon the rights of the

most of them

to

allies,

and

finally

the rank of subject states.

reduced

This led to

oppression on one side and revolt on the other.

ment of

The

considered themselves

The pay-

was no longer regarded by the Athenians as

a free contribution, but as a debt, the discharge of which
they had a right to enforce by arms. The allies were at
the same time deprived of a vote in the assembly.
See
Thucyd. I. 94-99 and Grote, Yol. V., chapters 44 and 45.
A violent invasion of the rights of the allies was made
The treasure was removed from Delos to
B.C. 461.
Athens. The excuse for this removal of the deposits was
the same as that for a more recent act,
" the greater
tribute

security of the treasury " from the Barbarians.

time of Pericles,

the

In the

annual tributes are said to havft

NOTES.

102

amounted

to six

32

hundred talents; and that wily and able

statesman obtained undisputed control over them.

The money was now employed to promote the peculiar

The city was embellished with costly

interests of Athens.
edifices,

and innumerable works of surpassing excellence

every department of the

The expensive

fine arts.

in

festivals,

the choric and dramatic entertainments, and the frequent

donations to the people, were in part paid for out of the resources
tribute

drawn from the subject states. The amount of

was from time to time increased, until it rose to

three or four times the original sum.

At

the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, out of the

whole confederacy, only three states, Chios, Mitylene, and

but the disastrous
Lesbos, retained their independence
;

close of that long

and bloody

conflict

present to the contributions of the

the

put an end for the

allies.

Aristophanes, in

comedy of The Wasps, speaks of a thousand

cities,

which

subject

indicates, at least, that at that time the confed-

eracy was very extensive.

In the course of the Peloponnesian war, the transactions

spoken of in the text as having afforded matter of reproach

Melos was a Dorian

against the Athenians took place.

ony of the Lacedaemonian

race.

col-

(See Herod. VIII. 48, and

Bahr's note to Herod. VIII. 46.)

It continued faithful to

Sparta until B. C. 416, when a formidable expedition was

fitted

out from Athens to reduce the island.

thirty-eight galleys,

board, set

sail.

squadron of

with about three thousand troops on

The Melians

refused to yield to the sum-

mons, and declared their resolution

to

maintain the inde-

pendence they had enjoyed for seven hundred years.

The

was prosecuted with great vigor, and before the end

of the year the Melians were reduced, by the sufferings insiege

cident to war, to the necessity of surrendering at discretion.

The

Athenians, with dreadful cruelty, as Thucydides relates

(V. 116), "put to death the adult Melians, and enslaved the

NOTES,

33

women;

children and

the land they occupied themselves,

having sent out afterwards

A few years
of

five

hundred

earlier than this,

colonists."

B. C. 421, the catastrophe

was brought about.

Scione

103

Scione, situated

on the

peninsula of Pallene, renounced the Athenian alliance, and

who was prosecutThe Athenians were

received the Spartan general, Brasidas,

ing military operations in the North.

indignant at this proceeding, which they considered as a

violation of the truce of a year just concluded

and the Lacedaemonians.

pelled to surrender at discretion.

been passed

between them

In B. C. 419, Scione was comdecree had already

Athens (Thucyd. IV. 122), on the motion of

Cleon, dooming the Scionaeans to death.
This decree was

executed

men and

at

Isocrates dwells but

cause there
strife

The men were

to the letter.

slain,

and the wo-

children reduced to slavery.

but

is

little

little

which redounds

on the Peloponnesian war, be-

in that long, bloody,

to the glory of

actions so atrocious as those at

to the

city.

amount

of

Two

trans-

Melos and Scione, and so

for they

Isocrates

it

and ruinous

fame of Athens, could not well be passed

were a matter of common reproach

injurious to the

over unnoticed

Athens.

makes but a poor defence. The

have shown equal or greater

that others

is,

cruelty.

14-16.
18.

ci

>, G. 54, 1

,
,
.
is

the leading verb

expressing a general truth.

....

24, 25.

(a).

used in a general supposition,

In

the time

G. 51.]
of our supremacy

(Hegemony, leading, or right of precedence conceded

some one of the Grecian

houses;

e.

i.

family

liqua.

Page

G.
33,

73,
1.

1.

2;

rest).

to

o'Uovs,

participles in oratio ob-

113.

>.

or customary action.

by the

estates.

and

26, 27.

states

Part. gen. depending on rais av~

Imperfect, expressing continued

,
,' ,
NOTES.

104

33

forms of governments (or

2.

tions)
6.

opposed

This statement

constitu-

each other.

to

as

allies,

not as masters.

At

not wholly borne out by history.

is

the

beginning, the allies were treated with due regard to their

independence

but afterwards, as

we have

already seen, the

Athenians assumed towards them the authority of masters.

....

7, 8.

.,
,

/.

The former

expression refers to

the relations of the several cities with other states

" Singuli intelligantur

civitates et respubli'cae

12.

14.
at

the latter

and internal arrangements of the

to the constitution

non

ut Rhodii, Chii, Byzantii."

the offices of state.

to be

allies.

cives, sed singulae

in the condition of the

Wolf.
These,

Athens, were resident aliens, allowed certain privileges

on the payment of an annual sum of money, but not permitted to take any part in the

affairs of state.

In the census

by Demetrius Phalereus, the number of this class of the

population was ten thousand, consisting chiefly of persons
engaged

in mercantile business.

They were

not allowed to

Each

was required to
place himself under the protection of some citizen, who
legal representative, and surety.
was his patron,
The greater part of the business transacted at Athens was
acquire landed property.

in the

hands of these

class that Isocrates

aliens.

citizens in the oligarchical

full account, see

Antiquities, art.

omy
10,

of Athens,

Lamb's

Book

I.

,,

ch. 7

line,

Roman

and 24,

III. ch. 7,

and IV.

ch.

Also Wolf's Prolegomena ad Lept.

deprived of po-

agrees with the subject of

20.

body of
For a

See, also, Boeckh's Public Econ-

to be

litical rights.

ceding

state of the great

governments of Greece.

Smith's Dictionary of Greek and

translation.

14, 15.

It is to the condition of this

compares the

and denotes the cause.

G.

109, 4.

in the pre-

NOTES.

33

21.

105

The

seventy years.

period during

which the condition of things here described existed at

Athens

is

differently

stated

by

Isocrates, in the Panathenaicus, puts

29)

number here
it

Demosthenes, forty-five (Olynth., III.

p. 35,

eight.

17), ninety; Andocides, de

(c.

Dionysius Halicarn., Ant.

eighty-five;

The

fact

seems

to be, that

given.

sixty-five (p. 214,

again, seventy-three (Phil. III. p. 116, 23)

adv. Leocr.

Lysias

writers.

different

(Epitaph., p. 113, R.) agrees with the

Pace

Rom.

R.

(p.

no such period,

107),
sixty-

(I. 3),

considered, occurred in the annals of Athens.

24)

Lycurgus,

strictly

But

there

was a period of comparative tranquillity, in the early age of

the Athenian republic, which may be variably estimated, as
the reader chooses to fix the beginning and the end at different dates in the chronology, leaving out of consideration, or
noticing, according to the

may

view he

take of them, the

temporary and partial disturbances that occasionally broke

upon the general repose. [The two numbers given by

Demosthenes (45 and 73) may be reconciled by supposing
that he included under the former the time between the
establishment of the confederacy of Delos, in 477 B. C, and

in

the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, in

and under the

in

404 B. C.

latter the

As

Athenian empire,
its

whole time

until the

C,

war was. carried on to break up the

was proper to include the 27 years of

round numbers

.,

adds the phrase

into a style of exaggeration, in

when speaking

Isocrates seems

same period which De73 years. But when he

to the

mosthenes gives more exactly as

quently indulge

B.

end of the war

the
it

duration in the period of supremacy.

to refer in

432- 31

he

which the Attic orators

falls

fre-

of the more glorious history

of the preceding century.]

26.

lot,

has also a

local,

Athe-

nian sense, and means the portion of land taken from the
public enemy, or from a revolted tributary, and granted to

5*

NOTES.

106
an Athenian

.;

citizen for the

citizens receiving these lands

possession and occupation

34

The

purpose of colonization.

were

and the

called

This feature in the

many

public policy of Athens gave rise to

acts of injustice

and oppression, which brought reproach upon her name.

See Boeckh's Pub. Econ. of Athens, pp. 110, 162, 300, 308,

524, 526, 540, 546, American translation, by

Page
ence

34,

to the

."

3, 4.

1.

number, or in proportion

7, 8.

propinquitatem

loci

aliam vel propter

number.

to the

cum

accusativo regionis

significat, illiusque, ni fallor, regionis in

loci

naturam potestatem.

Posterior signi-

sono aliquantulum in praepositione moran-

ficatio ipso vocis

tis

Lamb.

considered in refer-

substantivumque ab ea quasi separantis augetur." Bremi.

9.

had great natural advantages.

,,' .

eyd. VIII. 96.

....

10, 11.

it,

if

we

lentes, id
scilicet

But Morus,

chose.

"

explains,

i.

" obtinentes,

"-

we might

e.

i.

agentes ut imperio teneremus."

e.

control

obtinere vo-

Bremi, " Quia

nec incolae nec alius quisquam, qui eorum tutelam

voluisset recipere,

The

Wolf

See Thu-

Atheniensium opibus potuisset

resistere."

idea seems to be, that, on account of the position and

physical peculiarities of Euboea, the Athenians, with the

aid, it is to

itself;

and

it more compower than they had the Attic territory

the orator goes on to remark, they were

be supposed, of their navy, had

pletely within their

yet, as

not tempted to any act of injustice against

14-18.

....

The

its

ceding clause and this part of the sentence

of anacoluthon, passing, as

it

does,

possessors.

construction of the preis

an example

from the nominative of

the participle to the accusative of the pronoun to which the

participle refers

"

Primum nempe

ris

the accusative being governed

by

persona, Athenienses, ut subjectum orato-

animo obversabatur

hinc ejus attributa per participia

NOTES.

35

107

expressa in nominative* ponuntur ; progrediente enuntiatione,

occupat, et hoc
attrahit

obversabatur,

fit

rerum

periculosa et corruptrix

Hinc persona, quae ab

objectum

fit

quam grammaticum."

et

initio ut

vis,

si

The

Bremi.

loquentis

hoc verbum

et attributa in

praecedentia pendent per anacoluthon,

potius

animum

conditio

subjectum

subjectum
nominativo
rhetoricum

statement in the

text with regard to the conduct of the Athenians towards

Euboea

is

contradicted

cydides,

I.

114; Diod.
G. 112, 1.

.,

having cause
slavery

i.

e.

G.

be

26.

See ThuII. 2. 2.

slaves,

if

i.

literally,

e.

we had wished, equivalent

to

to

el

52, 1; 16, 2.

...

20, 21.

napabovres.

.,

of the land

25.

facts of history.

XII. 22; Xen. Hell.

worthy of being reduced

for having revolted from the Athenians.
to

18, 19.

III. 20.

by the
Sic.

Concerning the assignment

of Scione to the Plataeans, see Thucydides,

For

the participle, see G. 113

The

G.

73, 2.

94.

decadarchies, or governments of

ten men, were the forms established by the Lacedaemonians

in subject states.

The government was

whom was

intrusted to a coun-

.
,
,
,
,
,,
cil

of ten, at the head of

placed an

or

Spartan governor, subject to the supreme authority at home.

See below, p. 111.

26 - Page 35, 1.

....

7.

Observe, in

the successive clauses of this sentence, the care with which

the orator discriminates the shades of meaning, while describing various actions,

by using the present and

aorist

tenses of the participles and infinitives,

ivho shared in, the act considered as single

and

those

and completed

express-

ing acts in a similar point of view, while

and

describe repeated or continued acts

[in time present with reference to the leading verb].

16, 1; 24.

G.

108
5.

p. 102.

10.

.4.

NOTES.
For

the affair of the Melians, see above,

The

36

imperfect tense here and in the

fol-

lowing clauses describes repeated or continued action, or

habitual states of mind, in the past.
11.

reduced

to

The Helots were

a people

who had been

by the Spartans.

servitude

abject

On

their

origin and condition, see the clear statements of Thirlwall,

Vol.

I.

by the
I.

309

p.

and

seqq.,

For

historian.

Miiller's Dorians, III. 3. 1, cited

further particulars, consult Thucyd.

101 seqq., IV. 80, Strabo, VIII. c. 73, and Isocrates,

The term Helot is used for slave
c. 73.

Panathenaicus,

and here, those who were subservient to the Spartan policy

and supported the Spartan agents are, by a doubly contemptuous expression, termed slaves of the Helots.

,,
those

13.
their

17.

roiis

to

violence with

those

who would

sympathize, those

sympathize.

For the construction of the gen-

....

21.

see Soph. Gr. Gr., 199.

26, 27.

The

commit

slay or

.
, .

who were ready

itive,

who

own hand.

aorist

....

describes the

participle

G.

present describes the action as continuing at the

speaking.

Page

36,

taken place

1.

....

1.

among

us

6.

moment

of

which have veer

alluding to the litigious character

which the Athenians notoriously had

suits

112,

completed action, the

and prosecutions, having

to the

numerous

their origin in the selfishness

and malignity of the sycophants, which made the property

of the citizens, and
2, 3.
is

to the atrocities

life itself,

....

insecure.

