Beruflich Dokumente
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LESSONS 1 and 2
BEAT: Strike repeatedly / Golpear,
apalear.
BELIEVE: To accept as true / Creer.
COACH: To train / Entrenar.
DOUBT: Not to believe / Dudar.
IMAGINE: To think of something /
Imaginar.
JOIN: To combine two or more things /
Unir
KICK: Strike with the foot / Patear
LOSE: Miss something / Perder
MATCH: Bring into agreement /
Combinar
RACE: Engage in a contest of speed /
Correr.
SCORE: Make, record or write a
punctuation / Marcar, anotar.
SUPPOSE: Assume / Suponer, Asumir
TIE UP: Join in any way / Empatar, unir.
WIN: Aquire by effort / Ganar.
CERTAIN: Sure / Cierto
CERTAINLY: Surely / Ciertamente
FARTHEST: Most remote / El mas
lejano.
FURTHEST: Most remote / El mas
lejano.
MOST: The majority; superlative / La
mayor parte
POSITIVE: Certain / Seguro.
QUITE: Very / Muy.
SO: In such a manner / De esta manera,
tan, asi
SURELY: Certainly / Seguramente
TOWARD(S): In the direction of / Hacia
UNCERTAIN: Doubtful / Incierto.
FOR SURE: Certainly / Seguramente.
COACH: Tutor who assists students /
Instructor, Entrenador
DOUBT: State of being uncertain / Duda
FIELD: A visible area / Campo, area.
GOAL: The point that limits a race /
Meta.
KNOT: An interlacement, as wirh
cordage / Nudo.
MATCH: An encounter / Partido.
We use so after some verbs as a substitute for a that-noun clause. The most
common verbs followed by so are think, believe, guess, hope, imagine,
and suppose.
Will Jack come to the party?
I think so. (I think that Jack will come.)
Has Bill finished his work?
I hope so. (I hope that Bill has finished his work.)
The er and est forms are used with one syllable adverbs.
early*
earlier (than)
the earliest
far
farther (than)
further (than)
the farthest
the furthest
hard
harder (than)
the hardest
high
higher (than)
the highest
late
later (than)
the latest
low
lower (than)
the lowest
near
nearer (than)
the nearest
slow
slower (than)
the slowest
soon
sooner (than)
the soonest
straight
straighter (than)
the straightest
LESSONS 3 and 4
ALLOW: To permit, to let / Permitir.
APPRECIATE: To value / Apreciar,
estimar.
BE MADE UP OF: To construct of / Hecho
de...
DO OVER: Do something again / Hacerlo de
nuevo.
OWE: To be indebted, to the amount of /
Adeudar.
PAY BACK / PAID OVER: To repay, to
retaliate upon / Reembolsar, pagar.
PUT OUT: To extinguish / Extigir, apagar
THROW AWAY: To waste / Malgastar,
tirar.
THROW OUT: To reject / Rechazar.
WAKE UP: To be aware / Despertar.
AWAY: Not near, far / Lejos.
FOND (OF): Having a liking for / Ser
aficionado.
INTO: Toward and within / Hacia dentro.
MAN-MADE: No natural / Artificial.
NATURAL: No artificial / Natural.
PAST: Pasado
ASHTRAY: A container for smoker's
tobacco ashes / Cenicero
BRACELET: An ornamental band or chain
worn about the wrist or arm / Brazalete.
CHAIN: A flexible series of joined links /
Cadena.
COPPER: A kind of metal / Cobre.
COTTON: The, white hairs around the seeds
of certain mallow plants / Algodn.
DIAMOND: A nearly pure, brillant,
crystaline carbon, the hardest mineral known /
Diamante
EARRINGS: A ring or other small ornament
for the lobe of the ear / Aretes.
GLASS: A hard, brittle substance, usually
transparent / Cristal.
GOLD: A kind of metal / Oro.
IRON: A kind of metal / Hierro.
COULD AS PERMISSION
REVIEW OF MODALS.
NOUN ADJUNCTS.
LESSONS 5 and 6
AMOUNT TO: The total sum of two or
more sums / Sumar, hacer total de.
BARGAIN: Something sold at a price
favorable to the buyer / Ganga, barata
DECREASE: To become or make less,
smaller, etc. / Disminuir.
DISCOUNT: To deduct from an amount
/ Descontar.
FIT: Adapted to an end / Ajustar.