The

allusion here

committed by the Thirty Tyrants, whose

government was established in Athens at the close of the

This detestable oligarchy
Peloponnesian war, B. C. 404.

NOTES.

36

109

could not long be endured, notwithstanding the depressed

At

state of the Athenians.

it

was

easily

the end of eight or nine months,

overthrown by Thrasybulus and the returning

exiles, and the ancient constitution, with some modifications,

was once more restored. For the details of this interesting
period, which may be compared with the Reign of Terror
in the French Revolution, see Thirlwall, Vol. IV. p. 174

See

Grote, VIII. Chap. 65.

seqq.

also the graphic sketch

of these events in the second book of Xenophon's Hellenica.

They

are stated with more or less fulness by Isocrates in

the Panathenaicus, Demosthenes, and others.

....

8, 9.

end
G.

to

bieXvae,

by a single decree.

With regard

52, 2.

one might easily have put an

For

av and

to the different

av,

see

language applied

by the orator to the acts of the Athenians and those of the

" Prudenter
Lacedaemonian party, Bremi well remarks
autem de Atheniensium injuriis verbo leniore
solvere,
de Lacedaemoniorum saevitia."
finire, utitur graviore
:

12.

here referred to was that

the present peace.

known

The peace

in history as the peace

of Antalcidas, negotiated by Antalcidas, on the side of the

Spartans, and Tiribazus, the representative of the Persian
king, B. C. 387.

Sparta, at the close of the Peloponnesian

war, stood in a position of commanding power and influence.

She

hostilities

soon,

however, not only became involved in

with some of the

dition of Thibron, B. C. 399,

Grecian

states,

commenced a

but the expe-

series of aggres-

sive operations against Persia, ostensibly in defence of the

Asiatic Greeks.

The

principal campaigns were conducted

by Agesilaus and Lysander successively. The period between B. C. 399 and the conclusion of the peace, B. C. 387,
is crowded with important events, among which stand prominent the battle of Sardis, the death of Lysander, and the
disgrace of Pausanias, B. C. 395

the battles of Corinth, of

Cnidus, and of Coroneia, B. C. 394

and the restoration of

NOTES.

110
the

Long

36

The

"Walls at Athens, B. C. 390.

successes of

Conon, which alarmed Sparta by threatening the restoration

of the supremacy by sea to Athens, caused the Spartan
government to change its policy towards Persia, and to relinquish

designs of conquering the kingdom.

its

In the

year B. C. 390, Antalcidas, an able politician, was despatched for the purpose of negotiating a peace. The proposals he made, though perfectly satisfactory to Tiribazus,

the

Persian

satrap,

opposed by the envoys from

were

Athens, Boeotia, Corinth, Argos, and other Grecian

states,

and the negotiation for the present fell through. Tiribazus

was soon after superseded by Struthas, who favored the
and the Spartans despatched Thimbron

to renew
by the Persian commander but the Spartan fortunes were retrieved by Diphridas, his successor.
Thrasybulus, the hero of Phyle, was
sent on an expedition from Athens to support the democratic
party in Rhodes, in the year B. C. 389, which was signalized by his death in a riot at Aspendos. Hostilities between
the contending parties were continued, to the annoyance
and misfortune of both sides.
Athens and Sparta were
equally desirous of peace.
The subordinate states were
tired of the war
and Tiribazus, having called together
deputies from the belligerents, and " having shown the royal
seal, read his master's decree, which ran in the following
imperial style
King Artaxerxes thinks it right that the
Greek cities in Asia, and the islands of Clazomenae and

Athenians

hostilities.

He

was defeated and

slain

'

Cyprus, should belong to himself; but that

Greek

cities,

dent, with

-both small

and

the exception of

and that these should, as of

If any state refuse to accept
against

and by

it,

sea,

with those

who

great, should

left

indepen-

Lemnos, Imbrus, and Scyrus,

old,

this

belong to the Athenians.

peace, I will

make war

consent to these terms, by land

with ships and with money.' "

IV. pp. 443, 444.

the other

all

be

Grote, IX. Chap. 75

Thirlwall, Vol.

X. Chap.

76.

NOTES.

36

Ill

This was the celebrated treaty of Antalcidas, so

much

reprobated by the Attic orators, and especially by Isocrates

a peace which, as Thirlwall remarks, while

Greek

establish the independence of the

them more than ever

to the will of one.

it

" professed to

states,

It

subjected

was not

in this

respect only that appearances were contrary to the real

The

state of things.

pojifaon of Sparta, though seemingly

while the majestic

was artificial and precarious
attitude in which the Persian king dictated terms to Greece
disguised a profound consciousness that his throne subsisted
only by sufferance, and that its best security was the disunion of the people with whom he assumed so lordly an
strong,

Vol. IV. pp. 445, 446.

air."

14.

iv

Literally, written up, in the

The expression refers originally to

of compact.
the custom of inscribing laws, the articles of treaties, and
articles

other public documents, on tablets or columns, and thus

to the view of the people.
The language is
where the fact which suggested it no longer

exposing them
often applied
exists.

16,17.
and Lacedaemonians, "

,
,

.
.,

the cruelties exercised

pirates.

odii

Applied

to the

Persians

augendi causa," on account of

The word

by them.

refers to the

sinking of the ships after they have been plundered.

17.

the equipment,

graves."

18.

" Retulerim

unam

27.

says

refers to
leves,

et

ad Lacedaemonios, qui

post aliam

gressi sunt, armisque ceperunt."

21.

inter

Bremi.

facta pace Antalcidae

The term

here mercenaries.

"armorum genus

urbem

hostiliter ag-

Morus.

G. 106.
Smith (Dictionary of Gr. and Rom. Ant.)

"

Harmostae was the name of the governors

whom

the Lacedaemonians, after the Peloponnesian war, sent into

their subject or

conquered towns, partly

to

keep them in

NOTES.

112

37

submission, and partly to abolish the democratical form of

government, and establish in

Although

own.

in

many

stead one similar to their

its

cases they were ostensibly sent

for the purpose of abolishing the tyrannical

government of

a town, and to restore the people to freedom, yet they

themselves acted like kings or tyrants, whence Dionysius

thinks that Harmostae

How

little

was merely another name

freedom was manifest

sions to restore their subject towns to

after

for kings.

sincere the Lacedaemonians were in their profes-

peace of Antalcidas

the

for

they had

although

pledged themselves to re-establish free governments in the

various towns, yet they

them

left

mostae

It is uncertain

mostes lasted

kind,

year,

it is

title

the Lacedaemonians in Cythera,

37,

1.

See

also the authorities cited in the

....

5.

struction, like our

Observe the

English idiom,

to

The former

Participial con-

cease making.

different shades of

and the present.

ceasing

not improbable that the office of Harmostes was

article.

1.

Har-

of Cytherodices, held his office only for one

of the same duration."

Page

hands of the Har-

the office of an

but considering that a governor of the same

who was appointed by

with the

in the

how long

meaning

G.

112,

in the aorist

expresses the single act of

the latter refers to the repeated instances of in-

vasion and attack.

6.

8, 9.

....

G.

Ka6e\KLv.

112,

2.

This refers to a treaty

made

with Artaxerxes Longimanus after the victory gained near

Salamis, in Cyprus, by the fleet of
cian

and

Cilician galleys of

Cimon over

the Phoeni-

Artaxerxes Longimanus, B. C.

Cimon had died shortly before, but the Grecian armament, with the remains of their commander on board,
encountered and defeated the enemy's ships. The terms of
449.

the treaty, consented to by the Persian king, are stated to

have been, that he would abandon the military occupation

NOTES.

37

113

of Asia Minor for the distance of three days' journey on

or one on horseback, from the coast, or, according to

foot,

another account, the whole peninsula west of the Halys, and

abstain from passing the

mouth

of the Bosphorus

and the

Chelidonian islands, on the coast of Lycia, or the town of

Western Sea. See Thirlwall, Vol. III.

where he also points out ably the doubtful character of the transaction as described by the Attic rhetoricians
and Grote, V. chap. 45 (pp. 451-458, with notes).
Bremi cites from Aristides, Panath., p. 57, the stipulation
on the part of the Persian king, "
kvrbs
Phaselis, into the

p.

37

seqq.,

."

12, 13.

elXcv, 70, 2,

....

16, 17.
the Hellespont;

the Athenian

i.

e.

().

the disaster that took place in

the victory gained

by Lysander over

B. C. 405, near the mouth of the Aegos

fleet,

Potamoi, a small stream in the Chersonesus, running into

Conon, the Athenian commander, took

Hellespont.

the

.
.

This was

refuge with Evagoras, the prince of Cyprus.

the last conflict of

much importance

war.

16-22.

....

in the

Peloponnesian

This passage contains

a rapid enumeration of the disasters which

befell Greece, in

consequence of the downfall of Athens and the

Sparta, at the close of the Peloponnesian war.

others,

i.

e.

the Spartans.

ticularly to the victory of

restored to

,
The

its

Artaxerxes

island of Cythera

Referring par-

Mnemon

ras

the present ;

Antalcidas.
27.

at Cnidus.

Cape Malea, famous

Uranian Aphrodite.

24.
el
if he should read side by
paring them with one another.
G. 50, 2.

25.

of

(modern Cerigo, but now

ancient name), opposite

for the worship of

rise

G.

113.

i.

e.

side,

com-

the articles of the peace of

1U

NOTES.

Page

38,

....

3, 4.

I.

ing governors in the

....

6, 7.

rowed from the

office

The

constitution.

fifty

and

all hut establish'

An

cities.

satrap.

38

the same as a

is

These words are bor-

of the Prytanes, in the Athenian

members of

the Senate,

who

took

the chief part in the meetings for the period called a Prytany, bore this

while the president for the day, taken

title,

from their number, was the Epistates.

here

signifies to take the initiative in dictating the preliminaries

of

the peace;

expresses more

while

entirely the absolute control he exercised over all the terms

of the treaty.

....

8, 9.
to

a master for

109, 5.
fact, that

Do we

him as

not sail to

purpose of accusing one another? G.

This and the following questions allude to the
the

the aid of the Persian king

the contending parties

among

was often invoked by

the Greeks, in their wars

For the sake of gaining an advantage,

with each other.

they were willing to humiliate themselves before the Great

[,

King, and
placable
10.

to receive gold

enemy

G.

16-19.
gaged in

the

109,
.

we

6.
.

as

as (we should do) if

protasis.

from him who was the most im-

of the Grecian race.

war under

if we were become, literally,

The participle expresses a

were.

See note on

For

n. 4.

This

7, 8.]

many of them

the future participle with

refers, of course, to the

(see ante, pp. 109, 110)

1.

pretext of liberating the Greeks, but

at the conclusion they caused so

dered.

p. 27,

that at the beginning they en-

surren-

to be

see

G.

109,

war before spoken of

between Sparta and Persia,

the

pretended object of the Spartans being to secure the inde-

pendence of the Asiatic Greeks,

and

to the

by which the Spartans replaced

under the power of the king.

talcidas,

so

peace of An-

many

of

them

NOTES.

39

115

...
and caused the Ionians to
from our city. The Ionian cities of Asia Minor were
established by Athenian colonists, who were afterwards althe Athenians being
lies and members of the confederacy
originally of the Ionian stock.
The same charge is brought
19, 20.

revolt

against the Spartans in the Panathenaicus,

22.
i.

...

39.

c.

against whose will they hold the land;

land that they have wrested from the barbarians in

e.

Asia.

2.
tem

"

Hoc

,
quoddam jus

patroni

to

Page

,
,

to be subjected to tribute, to

39,

taicus.

1.

1.

G.

112,

1.

that the Asiatic

i.

purchased slaves.

e.

used in the same sense in the Pla-

is

6.

G.

62.

serve with;

to

referring to the fact,

Greeks were compelled

to serve in the

which victory
7.

sired to liberate them.

\_

and

subjunctive in protasis.

12 14.
of Asia.
16.

used

], with

....

to cast

Per-

own race a contest in

only enhanced their own servitude.
....
to wage war with those who de-

sian armies against nations of their

8. 9.

trib-

also.

The same word

5.

have

says Bremi, to the tributes which

silver-bought,

3.

loqui,

be paid to the Persians.

2.

civita-

mavis euphemistice

Romanis Proconsules

habet.

ute exacted; referring,

were

si

Bremi.

noniinabantur."
27.

suam

loco de eo qui, praeter

in alias dominationem, vel,

out.

G.

....

the strength

represent the aorist

109, 6; 52, 1.]

of

the

G.

Greeks

i.

112,
e.

1.

tjJ

the Ionians

Imperfect, describing habitual action,

The

expression refers to such instances

NOTES.

116

39

,, . ^

as the aid which the Lacedaemonians rendered the Atheni-

ans in expelling the tyrant Hippias.

18.

next

republics

[Aristotle,

line.

term

as opposed to

IV.

Polit.

8,

3,

in the

thus defines the

yap

assist in establishing.

19.

19-25.

The

....

among

five

villages,

and

the

5,

Isocr.

was taken by Phoebidas, B. C. 382,

V.

p.

months

IV. 27, Diod.

The Cadmeia

100).

dis-

distributed

B. C. 385, about eighteen

de P^ce,

(see Thirlwall, Vol.

65, 3.

inhabitants

after the conclusion of the peace (Polyb.

XV.

G.

Mantineia was

in this sentence took place as follows.

mantled by Agesipolis,

transactions alluded to

Sic.

of Thebes

in violation of the peace

Polybius says that the

15).

Spartans punished the offender, but did not withdraw the

wrong were atoned for by the penalty inIn the same year, the Spartans
aided Amyntas, the Macedonian, in the war against the
garrison, as if the

on the wrong-doer.

flicted

The

Olynthians.

and

of Phlius took place B. C. 380,

siege

in the following year,

thus were reduced

lenica,

V.

B. C. 406.
tions

3).

XV.

19 seqq., Xen. Hel-

Dionysius had become master of Syracuse

Between him and

existed for

who was

B. C. 379, both Phlius and Olyn-

(Diod. Sic.

many

years.

the Spartans friendly rela-

The

intrigues of Aristus,

sent on a mission to Dionysius, are narrated

Diodorus Siculus,

XIV.

The words concerning

,,

by

10.

the co-operation with the barbarian

master of Asia in extending his power, refer to the often-

mentioned peace of Antalcidas.

25.
27.

to

G.

45.

endeavor

tense often has this signification.

to

establish.

G.

The

10, 1, n. 2.

present

.
.

NOTES.

Page

40,

clauses are

' '
',

5.
7, 8.

ferent tenses,

....

3, 4.

1.

G.

...

62.

....

...

117

The

alternative

\.

Observe the

dif-

the frequentative sense of the present par-

describing the repeated acts of military aggression

ticiple,

committed by the Spartans upon the other Greeks, and the

single

and completed act of concluding the

by

\ ], G.

treaty, described

the perfect.
9.

9,10.

terdum

86.

Of

this

word Bremi remarks

moroso sermone

dicitur de aspero et

" In-

inferioris ad-

versus superiorem, hie hominis privati adversus totam civi-

For

tatem."

second

Rem.

7.

11.

the force of the comparative degree without a

.,
,

member
[$

of the comparison, see

The

used after the past tense.

14, 15.
17.
18, 19.

im ....

exr'.

Kuhner,

future optative might

G.
G.

[ \-,

21.

IS

112,

1.

Constructed with the dative, ex-

\.

equivalent to iav

G.

1; 51.]
in the condition of Helots.

23.

ei\a>Teviv, to be

25.

i&p, G. 110, 2.

26.
those

have been

51.

pressing end or purpose.

52,

323,

70, 2.]

G.

nepioiwvs.

The

who dwell around.

literal

"

But

meaning of
it

is

this

word

is,

generally used to de-

scribe a dependent population, living without the walls, or

in the country provinces, of a

dominant

city,

and, although

personally free, deprived of the enjoyment of citizenship,

and the

political rights conferred

Gr. and Rom. Antiq.

by

it."

'

Smith's Diet, of

In a more restricted sense, the

were the original Achaean population, who were reduced to vassalage after the Dorians had conquered the

NOTES.

118

42

See Thirlwall, Vol. I. p. 307 seqq. also

Peloponnesus.
Wachsmuth's Historical Antiquities of the Greeks, Vol. I.
Muller's Dorians, Book III.
Clinton's Fasti
p. 252 seqq.
;

,
,

Hellenici; Manso's

Sparta,

The word

62 seqq.

1.

I.

is

here used metaphorically for vassals or subjects.

Page

41,

the islanders ;

3.

1.

Greek

ants of the

the inhabitants

5.

i.

e.

the inhabit-

islands.

of

the continent;

i.

e.

the

Asiatic continent, especially the Persians.

6.

common

erning the genitive

it

put in the gender of the noun which

is

Agamemnon, 1221, and

11.

and

73, 1

-yvoUv
76.]

[e

15, 16.

note on

45).]

20.

Toiv

1.

If

3.

the

? ^.

G.

construction

the

two armies.

after

The

G.

65,

were used instead of

common

Aeschy-

this construction of the

of the direct discourse.

p. 15,

should have

to the

For

gen., see Soph. Gr. Gr., 194, n. 3.

represents
;

....

c; also

2.

the present editor's note upon

the passage.

acc.

For the

part of it.

governs, see Kiihner, Gr. Gr., 264.

lus,

the greatest

idiomatic construction, by which an adjective gov-

41,

1.

e hvr

See

we
(G.

reference

is

Evagoras, prince of Salamis, endeav-

Cyprian war.

make himself master of the whole island. The

war consequent upon his revolt lasted from B. C. 386 to

ored to

Artaxerxes carried

B. C. 376.
of an

army

oras also consisted of Greeks.

B. C. 374.
p.

436

seqq.,

Page

on with the assistance

The forces of Evag-

it

chiefly of Ionian Greeks.

42,

See Kiihner,

See Diod.
and VI.
1.

1.

260

Sic.

p.
.

(2),

Evagoras was assassinated

2
also Thirlwall, Vol. V.

XV.

121 seqq.
.

and G.

49,

of av with eiavdvvevov, see G. 42,

4.

would

be plundering.

2. For

the omission

NOTES.

43

/,

7.

12.

See Soph. Gr. Gr.,

ZX lv.

e.

i.

Matt. 498.

222. n.

The

force of the article

which; the middle

which Coray thought should be changed into the
as here

revolutions

the

is,

has, as Brenii remarks, a reflexive signification

made

that he has

them

advantage, or to promote his

own

21.

iv

was disturbed by

22.

23.

surely.

of one

trol

G.

....

24.

be effected for his

to

The Persian em-

being in disorders.

and

seditions

See Kuhner,

and

'.
43,

Se; again,

'
5,

316, 2.

shall be brought

1.

For a

full

Kuhner, Gr.

- 7.

El

el

6\

8, 9.

19.

the con-

in the protasis

Gr., 318.

Observe the careful

corresponds with

Et

ample

corresponds with av in the apo-

339 (b))

line 6.

G.

in line 4, corresponds with

30, 1,

1.

is

,
,

line

the force of the article, see above, note to p. 42,

G.

both being constructed with the imperfect indicative

Kuhner,

and

For

under

and, finally, note the antithesis between rots

et

explanation of these nega-

co-ordination of the sentences.

(see

by

revolts, particularly

will.

26.

dosis,

own

61, 3.

tive particles, see

Page

active,

not simply

designs.

the revolt of Evagoras.

49, 1, n. 3.

the revolutions, which would be the sense

of the active, but has caused

pire

also

SO absolutely.

....

18, 19.

119

1.

18,

Chios had but a small naval force; the ex-

adduced merely

to illustrate

the general

remark

in the previous clause.

10, 11.

G.

62.

The

leading verb

presses a general fact.

14.

on his own account, for himself.

ex-

NOTES.

120
15.

G.

44

109,

The

1.

relations

between Egypt and Persj^ are not easily explained

in all

Cambyses conquered Egypt B. C. 525. It

had revolted B. C. 486, and been reconquered by Xerxes
B. C. 484. Another revolt broke out B. C. 460, and the
war lasted six years. Before the Cyprian war, an expedition had been sent under Abrocomas, Tithraustes, and
Pharnabazus but so unsuccessful was the attempt, that, in
their details.

"The Egyptian

the words of Thirlwall (Vol. VI. p. 125),

prince was encouraged to act on the offensive, and to aim at

extending his dominion over other provinces of the empire."

,
^,
, ,
reXfiWrer, G.

20.

21, 22.

See Kuhner, Gr.

eV

24.

spoken

be content with liberty.-

to

Gr., 274, R. 1.

having gone, with his forces,

against Evagoras.

This refers

to the

Cyprian war, so often

of.

24, 25.

mis.

109, n. 8.

ihevdepiav

pev

given up

; A. e.

rules one city,

i.

e.

Sala-

not included in the treaty of

Antalcidas, but surrendered to the Persian king; the island

^, .

of Cyprus being, according to Xenophon, one of the islands

claimed by the Persian king (Hellenica, V.

He

had been defeated

Page

1.

31).

has been previously unsuccessful.

26, 27.

44,

by the Persians.

in a sea-fight

8-21.

1.

...

It

has been

already mentioned, that, after the defeat of the Athenians at

Aegos Potamoi, Conon took refuge with Evagoras in Cyprus, where he remained several years watching the progress of events.

have engaged

(See note on

p. 37,

1.

16.)

in the king's service, after

He

appears to

some preliminary
have acted as the

have raised a fleet, and to

During the campaigns of Agesilaus, he
have remained inactive, probably for want of

negotiations, to

king's admiral.

seems

to

money and
left

supplies.

" Diodorus distinctly relates, that he

the fleet in the care of two Athenians,

named Hierony-

NOTES.

44

121

mus and Nicodemus, while he himself went up to Babylon,

where he had an interview with Artaxerxes, who granted
all his requests, and at his own desire appointed PharnaPharnabazus appears

bazus his colleague.

command

of the Phoenician galleys

the

have taken

to

Greek squadron

As

remained under the immediate orders of Conon.

sailed

they

westward along the coast of Syria, Conon's squadron

being some

way

from Cnidus.

ahead, they

According

coming

in with Peisander,

fell

to Diodorus, his fleet

consisted

enemy amounted
But Xenophon informs

of eighty-five galleys, and that of the

more than

altogether to no

ninety.

much

us that Conon's squadron alone was so

Peisander's

and that on
of the

fleet,

his

approach

stronger than

dismay among the enemy,

as to spread

many

of the allies in the

Peloponnesians immediately took to

left

wing

The

flight.

rest

were driven on shore, where Peisander, remaining with

his

ship to

the

last,

fell,

Spartan-like,

sword

hand."

in

This defeat of the Spar-

Thirlwall, Vol. IV. pp. 412, 413.

by the combined Persian and Greek forces under the

of Conon (B. C. 394), is commonly known as the
and this name is adopted into the text by
battle of Cnidus
Wolf. But as Rhodes was very near the city of Cnidus,
tans,

command

being at a short distance from the coast of Caria, the transaction might with a sufficient degree of geographical cor-

rectness be referred

remarks

to

Rhodes.

tari in proeliis,

Bremi, citing Ernesti,

quam

" Nihil frequentius esse

loca vicina permu-

quae in plurium locorum vicinia

fiunt.

Satis

hoc novimus vel ex recentissimorum bellorum memoria."

9, 10.

the

forms of government

pressive

Spartans.

^,

i.

12, 13.

As Bremi
6

the

the irksomeness

of

the uncongenial and op-

e.

character of the institutions

above.

Greeks.

\,

established

succors,

",

says, there is

those

by the

alluded

most faithful

to

to

the

some apparent incongru-

NOTES.

122
ity in thus describing

of this epithet

"

45

Conon, however deserving he

Quum

nonnisi de

iis

may be

praeclari hominig

virtutibus sermo sit, quae in regis Persarum utilitatem et

honorem cedebant." But the orator means to describe the

whole policy of the Spartans as averse

of the Greeks

and Conon,

to the best interests

in opposing them,

even by aid-

ing the Persians, showed his fidelity to those interests

the greater his fidelity to the Greeks, the

would be

and
more persevering
;

his efforts in supporting the king's quarrel with

the Spartans; and yet, with so zealous a co-operator, the

Persian king was obliged to see his

hemmed

fleet

in

by

only a hundred galleys for the space of three years, and to

keep back the

soldiers'

on

p. 30,

for fifteen months.

1.

20.

it

[The protasis to
had depended on him.

18. 19.

<,

pay

G.

after nrepieiSe,

16.

if

112,

8^\

19, 20.

G.

is

been recalled

in

This

formed against Sparta by the Ar-

Thebans, Corinthians, and others.

gives,

found in

2, 1.]

7rcpt

refers to the confederacy

See note

1.

Agesilaus had

to avert the threatened danger.

congress

of the anti- Spartan states was assembled at Corinth.

they were debating, however, the

While

Lacedaemonian army,

under Aristodemus, the guardian of King Agesipolis, crossed

the borders
ter.

and defeated the

The news of

allied forces

with great slaugh-

the victory met Agesilaus at Amphipolis.

This was in the same year, B. C. 394, but

pressing danger spoken of in line 19

hended from

this alliance,

laus.

26.

ov

Page
Sparta
p.

45,

1.

to the

earlier.

The

the danger appre-

to the recall of Agesi-

34, 3.

AcpKv\i8as.

3.

Dercylidas was ordered from

Hellespont, B. C. 411 (see Thirlwall, Vol. IV.

41 seqq.).

Thibron

G.

which led

is

in the

He

was despatched, B. C. 399,

command

of the

army

to

supersede

against Persia.

In

NOTES.

45

123

Aeolis, he gained possession of nine cities in eight days.

He

was one of three commissioners

to ratify the armistice

with Tissaphernes, B. C. 396, after which he returned to

He

Sparta.

was appointed, B. C. 394,

the battle of Corinth to Agesilaus,

whom

and by

olis,

he was sent

to

he met at Amphip-

convey the intelligence

" This service,

to the Asiatic Greeks.

carry the news of

to

whom

Xenophon

says,

gladly undertook, for he liked to be absent from home,

he

feeling possibly arising from the mortifications to which, as

an unmarried man, he was subjected at Sparta." Smith's
Dictionary of Gr. and Rom. Antiq.

4.

This was an Achaean of Pellene, who occu-

pied Atarneus, after Dercylidas had reduced

of eight months, B. C. 398.

From

it

this point

by a siege
he ravaged
See Xen-

the Mysian plain with three thousand targetiers.

ophon's Hellenica, III.

11.

2.

Atarneus was

in Aeolis,

just opposite to Lesbos.