INCREASE: An enlargement / Un
Incremento.
REDUCE: To lower / Reducir.
SEW: To unite or fasten by stitches made
with thread and needle / Coser.
TRY ON: To test, or to put to proof /
Probar.
FREE: Independent / Libre.
IRREGULAR:
Not
regular,
not
according or established / Irregular.
LESS: Not so much, not so great /
Menos, no tan grande.
MEDIUM: That which lies in the middle
/ Mediano.
MUCH: Many in number, great in
quantity / Mucho.
OFF: So as to move away, to a distance,
to a state or point of discontinuance /
Retirado, apagado.
PERCENT: Parts, or a specified number
of parts, in or to every hundred /
Porciento.
SALES: A contract whereby the
ownership of property is transferred /
Venta.
SPECIAL: Distinguished by some
unusual quality / Especial.
-ER: A suffix forming the comparative
degree of adjectives and adverbs / Mas (+
el adjetivo o advervio).
OR: A coordinating particle that marks
an alternative / o.
AMOUNT: The whole value or result /
Cantidad.
PHRASAL VERBS
The term phrasal verb refers to a verb and an adverb that are together. This
verb and adverb have a special meaning.
He put on his hat.
She wrote down the telephone number.
They threw away the old newspapers.
Many times a phrasal verb will have an object. There are two possible
positions for the object.
If the object is a noun, it can come before the adverb or after it.
He turned on the radio.
He turned the radio on.
Shell look up the word in the dictionary.
Shell look the word up in the dictionary.
If the object of a phrasal verb is a pronoun (me, you, him, her, etc.), the
pronoun must be between the verb and the adverb.
I like the hat. Try it on.
Ill give you the money, but you must pay it back.
Shes sleeping. dont wake her up.
Phrasal verbs are very common in conversation.
DIRECT SPEECH
(present tense)
REPORTED SPEECH
(past tense)
may
might
might
might
can
could
could
could
am / is / are / able to
The suffix -er and -or can be added to some verbs to make nouns to
express the meaning of one who or that which.
He teaches students to read.
Hes a teacher.
She collects stamps.
Shes a stamp collector*.
*Collector, visitor, educator, and instructor are spelled with -or.
LESSONS 7 and 8
HOW
ADJECTIVE
The question word how has many uses. It is often used with adjectives to
asks questions.
How high asks about height.
How tall* asks about height.
How far asks about distance.
How wide asks about width.
How deep asks about depth.
How old asks about age.
How heavy asks about weight.
How hot / cold asks about temperature.
A question with what can be used for a question with how.
How long is it?
What's its length?
* tall is used to refer to someone or something from the ground up; high
is used when talking about something at a point above the ground.
IF CLAUSES
Certain if-conditional sentences express something that is true. The
simple present tense can be used in the if-clause and the imperative or
present tense in the main clause.
IF CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
(condition)
(result)
If the TV doesn't work,
If I get up at 0600,
If I don't eat lunch,
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
LARGE QUANTITIES
Many is used to refer to count nouns.
Much is used to refer to noncount nouns. It's usually used in
negative sentences.
A lot is used to refer to both count and noncount nouns.
SMALL QUANTITIES
A few is used to refer to count nouns.
A little is used to refer to noncount nouns.
GENERAL QUANTITIES
Some, any, and none are used to refer to both count and no count
nouns.
Use some in an affirmative statement and question.
Use any in a negative statement and a question.
Use none in an affirmative statement only.
LESSONS 9 and 10
ASSIGN: To set apart or mark for specific
purpose / Asignar.
PROMOTE: To raise to higher position or
rank / Promover, ascender.
SERVE: To do military or naval service for /
Prestar servicio (terminologa militar).
STATION: The place where a person or
thing stands or is located / Estacin.
TRAIN: To instruct so as to make proficient
/ Entrenar.
ADVANCED: To bring forward / Avanzado.
BASIC: A basic principle, factor, etc. /
Fundamental, bsico.
ENLISTED: To enroll in some branch of the
armed forces / Alistarse, darse de lata.
RETIRED: To withdraw to a secluded
please / Jubilado, retirado.
AIRMAN BASIC: An enlisted person in the
U.S. Air force / Recluta de la fuerza aerea.
AIRMAN FIRST CLASS: An enlisted
person in the U.S. Air force / Soldado de 1/a.
(aerotecnico).