4-9.

[eV^p^e

the leading verb

G. 70,
and
6.

2,

is

1.

is

On

the other hand, inotyaev,

Thibron, or Thimbron,

commanded

III. 1. 6,

360 seqq.

'

....

9.

which

interesting

is

in Asia,

succeeded, as stated above, by Dercy-

See Xenophon, Hellen.

rus,

although

aorist optative.]

See, also, Thirlwall, Vol. IV. p.

lidas.

ort,

want of an imperfect optative

might have been put in the

He was

B. C. 399.

regularly retained after

past, for

The

Anab. VII.

6. 1.

expedition of Cy-

the subject of one of the best-known and most

works of Xenophon, took place B. C. 401. The

in the battle of Cunaxa, and the retreat

army was defeated

The remains

of the Grecian

in reaching the coast

under the com-

was accomplished B. C. 400.

troops,

mand

who succeeded

of Xenophon, joined

King Agesilaus

in the

war which

he was then waging against the Persians.

13.
....
those who went up with Gyrus ;
i.

e.

who accompanied him

in the expedition referred to in

NOTES.

124

the preceding note.

G.

46

in indirect discourse after eVe-

113.

The remainder

which happened

of this paragraph alludes to the incidents

Cunaxa, and in the reby Xenophon. Isocrates makes the

after the battle of

treat so well described

[^
,
.
)[ .

number of Greeks
who, as

is

six thousand, differing from

well known, states

it

Xenophon,

have been ten thousand.

to

See Xenophon's Anabasis, passim.

and

15, 16.

See G.

grant.

Page

are in the imperfect

which here

(G. 15, 3) after

infinitive

46,

1.

15, 2,

*,

4.

the participle with

signifies, i*

1.]

see G. 109, 5, n. 4

and

For

for the

[In the latter, iav

G. 74, 1.
the
form that would have been used in the direct discourse,
protasis,

might have been retained.]

11.

ei

(i.

G.

...

12, 13.

For

see above, p. 118, note to p. 41,

14, 15.
to

&v

e.

42, 3, n. 2.]

[, . .
,
k.

et

1.

this idiomatic construction,

6.

The

el

apodosis

implied after

ivrvxoiev is in the

the direct discourse the protasis would be iav

iav

17, 18.

from the

might therefore have been used here.

Compare note on

74, is

interior.

in

,,

an excellent
view, No.
19, 20.

24.

article

13), see Kiihner,

rious.

290-292;

coast

and
also

on Greek Prepositions in the N. A. Re-

CXXXV.,

pp.

376 - 379.

G.

18,

3 73, 1.
under the very palace.
;

The

came near reaching the capital; and

the fall of Cyrus, the army would have been victoXen.'Anab. II. 4. 4;

expedition of Cyrus

but for

G.

line 4, above.]

came down; i. e. returned to the

For the force of the preposition
(1.

In

and

NOTES.

47

125

we were conquering the king's

eVi
army at his very gates.
G. 109, n. 8.
The following paragraph describes the leading features
of Oriental life. The manners and customs of the Persians,

Isocrates argues, are such as

must naturally lead

to the re-

he has enumerated, in collisions with the manlier race

of the Greeks and an able general or brave soldier could
not be formed under the influence of their modes of life.

sults

,
,
,,
;

Page
11.
12.

47,

1.

5.

hv

G.

G.

109, 3.

G.

cos

59, n. 2.

52, 2.

proving themselves, or exhibiting them-

15.
selves ;

i.

by

e.

their constant attendance at the palace,

their slavish manners, displaying their baseness

and

and

pusil-

lanimity.
In Athenian law,
has the technical
meaning of to investigate, especially by the torture of slaves.
Hence Bremi thinks
has, in this passage, a met-

aphorical signification, vexati.

It also

signifies

being re-

viewed, or mustered, like soldiers.

20.

sea

ot
i.

e.

those

of them who came down to the

the capital to assume

down from

the satraps sent

the government of the provinces in Asia Minor.

21.

there

i.

e.

at the capital.

Observe, in what

follows, the careful connection of the clauses

cles

and

Be.

26 -Page 48,

1.

1.

by the

parti-

This refers

to

the transactions that followed immediately after the battle of

Sardis, B. C. 395.

Tissaphernes, the Persian satrap, was

outgeneralled by Agesilaus, and induced to remain in the

valley of the Maeander.

Agesilaus marched directly upon

Sardis, and, meeting the portion of the Persian

tioned there, defeated

them

in

a great

battle.

army

sta-

Tissaphernes

was charged with treachery, and Tithraustes was sent down

him and to put him to death. The sentence
was executed by an underling, who found Tissaphernes in

to supersede

NOTES.

126

48

Tithraustes then sent envoys to treat with the

the bath.

now

Spartan general, proposing that he (Agesilaus) should

whom

home, since Tissaphernes,

return

affected to regard as the

he (Tithraustes)

common enemy, was

Agesi-

dead.

he could not take such a step without the

authority of the government at Sparta.
Tithraustes then

laus replied, that

proposed that the Lacedaemonian general should spend the

intervening time in invading the satrapy of Pharnabazus.

The

was accepted, on condition that TithrausThe satrap advanced thirty talents,

proposition

tes paid the expenses.

,
,

which, according to Isocrates, supported the

See Thirlwall, IV.

months.

...,

irepov

2.

1,

army

eight

389 seqq.

p.

and deprived

those

who

were fighting in their defence of their wages for twice that

not another equal length of
of time, irepov
which would of course be eight months but the ex-

length
time,

pression

analogous to such phrases as

is

which means, not

the

fourth

half-talent,

i.

e.

two

talents,

but three talents and a half; the three talents being implied
(see Matthiae, Gr. Gr., Vol. I. p. 233).

in the
in irepov

by

the one time of equal duration

irepov, the other, or second, time.

been before stated as

3.

mountain
a

city in

in

here

Harpocration and Suidas speak of

,
It

Wolf

calls it

was probably a

See Strabo,

it.

toxjs

....

against Cyprus

p. 607.

i.

e.

city in Aeolis

it

as a

others,

city in Aeolis, with

The event

1.

5.

20.

a>s

9-11.
related

by

eiTrelv,

those

who

the Ionian Greeks

alluded to

G.

served with them

who shared

See above,

expedition against Evagoras.

p. 41,

no further known.

is

4.

precise time has

months.

fifteen

Thrace.

Mysia.

harbor near

The

So,

implied

is

p.

in the

118, note to

100

different authors.

Conon's fate

It will

is

differently

be remembered,

that,

NOTES.

48

after the battle of

127

Aegos Potamoi, he

fled to

Evagoras

entered the service of Persia against the Spartans.

then

After

the battle of Cnidus, he returned to Athens, and superin-

tended the rebuilding of the walls, which had been taken

down

at the close of the Peloponnesian war,

of Lysander, and distributed

fifty talents

among

by

direction

the citizens.

According to Nepos, he had formed the design of restoring

Aeolis and Ionia to the Athenians.

Conon

ness.

On

Tiribazus pretended

to the

king on important busi-

arriving at the capital, he

was seized and thrown

that he desired to send

into prison.

Others state that he went up to the king, and

was treacherously seized and put to death. See Cornelius

Nepos, Conon, c. IV. V., and Thirlwall, Yol. IV. p. 434.
11-13.
....
Themistocles, having
rendered most important services to Athens in the Persian
war, was ostracized, and went into exile, and, after wandering to Argos, Corcyra, Molossia, and Ephesus, was finally
compelled to take refuge in Persia.
capital just after the death of

He

arrived at the

Xerxes, B. C. 465, and was

received at the Persian court with the most distinguished

See Thirlwall, Vol.

honors.

Nepos, Themistocles,
17.

.
c.

\, G.

18-21.

Ti

II.

383

p.

seqq., Cornelius

VIII. - X.

112,

1.

All

the out-

this refers to

rages committed by the Persians, in their invasion of Attica.

See Herodotus, VIII.

22-24.
ful here.

...

According

to this effect

c.

24 seqq.

\.
to

The reading "la>vas

Diodorus Siculus

(XL

is

doubt-

29), an oath

was taken by the Greeks at the Isthmus, beIn the oration of Ly-

fore the battle of Plataea, B. C. 479.

curgus against Leocrates, the formula of the oath

served,

" that they

would not prefer

life to

liberty

not desert their commanders, living or dead;

would bury those of the

allies

who

fell in battle

is
;

pre-

would

that they
that

they would rebuild none of the temples burned and levelled

NOTES.

128

49

, [.
,
, .
by

would leave them

the Barbarian, but

mentioned by Herodotus.
see G. 77, 1

For

be a memorial

to

The circumstance

to posterity of Persian impiety."

the protasis,

is

not

et

[the aorist subjunctive might have

been used.]

The

25, 26.

from the direct question

2

Page

i.

e.

88

subjunctive
71.

is
rj,

retained

G.

44,

and the following subjunctives.]

so

G.

49,

inhabitants of the continent;

7.

1.

Asiatics or Persians.

G.

8.

62.

10.

often

is

constructed, as here, with the accusative of the penalty, the

genitive of the crime, and the genitive of the criminal,

passed sentence of death on many for favoring

sians ; a crime called Medism
12.

().

to

transact business.

It is

term, frequently occurring in the orators,

Per-

the

a technical

when speaking

of

the business brought before the Senate and the Assembly.

See Demosthenes de Corona, passim.

heralds

i.

G.

reconciliation.

sends

purpose of friendly negotiation and

for the

e.

This ceremony will remind

53, n. 2.

the reader of the solemn imprecations uttered in former

times by the

Pope

the

Eleusinian

pp. 72

- 74, and

to here

Turks and eclipses.

For an account of
and the Eumolpids, see above,

against the

....

13, 14.

initiations,

The

p. 90.

particularly referred

were a family who held the

office

of heralds in

the Eleusinian mysteries, inheriting the dignity from ancient

mythical times.

Xenophon
Diodorus

with the Egyptian priesthood

21.

either songs

(Hellen. II. 4.

Siculus
(I.

has

29).

hymns, songs of triumph.

composed

3)

compares these classes

The word

for special occasions, or

signifies

the stated

chanting of poetical compositions, at festivals, by the rhap-

NOTES.

50

129

At Athens, it was ordained that the Homeric

poems should be delivered in regular order at the Panathesodists.

naic festival.
22.

Miiller.

25 - 27.
after

The Threnes were poems

and

are in indirect discourse

and therefore preserve

G.
which

ferring to past time.

(G.

Page

The

of the character

See History of Greek Literature, by K. O.

of dirges.

50,

23, 1),
1.

1.

rois

....

their force as aorists, re-

Compare

23, 2.

no

refers to

these with

definite time.]

in the contests of music.

musical contests, in the more limited sense of the

word, were those in which prizes for excellence in the muart

sical

But under the term music the

were awarded.

Athenians included whatever belonged to a polite and

eral education

i.

e.

all their intellectual discipline.

poems of Homer were much used

as the

lib-

The

groundwork of

early education in the Athenian schools, and large portions

of

them were committed

memory by

the Athenian youth.

and banished the old
On account of the morals and manto

Plato, however, disapproved of this,

poet from his republic,

ners which he attributes to the gods.

See " Classical Stud-

325-341.
[The two subjunctives after tva depend on a secondary tense (G. 35, 2), and are to be explained on the
ies,"

by

Sears, Edwards, and Felton, pp.

3-5.

principle of indirect discourse.

16.]
8.

See note on page 30,

the present opportunity.

ble circumstances to which Isocrates refers

revolt of Egypt,

which called

The

were

line

favora1.

The

a part of the Persian

off

2. The war of Cyprus, now in its sixth year, which

consumed many of the king's resources. 3. According to
Diodorus Siculus (XV. 2), Evagoras held by military occupation several places in Phoenicia Syria was probably in

forces.

much

the

same

condition.

Tyre was the most important

NOTES.

130

51

and wealthy commercial metropolis, nearly opposite Cyprus, and therefore likely to be deeply affected by the

movements of the
held by those
nians,

island.

Many

4.

who were

cities in

and Lycia had never been under the Persian power.

Hecatomnos, the satrap of Caria (Diod.

5.

were

Cilicia

favorably inclined to the Athe-

Sic.

XV.

2), in

war with Evagoras, secretly co-operated with him, and

aided him with large supplies of money for the support of

the

his armies.

6.

From Cnidus

to

Sinope, that

is,

from the

Triopian promontory, at the southwestern corner of Caria, to

the northern side of Paphlagonia, on the
line

Euxine Sea,

extending from the southwestern extremity of Asia

Minor along the whole western

coast,

thence along the

Propontis and the greater part of the Euxine Sea,

dwelt a Hellenic population

from

hostilities,

114, 2.
e. el

(i.

G.

21.

^,

25.

there

rather than to be urged to engage in the

, G.

11.

required to be restrained

, ),

war.
9.

who

(jr.

52, 1.

61, 3.

so great

a war,

.
i.

e.

as we, the

Greeks, might, under such circumstances, wage against Persia.

The

participles here express supposition.

Page 51, 1. 3 6. khv

mixed construction, with a second

latter clause.]
7.
9.

13.

G.

them

109,

6.

[[A

protasis implied in the

i.

e.

the cities on the coast.

in the power, or at the service of.

with the Barbarians

....
;

i.

e.

having been behindhand

letting the Persians get the start

of them, instead of invading Persia

were enabled

whereby the Persians

many of the Greeks,

who were conquered by the

to force into their service

namely, the Ionians, and those

Persians before the battle of Marathon.

89 - 104.

54, 1 (a).

',

G.

See Herod. IV.

NOTES.

52

15.

G.

i6v,

131

110, 2.

,.
,

17.

cp

18.

(, by

turns, or in succession.

noXepfj,

20.

G.

62.

until they

co>s

G.

trated.

have become concen"

....

24, 25.

(note to p. 25,

1.

3),

96 (note

to p. 27,

the inhabitants

26.

may

66, 2.

of

See above, pp. 94

1.

20).

the continent ;

e.

i.

the

Asiatic continent, who, as Isocrates urges, obey the Persian

king only on compulsion, because he

ed by a force superior

constitute his empire.

Page

52,

1.

1, 2.

the construction of the relative

^),

sentence,

(==

ei

see

im ....

6.

13 18.
20.

position

,
G.

....

23.

26.

G.

1.

G.

G.

For

c.

\*

is

98, 1.

made

com-

to the Attic trage-

65, 3.

misfortunes of

numbers, when

el

together, set forth in fictitious

cities

men ;

and

e.

i.

of indi-

states are sub-

50, 2.

According

27.

61, 3.

in the present age.

especial allusion being

viduals, or small

verted.

G.

where the antecedent

52, 1.

put

dies.

constantly surround-

Soph. Gr. Gr., 172.

,,
.,
;

is

each of the various nations that

to

to Isocrates

(De Pace,

99),

the Lacedaemonians, after they had acquired the supremacy,

set

about overthrowing the constitutional governments in

the

Greek

cities

of Italy and Sicily, and establishing tyran-

nies in their place.

Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily, also

received the aid of the Spartans in his attempts to subject

to his

power the Greeks of

Sicily

and

Italy.

The

disastrous

expedition of the Athenians to Sicily, in the Peloponnesian

war,

is

well known.

It took place

B. C. 415.

The Athe-

nians were utterly defeated, some put to death, and others

NOTES.

132

,
,,, ,

sold for slaves, B. C. 413.

55

See the masterly narrative of

Thucydides, VI. and VII.

Page

3.

-,
53,

7 - 10.

1.

G.

49, 2,

The word

introduce the subject.

to

is

technically used of taking the initiative in public measures.

awenepavav av, G. 52, 2.

and apodosis, see G. 49, 2.

11.
tasis

'.

17.

This indeed
places,

But

not

is

An

may be

It

See Kiihner, Gr. Gr.,

surely.

G.

19.

26, 27.

note on p. 15,

Page

54,

rendered in such

323, R. 11.

45.

G.

analogy of

the following pro-

expression, signifying^

elliptical

&c.

all, but,

For

1.

3.

4.

1.

G.

our duty

to

See

65, 1.

[The

67, 1.

with the protasis,

this clause

above, will be noticed.]

12.

greatest account

See Matt. Gr.

12, 13.
ticle,

since

we must

Gr.,

589

G.

biopiovpcv,

,
,
it

it is

consider

ras

of the

make

first

it

of

the

importance.

114, 2.

G.

45.

[,

as a causal par-

here introduces a conditional sentence, instead

of a simple verb in the indicative

18.

it

G.

81, n. 2.]

compacts; i.e. the terms of the

the

peace of Antalcidas.

21.

have gained

this

since

(as they themselves

through him.

Isocrates doubted that

55,

1.

7.

it

iv

for their gratitude to the king,

was the

know)

not,

states

they

implies

109, n. 4.

was the one assigned by the

that the cause

Page

G.

themselves

however, implying that

real cause.]

on

the

columns

i.

e.

those

on which the terms of the treaty were inscribed.

9.

p. 3,

,,

Be.
1.

6.

10.

13 15.

For the

particle

Gr.

5c,

see above, p. 65, note to

49, 2, n. 3.

G.

62.

[Instead of

,
G.

,, ,

he might have used A &v

L]

52,

those

16.

who served
19-23.

those

21.

this sense of

23.

26, 27.

who

133
or & ckarroi (Ind.).

negotiated;

....

G.

49, 2,

see Kuhner, Gr. Gr., 299,

&,

. 3.

\.

come

to

Most

there quoted.)

later edi-

which certainly seems to be required,

110, 1,

the sense of

(2).

to terms.

in favor of

is

,
.,
,
,
,
(See G.

For

just about the time of the peace.

although the weight of manuscript authority

literally,

as ambassadors,

[ebff

read

tions

NOTES.

56

If

. 1,

is

&,

and the example from Isocrates

retained, it must be understood in
construction being,

the

So with the

Other participles,

which represent protases

imperfect indicative respectively (G. 52, 1).

on

p. 56,

Page

1.

56,

10 12.

1.

,= .

8.

[,

Originally, order, system;

heaven*

,''

....

).

,.

For the negative

,
,

with

and especially the

ciple applies to
1.

26.]
17.

18. 19.

26.

,
.

....

last

1.

see G. 47,
prin-

see note on p. 55,

at the expense

G.

The same

examples.

p. 56,

which

might here be retained even in protasis with

3, note,

and
See note

10-12, below.]

then, the universe ; here,

(.

and

in the pluperfect

of aU Greece.

45.

The

indicative after

states

the fact positively, as having historically occurred.

67, 1.

Page

57,

1.

8.

a festival deputation, such

as

G.

was

sent to represent the Grecian states at the great national

NOTES.

134
See above,

games.

means

note to p. 15,

p. 81,

1.

What

5.

the

war against Persia will rather

resemble a splendid and showy procession, sent to particiorator

is,

that the

pate in a national festivity, than the hard service of a mili-

,
\,

tary invasion.
9, 10.

19.

\.

ris

represents

G.

ci

52, 1.

^,

Here

cvpoi.

G.

who have encompassed

113.

themselves

with.

Page

58,

16.

and

G.

infinitive, as

may

well as

by the
ct

59,

1.

7 - 9.

future.]

tovs Be

and

199.

G.

engage in contests of arguments,

questions of deposit

1\<

be followed by the present and aorist

See Soph. Gr. Gr.,

27.

like

27, n. 3.

., ,

similar verbs,

Page

[,
(,

312.

25.

See Kuhner,

KaraKeyovrcs, by levying.

1.

1.

&,

Gr. Gr.,

to

cease

72

and

76.

those

who

writing upon

other trifling matters

alluding

numerous cases of litigation upon common business

transactions which occupied the talents of the orators,
when, in the opinion of Isocrates, they might have been
much better employed in stirring up their countrymen to
to the

put an end to their domestic feuds, and to unite for the

subjugation of Persia.

with

Genitive

with respect of the subject of &c.

10 12.

14
G.

17.

65, 1.

S)v

. . .

See note on

G.

. . .

p. 15,

1.

45.

. . .

3.

NOTES.

15

Additional Note

The

to

page

15, lines 2

peculiar use of the subjunctive in

may
common

and

3.

'

ols

perhaps be explained by the analogy of the

construction,

(or

dicam, where the indirect question

sition

135

from

to

made, although in the

) , nan habeo quid

is

The

obvious.

tran-

might be easily

latter all trace of the indirect ques-

.^,
tion disappears.

ger (Gr. Gr.

Other similar examples are cited by Kru54, 7, A. 2), in all of which the leading

These are Plat. Symp. p. 194 D, iav

and Xen. Oecon. 7, 20, e*> 6
*XU
In Plat Phaedr. p. 255 E, and Lys. in
Andoc. 42, we have the same construction, if we accept
\eyr] for
\cyei, which the sense
Bekker's emendation
seems to require. Compare also Plat. Ion. p. 535 B, where
Xeyys in the same
\eyrjs and evnopels
we find
verb

is

sentence; here the transition

if

we

explain Vops

is

especially simple.

Even

\iyns as an indirect question,

it

seems a perversion of language to apply that name to the

others, as Kriiger does.
Of course, these remarks will not
apply to the doubtful example from Thucyd. VII. 25,

dis-

cussed in the note, or to the cases of the optative there

quoted.

W. W.

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SEVER, FRANCIS, & CO.

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THE BALLAD BOOK Edited by William
Allingham.

THE SUNDAY BOOK OF POETRY.

Edited

by C. F. Alexander.

DREAM
Little

CHILDREN. By

the Author of " Seven

People and their Friends."

I

THE

GOLDEN TREASURY
OF THE BEST SONGS AND LYRICAL POEMS IN
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

SELECTED AND ARRANGED WITH NOTES

By FRANCIS

TURNER PALGRAVE

FELLOW OF EXETER COLLEGE OXFORD

i6mo.

Green Vellum.

Price,

$ 1.25.

LONDON SPECTATOR.
"There is no book in the English language which will make a
delightful companion than this
have few criticisms to make upon this volume, which must not only be read,
but possessed, in order to be adequately valued."

We

more

BOSTON TRANSCRIPT.
"The volume is indeed worthy to be ranked among those rare
volumes of selections which really educate the public taste.
Anybody who will read this volume through, and thoroughly
appreciate its rich contents, may be sure that he has a true sense
of the inmost essence of poetry.

BOSTON COURIER.
" It is an exquisite gem of a book in print, paper, and binding.
Its intrinsic merits are not less ; for we hold it to be, on the
whole, the very best selection of poetry, for its size, in the language. There is not a poem in it which is not of enduring
merit."

NEW YORK INDEPENDENT.

"
Among all the books of this new era of elegance, two
have been on the whole distinctly the most beautiful, namely, De
Tocqueville's Democracy in America, and the present Golden
Treasury.' Both are better manufactured books than England
for although it is true that the materials for both
can show
were in part imported, yet the deft touch of American fingers,
the keen sight and judgment and 'faculty' of American eye
and brain, impart a finish and an altogether (this is much better
than to steal tout ensemble from the wicked Emperor) which
John Bull's big, thumby fingers can in no wise attain unto. We
'

'

'

attention to the singularly clear and elegant cut

of the type, more particularly in the exquisite nonpareil of the
notes the perfect clearness and evenness of the press-work the
workmanlike finish and tasteful design of the binding, entirely
simple, yet ornamental in the best sense and the sharp delicacy
in design and impression of the engraved tail-pieces and headpieces."

recommend
;

THE

CHILDREN'S GARLAND
FROM THE BEST POETS
SELECTED AND ARRANGED

By
Red

i6mo.

COVENTRY PATMORE

Vellum.

Vignette Title engraved

Price, $1.25.

LONDON MORNING

by Marsh.

POST.

"It includes specimens of all the great masters in the art

of Poetry, selected with the matured judgment of a man concentrated on obtaining insight into the feelings and tastes of
childhood, and desirous to

awaken

its finest

impulses, to cul-

tivate its keenest sensibilities."

CINCINNATI GAZETTE.
"The University Press at Cambridge has turned out many
wonderful specimens of the art, but in exquisite finish it has
never equalled the evidence of its skill which now lies before us.
The text, compared \vith the average specimens of modern books,
shines out with as bright a contrast as an Elzevir by the side of
one of its dingy and bleared contemporaries. In the quality
of its paper, in its vignettes and head-pieces, the size of its
pages, in every feature that can gratify the eye, indeed, the
Garland could hardly bear improvement. Similar in its general getting up to the much-admired Golden Treasury of English
Songs and Lyrics, issued by the same publishers a few months
since, it excels, we think, in the perfection of various minor
'

'

details."

NEW YORK WORLD.

" It is a beautiful book,

the most beautiful in some respects
that has been published for years ; going over a large number of
poets and wide range of themes as none but a poet could have
done.
choice cabinet of precious jewels, or better still, a
"
Children's Garland.'
blossoms,

dainty wreath of

'The

BOSTON TRANSCRIPT.
" It is in all respects a delicious volume, and will be as great a
favorite with the elder as with the younger members of every
family into which it penetrates.
Some of the best poems in the
English language are included in the selections. Paper, printing,
indeed, all the elements entering into the mechaniand binding,
cal execution of the book,
offer to the view nothing wherein
the most fastidious eye can detect a blemish."

SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN.
"

It is

almost too dainty a book to be touched, and yet it is sure

thumbed whenever it falls into the hands of a lover of

to be well

genuine poetry."

THE

BOOK OF PRAISE
FROM THE BEST ENGLISH HYMN-WRITERS
SELECTED AND ARRANGED

By

ROUNDELL PALMER

Vellum Cloth.

i6mo.

Vignette Title engraved by

Price,

Marsh.

1.25.

COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER.
"The volume before us is an attempt to restore and purify the
sacred lyrics of the English language, and to give them without
regard to creeds, but only with reference to their poetic excellence and their religious purity.
It contains the choicest hymns
which have been written, gathered from all sources, whether lay
or clerical, and judged only by pure religion and a high poetic
standard.
In all cases where it is known, the authorship is given.
The selections are admirable, the arrangement suggestive, and
the mechanical adornments of the book are exquisite.
It is
enriched with copious and valuable notes and indexes of authors,
first lines,

and subjects."

BALTIMORE LUTHERAN OBSERVER.