AIRMED FORCES: All the military, Naval,
and Air forces of a country / Fuerzas
armadas.
ASSIGNMENT: An assigning or being
assigned / Asignacin.
BAR: Narrow piece of woof, metal, etc. /
Barra.
CAPTAIN: An officer ranking just above
first lieutenant / Capitn.
CHANCE: The happening of events without
apparent cause lurk / Oportunidad,
casualidad, suerte.
COMANDER: Military or naval force, or
district / Comandante.
CORPORAL:
The
lowest
ranking
noncommissioned officer, just below a
sergeant / Cabo.
LANCE CORPORAL: The lowest ranking
noncommissioned lance corporal just below a
sergeant / Cabo del cuerpo de marinos.
LIEUTENANT: An officer ranking just
above a lieutenant junior grade / Teniente.
LIEUTENANT COMMANDER: U.S.
Navy an officer ranking just above a
lieutenant / Teniente de Corbeta.
LIEUTENANT JUNIOR GRADE: U.S.
Navy an officer above an ensign / Teniente de
Fragata.
a man
a fish
JUST / SOON
AS... AS COMPARISONS.
We uses an as ... as construction with adjectives an adverbs to make
Comparisons, look at the examples.
1. Jack is twenty years old.
Bill is twenty years old.
Jack is as old as Bill.
(= They are same age.)
2. Fred is rich.
He is richer than his brother John.
John isnt as rich as his brother Fred.
(= Fred is richer.)
3. Linda finished her work in two hours.
Betty finished in the same time.
Betty worked as fast as Linda worker.
(= Betty and Linda worked at the same speed.)
4. Bob studies hard every night.
Mary sometimes studies.
Mary doesnt study as hard as Bob does.
(= Bob studies harder than Mary.)
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE.
Will + be + Verb-ing.
LESSONS 11 and 12
BE BORN: Brought into life / Nacer.
BLOOM: A flower, blossom / Florecer.
DESTROY: To tear down, demolish /
Destruir.
GRAZE: To put livestock to feed on
(growing, grass) / Pastar.
HARVEST: The time of the year when
fruit, etc., are gathered in / Cosechar.
LIGHT: The form of
radiant energy
acting on the retina of the eye to make sight
possible / Encender.
LOCATE: To establish in a certain place /
localizar.
MAKE: To bring into being, build, create /
Hacer.
PLANT: A living thing that cannot move
voluntarily, has no sense, organs and
synthesizes food from carbon dioxide /
Plantar.
RAISE: To cause, to raise, to lift / Levantar,
criar.
REFLECT: To throw back (light, heat , or
sound) / Reflejar.
TAKE CARE OF: To get possession of;
capture / Cuidar de algo.
IN (FULL) BLOOM: Floreciendo.
A LITTLE : Small size, amount degree /
Poco (contable).
A LOT: The deciding of a matter by chance /
Mucho (contable o no contable.)
AROUND: A circle, in every direction, in
circumference / Alrededor de.
BECAUSE OF: By reason of / Por que de.
EXTREMELY: Very great, excessive /
Extremadamente.
MUCH: Great in quantity, degree / Mucho.
THICK: Of relative great extent from side
to side / Grueso.
WHEN: At what time? / Cuando.
WHERE: In or at what place? / Donde.
BARN: A farm building for shelter and
harvested crops / Granero.
BRIDGE: Structure built over a river /
Puente.
BULL: Adult male of a bovine animal/ Toro.
ADVERBS OF DEGREE.
We can use certain adverbs before adjectives and others adverbs to
make the meaning stronger. These adverbs have the general meaning
of very. For example:
extremely cheap (adverb + adjective)
really interesting (adverb + adjective)
rather good (adverb + adjective)
terribly noisy (adverb + adjective).
quite fast (adverb + adverb)
so well (adverb + adverb).
very quickly (adverb + adverb).
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH WHERE AND WHEN
Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place. It comes
right after the place.
We found a restaurant.
The food was good (at the restaurant).
We found a restaurant where the food was good.
(where refers to restaurant, a place.)
When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time. It
comes right after the noun.
The summer was hot.
We went to San Francisco (during that summer).
The summer when we went to San Francisco was hot.
(when refers to summers, a noun of time).
IF CONDITIONAL
MAIN CLAUSE
(RESULT)
Present Progressive
Future/Modal/Imperative
If youre looking for Bill.
library.
Future/Modal/Imperative
LESSONS 13 and 14
AFFORD: To give yield / Ofrecer.