" The Book of Praise

is a gem in the book-making line

printed with exquisite taste and delicacy of design, on tinted
paper, illustrated with those dainty devices, half arabesque, half
gothic, which give a mellow aroma, as of old books, to the head
;

tail pieces, and bound even more faultlessly than printed, it

lies on one's table like a delicate and graceful flower, or some
rare print or rich jewel.
Such books are positive pleasures, without reference to what is in them, or with only the faint assurance
that there is something old and rich in them justifying their
external beauty."

and

WESTERN EPISCOPALIAN.
" It is one of those books, the very expression of whose pretty,
winning countenance, if we might so say, with its chaste title and
embossing, irresistibly draws one to seek farther and closer acquaintance."

NEW YORK METHODIST.

" This is in everyway an attractive book. First, it is agreeable
to find Sir Roundell Palmer, the British Attorney-General, interested in such a work as compiling a book of the most spirited
and evangelical hymns in the English language. Then it is
agreeable to know that the compiler's taste corresponds so decidedly with one's own. And finally, it is pleasant to find the
publishers conceiving so worthily of their task, and presenting
these sacred lyrics of the Christian Church in so graceful and
chaste a form before the public eye."

HALIFAX PRESBYTERIAN WITNESS.

"This is a
Hymns,

lish

beautiful collection of the very cream of our

carefully selected and skilfully arranged."

Eng-

BOOK OF GOLDEN DEEDS

OF ALL TIMES AND ALL LANDS
GATHERED AND NARRATED BY THE AUTHOR OF THE

" HEIR

OF REDCLYFFE."
i6mo.

Green Vellum.

Vignette Title.

Price,

1.25.

BOSTON TRANSCRIPT.
"

We

thank the gentle and genial author of the 'Heir of Redgathering and narrating twoscore and more of the
golden deeds of all times and all lands. Such books as this are
wanted in the world. They do honor to humanity and make the
reader happier and better."
clyffe

'

for

CHRISTIAN TIMES.

We

"
can but wish for a book like this, so full of noble example and incitements, a wide circulation among every class of people in this land."

HARTFORD

PRESS.

" The volume is made up of charmingly written narratives of

sweet and noble deeds in ancient and modern times, of those in
humble and in high stations, in all lands. A touch of kindness
makes the world kin. The deeds celebrated are not those of
mere daring or adventure, but such as are golden in the best
sense.

They

are tales of land and sea, of what courageous hearts have

for principle and humanity."

done and suffered

SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN.
" On the title-page is the figure of Florence Nightingale, ' the
lady with a lamp,' but most of the golden deeds recounted are
gathered from the past, gleaming through lapse of time as stars
through space
The book is full of the noblest lessons, and
charms alike the eye and the heart."

BOSTON POST.
"

The

authoress has trodden upon well worn paths, but green

and flowers spring up in her footsteps. She narrates old
stories, but they seem new in her handling.
She does not write
by a few touches, by incident and conclua dull cold narrative
sions, she makes the records of these great events the source of
inspiration to the young and ambitious."
fields

THE

JEST-BOOK
THE CHOICEST ANECDOTES AND SAYINGS
SELECTED AND ARRANGED

By
i6mo.

MARK LEMON

Green Vellum.

Vignette Title.

Price,

1.25.

BOSTON POST.
" Gentlemen, prepare to smile. Here is an interest for a minute or a dull day.
Mark Lemon gives us the result of his reconLike
dite searches and seizures in the regions of infinite jest.
all good jesters, he has the quality of sound philosophy in him,
and of reason also, for he discriminates closely, and serves up his
wit with a deal of refinement in it."

HARTFORD
" So exquisitely
a new gold

is

like

the

book

dollar.

There is jollity enough

good humored."

in

It
it

PRESS.

printed, that every jest in

it shines
the apotheosis of jokes
to keep the whole American press

is

PROVIDENCE JOURNAL.
" Mark Lemon, who helps to flavor Punch, has gathered this
volume of anecdotes, this parcel of sharp and witty sayings, and
we have no fear in declaring that the reader will find it a book of
some wisdom and much amusement. By this single Lemon
'

we judge

of the rest."

CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE.
" This

little

and as such,

it

volume
will

is a very agreeable provocative of mirth,

be useful in driving dull care away."

ST.

JOHN'S GLOBE.

"
all
til

It contains many old jokes, which like good wine become

the better for age, and many new and fugitive ones which unnow never had a local habitation and a name."

CHICAGO JOURNAL.
" For a fireside we can imagine nothing more diverting or
more likely to be laughed over during the intervals of labor or
study."

THE

SUNDAY BOOK OF POETRY

SELECTED AND ARRANGED

By

C.

F.

Vellum.

i6mo.

ALEXANDER

Vignette Title.

Price,

1.75.

EVANGELIST.
" All the selections are in harmony with the general SDirit of
the volume, while sprinkled here and there are many dear, old,
familiar hymns, which we heard sung in childhood by voices now
forever stilled, and which we hope to hear till they are lost on
4
the dull cold ear of death.' Such pieces sanctify any collection.
Hence we bid it God speed. Let it go on its way singing
the songs of a better world in the ears of this wicked generation.
As for the getting up of this volume, it is in such perfect taste
that not Oxford or Paternoster Row can show anything more
exquisite.
It is well it is so, for beautiful forms are the fitting
shrine for thoughts of such purity as have less of earth than of

heaven."

METHODIST.
"So rich and complete is the volume, that there is scarcely a
subject to which reference is not made.
The craving of the soul
for spiritual nourishment on the Sabbath is fully satisfied by
drinking in the sweetness of sacred poetry."

LITERARY REGISTER.
" Its piety is not of the obtrusive kind, that repels, but it
breathes a gentle sweetness that glides into the spirit of the
reader, and possesses alike the intellect and the affections."

BOSTON POST.
"

We

cheerfully

commend

the

collection

to the

Christian

Mothers of the land, that they receive aid in beautifying the

immortal and fadeless flowers
lives running forever parallel
with their

own placed in their keeping."

CONGREGATIONALISM
" One cannot open the book at random without finding something excellent. The gleaning is from harvest-fields of old and
new literature many of the later poems are from sources quite
UBfamiliar, yet they are as beautiful as they are fresh."
;

The Golden Treasury Juvenile.

DREAM CHILDREN
BY THE AUTHOR OF " SEVEN LITTLE PEOPLE AND THEIR
FRIENDS."
Embellished by full-page Illustrations after designs by White,
with ornamental Initials, illustrating each story.
i6mo. Vellum Cloth. Price, $ 1.25.

NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.

its cover, the clearness of
finely-cut type, the appropriate originality of its initial letters,
the excellence of its large illustrations, are only the befitting
alike in feeling and in
delightful
stories
dress and adornment of

"Its external form, the prettiness of

its

fancy."

SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN.
" It has an individuality and flavor of its own, is very charming as a work of fancy, and healthful in the tone which breathes
through the stories, like fragrance through a grove of pines."

BOSTON JOURNAL.
"It is a book for children written not down to them, as some
by mistaken opinion are, but up so that it will not be found unIf any one has a
interesting to the most thoughtful reader.
child whom he loves, and in whose genius he particularly delights
and hopes, let him buy this book, and in an auspicious hour,
perchance when day fades into twilight, let him read one of these
stories to him, and he will find out better than from any other
critic their value and their meaning."
;

CLEVELAND DAILY HERALD.

" In the opinion of a jury of little critics to whom the book
was submitted, and whose decisions have considerable weight
with us in matters of juvenile literature, Dream Children is
One of the very best and nicest' books of its class, and it occupies a place of honor on the children's shelf."

"Dream Children is as ideal and imaginative as childhood

Whoever reads it, no matter of what age, will be morally
elevated and refined at beholding the beautiful exposition of
what is most lovely in humanity enacted in the world of flowers
and animals. The sense of what we read is twofold more affecting when we can see our very selves through the thin veil of
This is a book which one would defable, fairy, and allegory.
light in reading to his child, alone, in some quiet, large arm-chair
or if he had no child, to make him wish that he had
for it is of
that character of excellence to so commend itself, you wish
itself.

everybody

to

know and have

it."

BOWEN'S HAMILTON'S METAPHYSICS.

THE METAPHYSICS OF SIR "WILLIAM HAMILTON.
Collected, Arranged,

and Abridged

for the

Use of Colleges and

By Francis Bowen, A.

vate Students.

of Moral Philosophy in Harvard College.

Pri-

M., Alford Professor

12mo.

Cloth.

Price,

$2.00.

The publishers take pleasure in

stating that this

and has already been introduced as a text-book

work has met with great

favor,

in all the principal colleges

aud

institutions of learning in the country.

Extract from the Editor's Preface.

" As any course of instruction in the Philosophy of Mind at the present day
must be very imperfect which does not comprise a tolerably full view of Hamilton's
Metaphysics, I have endeavored, in the present volume, to prepare a text-book
which should contain, in his own language, the substance of all that he has written
upon the subject. For this purpose, the Lectures on Metaphysics have been
taken as the basis of the work and I have freely abridged them by striking out
the repetitions and redundancies in which they abound, and omitting also, in great
'

'

part, the load of citations and references that they contain, as these are of inferior
interest except to a student of the history of philosophy, or as

marks

of the stu-

pendous erudition of the author."

Hie Rev. Dr. Walker, late President of Harvard University, in a note to the
editor, says of the book
"Having examined it with some care, I cannot refrain
from congratulating you on the success of the undertaking. You have given the
Metaphysics of Sir William Hamilton in his own words, and yet in a form admirably adapted to the recitation-room, and also to private students."
:

Prof. J. Torrey, University of Vermont.

" The editor has left scarcely anything to be desired. The work
presents in short
compass the Philosophy of Sir W. Hamilton, in his own language, more completely

and

satisfactorily than many students would find it

done by the author himself in
the whole series of his voluminous and scattered productions."

From

the

North American Review.

" Mr. Bowen's eminence as a scholar, thinker, and writer in this department, his
large experience as a teacher, and his experimental use of the
Lectures as a textbook, might have given the assurance, which he has fully verified, that
so delicate
an editorial task would be thoroughly, faithfully, and successfully performed. We
cannot doubt that if Sir William were still living, the volume would have his cor'

'

dial imprimatur ; ai/d the students of our colleges are to be congratulated that the
labors of the great master of Metaphysical Science are now rendered much more
availing for their benefit, than they were made, perhaps than they could have been

made, by his own hand."

5

THE PANEGYKICUS OF ISOCRATES.

From

the Text of

LL.D.,

Bremi, with English Notes by

Professor of Greek

Eliot

late

Third Edition.

University.

Revised.

C. C.

Felton,

Literature in

Harvard

12mo.

pp. 135.

Price,

$1.00.

Extract from the Preface.

" The Panegyricus has been selected for publication, partly because it is an excellent specimen of the best manner of Isocrates, and partly because, by its plan, it
presents a review of the history of Athens from the mythical ages down to the
period following the treaty of Antalcidas. It is a convenient work to make the
text-book for lessons in Greek history, affording a central point around which to

assemble the leading events."

From

the

Commonwealth.

" The Panegyricus of Isocrates, edited by the late President Felton, of Harvard
University, has just appeared in a new edition revised by Professor Goodwin, the
successor of Mr. Felton in the Greek chair at that University.

The oration

itself is

as familiar to all scholars as the best of the twenty-one extant speeches of Milton's

old man eloquent.' It is an encomium on Athens, her material, intellectual, and

moral greatness, and her claims to the chief place among the Grecian States. Delivered or published at a time when the Spartan supremacy was almost unques'

tioned,

before the brilliant campaigns of Epaminondas had broken the charm of

a fine compend of the mythical and the authentic

the Lacedemonian name,

history of the Attic

it is

Commonwealth and

matter and graces

far superior in truth of

of style to the Funeral Oration of Lysias, on a kindred theme.

deed, Grecian rhetoric, as distinguished from oratory, reached

its

In Isocrates,
perfection,

in-

and

few writers in any tongue have excelled him in clear and splendid diction. The
nervous and manly style of Demosthenes may be contrasted with it ; the one had
the elegance of a writer, the other the trenchant force of a popular orator.
" The Panegyricus was the Fourth of July Oration of the Athenians. But this
of Isocrates

is,

by way of eminence,

the Panegyricus.

It

is

here printed by Sever,

& Co. in the Greek text, with copious English notes by Mr. Felton, who
delighted to pour out on his readers the wealth of historic and illustrative learning

Francis,

The critical skill, which he was less fond of displaying, is in

by the diligence of Professor Goodwin, whose work on Greek
Syntax has already made him a high authority in matters of construction and disputed texts.
" The volume before us is neatly printed, and does credit to the publishers as

which he possessed.

this edition supplied

well as to the editors."

From
" Messrs. Sever, Francis,

&

the Bibliotheca Sacra.

Cambridge, have published a new edition of the

edition is edited by Professor Goodwin, of
Harvard University, who h^s added grammatical and other notes, which give increased value to the volume. The Panegyricus is one of the best specimens of
Panegyricus of Isocrates.

Isocrates

and

Co.,

The present

the apparatus furnished in this attractive addition will fully

the wants of the student."

meet

THE CLOUDS OF ARISTOPHANES.

With Notes by

C. C.

Literature in
236.

Felton, LL. D.,

late Eliot Professor of

Harvard University.

12mo.

Greek

Fifth Edition,

pp.

Price, $1.25.

Extract

from

the Preface.

" The greatness of the genius of Aristophanes

is not generally appreciated, and

the value of his comedies as illustrations of the political antiquities, the life,
morals, and manners of Athens, is not fully understood. The truth is
we are
indebted to him for information upon the working of the Attic institutions, which,
had all his plays been lost, we should have vainly sought for in the works of other

No intelligent reader can doubt that Aristophanes was a man of the most
profound acquaintance with the political institutions of his age, no reader of poetic
fail to see that he possessed an extraordinary
creative genius. It is impossible to study his works attentively, without feeling that his was
one of the master minds of the Attic drama.
The brightest flashes of a poetical spirit are constantly breaking out from the midst of the broadest merriment and the sharpest

authors.

fancy can

satire.

An

imagination of endless variety informs those lyrical passages which

gem

and are among the most precious brilliants of 'the Greek language. In
the drawing of characters his plays exhibit consummate skill
The comedy
of the Clouds is, for many reasons, one of the most interesting remains of the
theatrical literature of Athens.
Though, like every other comedy, its wit turns
his works,

upon

local and temporary relations, it has, what is not common to every other
comedy, a moral import of permanent value. It was written at a time of great
changes in the national character of the Greeks, and bears marks of its author's

determined opposition to the new ethical and philosophical views that were eating
into the very heart of the national virtues."

Preface
" In this

and

in

new

to the

Fourth Edition.

edition of the Clouds the

some instances enlarged.

commentary has been

An Appendix

to the Notes

revised, corrected,

has been added, con-

Moods and Tenses of the

place among the most valuable

taining references to Professor Goodwin's 'Syntax of

Greek Verb,' a work which has already taken

its

aids to the student in acquiring a knowledge of the refinements of the Greek lan-

guage.

"The Clouds
least tainted

is

one of the three or four pieces of Aristophanes which are

Nothing therefore has been omitted

with indecency and coarseness.

from the text of this edition, as but little danger is apprehended to the morals of
young men from a few freaks of an old Athenian's gamesome imagination, to be
The text
interpreted only by an assiduous use of the grammar and lexicon
of this edition of the Clouds is printed from Dindorfs Poetse Scenici Grasci. In
some few passages the readings of Hermann have been preferred. In the preparation of the Notes, the labors of others have been freely used, particularly the
elegant commentaries of that elegant Hellenist, Mr. Mitchell, whose editions of the
separate comedies, notwithstanding occasional errors in minute points of Greek

grammar, are an honor to English scholarship. The excellent edition of the Clouds
by Theodor Kock has been consulted, and valuable remarks have occasionally been
taken from his Commentary
Some of the materials of the notes and illustrations have been drawn from the editor's personal observations in Greece others
are drawn from the curious analogies of the follies and impostures flourishing in
the present day, with those effectively and wittily handled by the poet."
;

THE BIRDS OF ARISTOPHANES.

With Notes by C. C. Felton, LL. D.,
Literature in

12mo.

Greek

late Eliot Professor of

Harvard University.

Third Edition.

Revised.

Price, $1.25.

pp.235.

Extract from the Preface.

"

The Birds

ful pieces.

of thought

of Aristophanes has always been regarded as one of his

Like the Clouds,

comparatively

in this play also too freely

to let

free

and language which deforms several of

them stand, so as

decision in editing the Clouds.

Poetas Scenici of Dindorf.

....

which

the natural history of the birds,

sons of the play.

his plays to

such a degree that

It is true there are

executed; but

to offer the

a branch of the subject to

I have endeavored to explain from other sources

little

attention has heretofore been given;

which are very entertaining

figures

among

mean

the per-

made at
meaning, and

I suspected that the poet's selection of birds was not

random, but that, in every instance, they were chosen with a special
to effect a particular

purpose in point of

point of view, I have been

Agassiz, of

most delight-

from the objectionable license

some passages
it has been decided, on mature reflection,
drama entire, on the principles which guided
The text of this edition is reprinted from the

cannot be used in schools and colleges.

tliey

my

it is

much

art.

indebted to

In considering the play from

my

friend

and

this

colleague, Professor

whose profound and comprehensive knowledge of ornithology I have

been permitted to avail myself in attempting to determine the species of some of the

and I have come to the conclusion that, in all cases,

and habits of the birds are exactly and curiously adapted to the parts
they perform in the comedy, showing Aristophanes to have been a careful observer
of nature as well as a consummate poet
Great care has been taken to illustrate the political illusions, and the application of judicial expressions, in the
birds not hitherto identified;

the character

The satire of the birds is more playful, comprehensive

and genial than that of any other of the poet's comedies. The spirit of parody and
burlesque, which is a general trait in the Aristophanic drama, here displays itself

course of the piece

most

freely

and amusingly.

" The dithyrambic poets in general are unsparingly ridiculed

the philosophers

and men of science are not allowed to pass untouched while profligates and impostors of every class and description are here as well as in the Clouds,' held up
to scorn and contempt."
;

'

From

Prof. North of

Hamilton

College.

" President Felton had intellectual gifts and attainments which especially fitted

him

for the difficult

work of editing Aristophanes.

Aristophanes,' published by Sever, Francis,

introduced

among

&

Co.,

His edition of the 'Birds of

is

worthy

to be

the Greek Studies in the colleges of our country."

more generally

TUSCULAN DISPUTATIONS.

CICERO'S
Book

First

on Old

The Dream of Scipio, and Extracts from the Dialogues

Age and Friendship. With English Notes by Thomas

Chase, A. M.

Seventh Edition,

pp. 208.

Price,

1.25.

Extract from the Preface.

" Together with the

book of the Tusculan Disputations, the editor has here

presented the Somnium Scipionis, and extracts from the dialogues De Senectute
and De Amicitia; thus combining all the passages in the works of Cicero in which
first

the question of the Immortality of the Soul

is

discussed.

Besides the intrinsic inter-

and value of these treatises as containing the maturest decisions of old philosophy
upon a question of universal and nearest concern, they are adorned with a grace of
style and happiness of illustration characteristic of their author and worthy of their
subject
None of the philosophical works of Cicero holds a higher rank than the
est

Tusculan Disputations for beauty of language and elevation of sentiment; in the

Dream of Scipio the lively narrative and poetic coloring enhance the admiration

which the

loftiness of its views cannot fail to excite; and the dialogues on Old Age
and Friendship have always been regarded as treasures of thought and models of
The text of the book of the Tusculan Disputations is founded
composition

chiefly

upon the admirable

editions of

Moser and Kdhner; but those of

Orelli,

Nobbe, and Tischer have been compared on every passage, and various old editions

The Notes

consulted in doubtful cases

most important
culties of

him

are designed to call attention to the

and

to explain the

most serious

diffi-

syntax and interpretation, without the injustice to the student of robbing

entirely of the pleasure

aided
tive

peculiarities of construction,

his

own un-

Particular attention has been given to the illustration of the subjunc-

effort.

mood

and advantage of surmounting obstacles by

and

it is

believed that there

where the principles upon which

references, in

some part

it

not in the book an instance of

is

depends have not been

of the notes.

Every teacher

set forth, in

will

its

priety of devoting especial labor to the elucidation of a form that conveys so

delicate shades of

meaning, and upon which so

ness of the Latin language depends.

On

assistance has been derived from the Latin

much

use

words or by

acknowledge the pro-

many

of the beauty and expressive-

this point, as

Grammar

on many

others, great

of Madvig, whose translator,

Mr. Woods {Oxford, 1849), has rendered a service to English scholarship by

making an admirable treatise accessible, which bears the marks, on every page, of

made

in the notes.
is

The derivation and

work

large quotations

a point whose

this

of hardly less importance than that of the subjunctive for a correct

understanding of the language

notes on the

From

force of the particles

the discernment and clearness of a master mind.

are

elucidation

Somnium

have

also received attention, particularly in the

Scipionis, Cato Major,

and

Laelius.

The biographical notes

are designed rather as guides to the Classical Dictionary than complete descriptions.

Frequent reference has been made

Zumpt's Grammar, Beck's Latin Syntax,

Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and the American Translation of Freund's
to

Lexicon."

HOEACE.
The Works

of

Horace.

With English Notes by the Rev. Arthur

of King Edward's School, Bath.

Macleane, A. M., Head Master

Revised and Edited by
Cloth.

Reginald H. Chase, A. M.

12mo.

Price, $ 1.50.

This edition of Horace is substantially the same with the Abridgment of the
celebrated edition of Macleane in the " Bibliotheca Classica," only such changes
having been made in the notes as seemed necessary to adapt them to the use of
students in the colleges and schools of the United States. The Arguments of
the Odes have been introduced from the larger work; and Dr. Beck's Introduction
to the Metres has been appended to the Notes.
The text is the same as in the larger edition. There may be found some little
changes in the respect of interpretation, but not such as to cause any embarrassment to those who may happen to consult both editions. Discussions respecting
the various readings have been omitted ; the information and assistance contained
in the Introductions have been for the most part condensed and transferred to the
Isotes. A few more passages have been translated, and some notes have been added
which were not thought necessary in the larger edition. General remarks have
been almost entirely omitted, as well us discussions on disputed points and the
various opinions of other editions.
The high character of the English edition of Macleane, as well as the skill of the
American Editor in his preparation of the work, have rendered the present edition
highly acceptable in the various colleges and seminaries where it has come into
use.

CICERO PEG CLUENTIO.

. T.

Ciceronis pro

lish

A. Cldentio Habito Oratio ad Judices

Notes by A. Stickney, A. M.,

Trinity College.

12mo.

Cloth,

with Eng-

late Professor of

pp.144.

Latin in

Price, $1.00.

Extract from the Preface.

" The present edition of Cicero pro Cluentio

is intended as a text-book for college

use. The Notes are designed to supply the student only with such information in
respect to the facts of the case and the scope of the argument as is necessary to the
proper understanding of the Oration. Grammatical peculiarities are also noticed to
a considerable extent, especially in the earlier part of the Oration.
'The text was already printed before the editor undertook the preparation of the
notes.
It is simply a reprint of that of Klote, as it appears in the Teubuer edition,
published at Leipzig. In a few cases various readings have been given in the notes,
where they afforded aid iu the explanation of any particular passage. The editions
consulted in the preparation of the notes are those of Professor Ramsay, Glasgow,
1858, of Klotz, Leipzig, 1835-39; of Classen, Bonn, 1831; of George Long, London,
The gram1855; of Garatoni, Naples, 1789, and the Commentary of Manutius.
mars referred to are those of Zumpt, Madvig, and Andrews and Stoddard. The
references are, however, almost entirely to Zumpt, as there is at present no generally accessible edition of Madvig.
An Introduction and an outline of the Speech
are prefixed, with the sections numbered for the purpose of reference in the
notes."

10

MODEM GREEK

SELECTIONS PROM

With Notes by

In Prose and Poetry.

WRITERS.

Felton, LL. D.,

C. C.

Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University.

pp.214.

Cloth,

late

12mo.

Price, $1.25.

Extract from the Preface.

" The

object of this

little

United States a book which

volume

may

is to

place in the hands of Greek students in the

exhibit the present state of the Greek language, as

written and spoken by cultivated men, and the character of the popular language

and beautiful poems, the Klephtic

as exhibited in those simple

festive songs of Christopoulos.

reference to the history

The

and condition of Greece.

authors, and have taken only passages bearing

interest

and value of themselves.

I have limited myself to a few

upon the subject and having an

Both,

think, are distinguished for their

eloquence and the great interest that attaches to the

.... The

Their authors are

among

memory

of those

among

or such as celebrate heroes and heroic acts

during the Turkish domination and the war of the Revolution.

historical importance, as well as its martial

Rhegas as a

and

his delicate poetical genius, induced

the end are intended only to explain words

to

Grammar, as that of Mr.

The few

notes at

is

&uostantially the language that

was spoken in the Alexandrine and Byzantine periods

but there are important

than modifications of the meaning of words.

grammar

of the language

is

modern

connection with the Ancient Greek

difficulties,

of

official

dis-

between the ancient and modern, growing out of changes in the structure
Nearly

all

the words

now em-

ployed by educated Greeks are the same that were used by their ancestors
the

easily

and with some Modern Greek

Sophocles.

" The Greek, as spoken at the present day,

less

of

end the volume with

and phrases which cannot be

familiar with the Ancient Greek,

of its

War-Song of

The grace and gayety

me

a few specimens of the anacreontic songs of this favorite author.

made out by one

On account

I regarded the

spirit,

fitting close to these strains of native poetry.

Christopoulos,

no

they

the simple and hardy people in the midst of

they spontaneously sprang up

tinctions

whom

the most eminent of the living Greeks.

few Klephtic ballads here offered to the reader are such as exhibit the

tone of thought and feeling

whom

and the

Of the numerous discourses delivered on various

occasions, I have selected only two.

commemorate.

ballads

been made with particular

selections have

The book

and

so reading

it,

is

11

to

but

the student will find few

except in the dialectic peculiarities of the popular poetry, or the

and other persons, which belong wholly

intended to be read in

modern history."

titles

A TEEATISE ON LOGIC
Or The Laws of Pure Thought.
the Hamiltonian

Bowen,

Comprising both the Aristotelic and

Analyses of Logical

Forms.

By Francis

Alford Professor of Moral Philosophy in Harvard Uni-

12mo.

versity.

Price/$

Cloth.

From
"

the

Round

2.00.

Table.

We

can confidently pronounce^ this work to be scholar-like and thorough in

character, and most honorable to the distinguished position and reputation of

its

its

respected author."

From

Zion's Herald.

" As regards definition, clearness, and fulness of statement of the various point3
which make a complete scientific treatise, we think he has succeeded in producing
a better text-book than any other before the American people."

From

the

New

Englander.

" The plan of Professor Bowen is more comprehensive than that of Thomson,
Hamilton, or AVilson. The execution is in many respects deserving of high commendation, as we should expect it to be, from the well-known ability, thoroughness, and industry of the author."

From

the Baptist Quarterly.

" This work of Professor Bowen's presents the results of logical study, both in
ancient and modern times, within a comparatively small compass, and with great
discrimination and skill. He is thoroughly master of the science, and has digested
all that his predecessors have written; and from the diverse systems and opposing
theories lie has evolved a complete logical system, in which his own positive contributions appear with no inconsiderable prominence and aid not a little in giving
completeness and unity to the result. It is a work requiring to be studied with
care and patience in order to arrive at the mastery of its reasonings and the full
comprehension of the science as unfolded by Professor Bowen. The work here undertaken could hardly have fallen into more competent hands, and the volume
promises to stand pre-eminent

among

From
"The

present work

has made, in this

who

treatises of its class."

the Btbliotheca Sacra.

an index of the great progress which the science of Logic

country and in England, during the last thirty years. Those
is

studied Prof. Hedge's Logic forty years ago, will scarcely recognize the same

subject as

it is

the science in

what

is

unsettled.
ject of

treated in the present, volume.

its

common

The book

which

The author has thoroughly studied

present state of advancement, has incorporated into his volume

to the different systems,

will at

once take

and reviews such questions

its

it treats.

12

as are still

place as the best text-book on the sub-

THE GREEK HISTORIANS.

SELECTIONS FROM THE GREEK HISTORIANS.
Arranged

With Notes by Cornelius

the order of events.

in

Felton, President of Harvard

$

12mo.

University.

C.

Cloth,

2.00.

In this

work the most famous events of Greek History are given from

In this way a complete course

of reading in this department can be pursued in one book, and the trouble
of changing from the works of one author to those of another in a great
different authors, clrronologically arranged.

The name

degree obviated.

of the late President Felton gives a sufficient

guaranty of the excellence of the selection, and it is enough to say that

the plan has been in every respect universally approved. To show the
extent of the ground covered, a list of the authors is given, together with
the subjects of the extracts respectively taken from them
:

The

DIODORUS SICULUS.

Muses; Herakles
Orpheus; the Argonauts; the Seven at Thebes and the Epigoni, Oinomaos, Tantalos, &c.
;

THUCYDIDES. Ancient condition of Hellas.

HERODOTUS. Capture of Miletos and Subjection of the

other Ionians;

Embassy sent by Darius to Greece ExpeExpedition of Mardonios

Battle of Marathon
Succession of
dition of Datis and Artaphernes
Xerxes to the Throne Debate upon the Invasion of Greece March of
Battle of Thermopylai
Preparations of the Greeks
the Persians
Occupation of Salamis by the AtheniSea-Fights near Artemision
Siege
Battle of Plataia ; Battle of Mykale
Battle of Salamis
ans
and Capture of Sestos.
;

Origin and Growth of the Athenian Empire, from the

Congress at Sparta
Speech of
Persian to the Peloponnesian War
Pericles
Attempt upon Plataia; Public Feeling in Greece; Resouices
Funeral
those
who feil
of
Public
Attica
of
Invasion
First
of Athens
His Death and Character,
Defence of Pericles
in the First Summer
AmAttack on the Peiraieus Revolt of Lesbos
Siege of Plataia
Debate on the
Battle of Mantineia
Fifty Years' Treatv
phipolis
Final Scenes of the Sicilian Expedition; Effects
Sicilian Expedition
Oligarchy of the Four Hundred, and its
of the Disasters in Sicilv
Overthrow Sea-Fight off Kynos-Sema.

THUCYDIDES.

XENOPHON Return of Alkibiades

tle

Tyrants and their

Sea-Fight near Arginousai

Bat-

The Thirty
Taking of Athens by Lysandros
Overthrow Peace of Antalkidas ; Battle of Leuktra;

of Aigospotamoi

Battle of Mantineia.

DIODORUS SICULUS.

Accession of King

End of the Phocian War

A BRIAN. Destruction of Thebes
thos

Capture of OlynPhilip
Death of ghilip.
Battle of Chaironeia
;

Battle of Issos

DIODORUS SICULUS. The Lamian War.

POLYBIUS The Achaian League Battle
;

of Sellasia

Freedom of Hellas proclaimed.

AUSANIAS. Capture

of Korinthos

13

Death of Alexander.

Catastrophe.

Philopoimen

CHEMICAL TABLES.
By Stephen

P. Siiareles, S. B.

12mo.

Cloth,

pp.192.

Price,

$2.25.

The work was undertaken

of Harvard University, and

at the suggestion of

was executed under

In reference to

supervision.

it

he says

Prof. Wolcott Gibbs,

his immediate personal

"During the preparation of Mr. Sharples's work I have had repeated opportunities
and labor bestowed upon it. All the tables have been thoroughly
"Whenever it was possible, the tables
revised, and the proof-sheets repeatedly read.
have beeu checked by differencing. Of course it is impossible that such a work
should be free from errors, but I believe that but few will be detected. Upon the
whole, I think that a work so conscientiously executed and so extensive will be found
of real value to the working chemist."
to observe the care

From Prof. B. Silliman, Yale College.

" I have examined with much satisfaction the copy of Sharples's 'Chemical Tayou were so good as to Srnd me. The work evinces care and discrimination in
the selection and arrangement of the materials which cover a much wider range of
This is
topics than can be found in any other manual with which I am familiar.
especially true in those departments of Chemical Physics, in which such rapid
progress has been made within a few years past, as to render Mr. Sharplts's book a
most acceptable addition to the library and laboratory of every chemist, whether he
be teacher or pupil."

bles,'

From

H. Douglass, University of Michigan.

Prof. S.

" I have carefully examined the work, and am free to say that I consider it one of
Aside from new matter, it contains a large
great value to the chemical student.
amount of material usually distributed through a great number of works, and frequently difficult to find at just the time the student wants, even if he has a chemical
library."

..

From Prof
Columbia College,
Y.
" I have examined, with pleasure, the very extensive and valuable collection of
Chemical and Physical Tables which you hive lately published.
"Their use will save the time and trouble that are now expended in hunting down
the information contained in them through many volumes.
"They will be found indispensable to those, engaged in the pursuit of these sciences."
From Prof

G. C. Caldwell, Agricultural College, Pa.

itself (Chemical Tables, by S. P. Sharpies) I am glad to be able to

hearty commendation. The idea was a capital one of thus bringing together,
in a small hand-book, these tables, which are of great value to th, chemist, and
which were scattered through many works, and not conveniently accessible to most,
and not at all accessible to some. The work just meets a want of my own. I shall
keep it always within easy reach on my table., and shall introduce its use in my
classes.
I am confident that in whatever way I. may busy myself with chemistry,
whether as a student or a practical chemist or a teacher of the science, I shall find
the work in question an exceedingly useful one."

"To

give

the work

my

From Prof. G. J. Brush, Yale College.

" I have examined the Chemical Tables with considerable care, and I consider the
book the most complete collection of the kind that I am acquaitited with, and Mr.
Sharpies has done a good service in thus bringing together so much valuable matter.
The book shows careful editing, and will be invaluable to every working laboratory.
"I thank you much for you courtesy in presenting me with an early copy of the
work."
From

Prof.

ill.

Perkins, Union College,

Y.

"I beg leave to thank you for Mr. Sharples's Chemical Tables, and take pleasure
in saying that I think them a very valuable collection, and shad take great pleasure
owp students working iu the laboratory. No practical
in recommending them to

my

chemist should be without them "

14

The Works of

New

the

Norwegian Writer,

Bjornstjerne Bjornson.
Already Published

ARNE.

THE HAPPY BOY.

THE RAILROAD AND THE CHURCHYARD.
NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
London Atheuceum.

name of a young writer whose works a few short

have created an extraordinary sensasome poems, and a dramatic woijc

Bjornstjerne Bjornson

is

the

stories,

tion through Scandinavia.

From an

obscure publisher in a small town in the north

of Norway, his book soon found its way to the right places ; and when it came to
the capital of Denmark, it caused equal pleasure and astonishment. The feeling
between Denmark and Norway has, unfortunately, in later years been less cordial
and a sort of peevish, suspicious tone on the side of the Danes, and a boastful
behavior on the part of the Norwegians, has not tended to strengthen the feeling of
friendship.

That a book written by a Norwegian, whose

language generally spoken in

Norway

subjects, style,

and

dia-

Danish) so thoroughly represent

his nation, should immediately have gained unquestionable praise from all Danes
and Swedes, speaks strongly for its great intrinsic merit. But, after all, it is no

lect (the

is

We know of nothing more beautiful

than some of these stories. What

His heroes are peasants, his
and simplicity what poetry
but how happy we feel in their society, how deeply interIn style, these stories bear a slight resemblance to
ested in what they say and do
the old sagas the characters described are so true to nature, so real, that you seem
to feel their presence, and fancy them old acquaintances, after a few strokes of the

wonder.

originality, purity,

heroines peasant girls

With M. Bjornson a new era begins in Scandinavian literature.

.
.
We recommend " Arne " for the insight it gives into peasant life in Norway, and for the singularity and pathos of the narrative, which oblige the reader,
when once he has taken it up, to read to the end.
pen.
.

The Independent.
In speaking specially of Bjornson, I wish to make his books an exception to
those titles which daily flame from the publishers' columns. He has stepped at
once into a new place, and made

we

are introduced,

we

it

own. Or, if it is not a new world into which

one enveloped in a new atmosphere, and it

his

find the old

assumes under his touch an almost fairy significance. It may be said that much
of this freshness and simplicity come from the really little we know of Norway,
and the latent power in a simple theme simply treated. I think something like
this has been urged ; but when you refer the genius of an author in this broad way
to the choice treatment of a topic,

you have rather asserted than explained

it.

Good

choice and happy execution are what define for us

all excellence of which art or

have spoken of Bjb'rnson as a story-teller but he is a
if he dealt directly with the accessories of verse.
The
bursts of song which are scattered through " Arne " are well done, and very

authorship
poet, too,
little

capable.

is

as

much

sweet in their place

his art into prose,

so as

but I do not include his

is

not as perfect as

delicious a story as any fairy tale

prosaic conditions of genuine

tion,

Carrying

lyrical quality in these.

is hardly a page in "Arne" and the

" Arne " is as
were a summer idyl.
can be, or ever was. Without shirking the plain,

poetic; and there

it is still

" Happy Boy " that

human

as the June landscapes

if it

life, it

yet constantly appeals to our imagina-

at sunset intimate the Fortunate Islands beyond.

Its glimpses into nature are as true as Shakespeare's.

In forthright honesty of

he has set an example to his craft that the world

there was any likelihood it would be followed.
say just enough, and make a few simple strokes in the picture

could not thank him too

He knows how
tell.

It

to

for, if

He

has the ease of good writing throughout.

evidently confides in the

and believes he may leave many things

reader's aptness,
risk.

style

much

Hence, we

find

to suggestion without

him always saying the right thing at the right time and in
when the chapter is done. The very first page of
and of "Arne," too
affords a marked illustration of the

the right way, and leaving off

"The Happy Boy"

The

pure sufficiency of a few words.

Marit, and the schoolmaster,

chapter of correspondence between Oeyvind,

not only naive and unique, but has a pathetic tenderness that almost moistens the eyes.

How

long

has worn

But

off

we

shall continue to like stories like

and

their slender

for the present

ture so

much

in

is

they

make

demand.

framework

is

these,

when

their

newness

exposed, I do not assume to say.

a pleasant transition from the highly spiced litera-

Their simplicity and freshness, their delicate shading

of color, abounding pathos, subtle insight of moods and character, and dainty

become known, a welcome

under many roofs. They are not for the old alone, nor merely for the young
they weave their spell around the whole family-circle.
In no way, too, and by no writer have the sanctities of religion been so tenderly expressed. Their presence saturates the very texture of " The Happy Boy,"
without the least impertinence of pietistic cant, and falls like a soothing benediction.
The freedom and buoyancy of life, however, is nowhere checked and
reserve in expression, must win them, as fast as they

Sunday

and the cup of ale do not seem,

duty to God and man.

relaxation, the social dance,

with the

least, to interfere

fullest

in

Norway

at

The Nation.

One

of Bjbrnson's strong points

is

his skill in putting a landscape before us, not

though for that matter " word-painting " never puts a landscape before us, but by a few happy sentences which serve as eyes, because they

by " word-painting,"

are the words of one with a strong love of nature

with an ability to see the pic-

turesqueness of a scene as well as to feel the sentiment of it with the ability, too,
and the will, to choose descriptive words, and with an incapacity of performing the
;

word-painters trick of selecting fine phrases because they are fine. Touches of
this power now and again occur in the " Fisher Maiden," but not so frequently as
in " Arne." ... It is not then for his power as a thinker that Bjornson is to be
admired.

He

is

a lyrical poet.

when he attempts

Capable of

failing in

to take philosophical views of

life,

drama,

he

is

liable to

seem weak

yet gifted with such a

capacity of feeling, and he has so much of the poet's power to tell us with precision what moves his soul and appears to his vision, and so much of the artist's
power of selection and self- restraint, that he takes his place among the most genuine and delightful of the minor poets of uature and of the affections.