BE BORN: To birth / Nacer.
BE OVER: Above in authority, power /
Acabar.
BELIVE IN: To take as true / Creer en.
BLOW OUT: To send forth air, as with the
mount slang a party / Soplar.
COME OVER: To arrive or visit / Visitar.
CONTINUE: To go on again after an
interruption / Continuar.
DROP BY: To pay a casual visit / Visitar.
DROP OVER: To pay a casual visit /
Visitar.
GO OVER: To move along, travel / Visitar.
LOOK FORWARD: To anticipate / Estar
ansioso de.
MUST: Used to express necessity / Deber,
tener que.
SING: To produce musical sounds with the
voice / Cantar.
TURN DOWN: To decrease the volume /
Bajar volmen.
TURN UP: To increase the volume / Subir el
volmen.
WRAP: To enclose and fasten in paper /
Envolver.
ALL: The whole quantify / Todo.
BESIDE: At the side of; near / A lado de,
Junto a.
BESIDES: In addition / Ademas.
BROKE: Without money / Arruinado.
COMFORTABLE: To providing comfort,
sufficient to satisfy / Comodo, comfortable.
POOR: Having little or no means of support,
needy / Pobre.
POORLY: Worthy of pity, unfortunate the
poor / Pobremente.
PRETTY: Attractive in a dainty / Bonito.
PROUD: To arrogant, haughty / Orgulloso.
look forward to
plan on
thank someone for
adjective + preposition
afraid of
bored with
excited about
found of
frightened of
happy about
interested in
nervous about
proud of
scared of
talk about
think of
tired of
worried about
MUST AS PROBABILITY
Must is used with the simple present tense or the present
progressive to express probability.
Steve is smiling. He must be happy.
I smell smoke. Something must be burning.
Must not is used for the negative.
Johns lights are off. He must not be at home.
Betty isnt eating. She must not be hungry.
We use the modals must, may, might, and could to make
deductions and conclusions from the information that we receive.
Must is used when we are very sure or very certain about something.
May, might, and could are used when we are less sure or certain.
must
may
might
could
very sure
less sure
REVIEW OF MODALS
Must and have / has to both express necessity and obligation.
You must have money to buy a car.
I cant go. I have to study for a test.
Must not is used to express prohibition.
You must not smoke in the building.
(Dont smoke in the building.)
You must not drive through a red light.
(Dont drive through a red light.)
Not have / has to is used to express lack of necessity.
Tomorrow is Saturday. We dont have to go to class.
We have a lot of time. We dont have to study.
Will and be going to are both used to express future time.
Frank will finish packing tonight.
He is going to finish packing tonight.
Could and would are used to make request.
Would you close the window?.
Could you please hand me the sugar?
LESSONS 15 and 16
ATTEMPT (TO): To try to do, get /
Intentar.
BOARD: A long flat piece of sawed
wood / Tablero.
CANCEL: To mark over with lines /
Cancelar.
OUGHT TO: Obligation, duty or
desirability / Deber hacer.
PROMISE: An agreement to do or not
to do something / Prometer, promesa.
PUT ASIDE: To reserve for later use to
set / Apartar.
REPORT: To give an account of as for
publication / Informe, parte, denunciar.
SMELL: To be aware of trough the
nose, detect the odor of / Oler, olor.
TASTE: To taste the flavor or by
putting a little in ones mouth / Gusto,
probar.
TOUR: A long trip, as for sightseeing /
Viajar.
BY ACCIDENT: An unintended
happening by chance / Por accidente.
BY CHANCE: Accidentally an un
predictable event / Por suerte, por
casualidad.
ON AND ON: Time after time / Una y
otra vez.
TAKE A CHANCE: To get possession
of capture, seize / Tomar una
oportunidad.
ABROAD: Far and wide in circulation /
Ir al extranjero.
ACCIDENTAL: Happening by chance /
Imprevisto, fortuito.
PASSENGER: A person traveling in a
train, boat, car / Pasajero, viajero.
REFRESHMENT: A refreshing or
being refreshed / Refrigerio, comida
ligera.
AS SOON AS: Tan pronto como.
BY: Near, at, in or during / Cerca, al
lado, por.
FOREING: Situated outside ones own
country locality / Extranjero.
OUGHT TO AS ADVICE
Should and ought to are both used to give advice.
You dont look good. You should see a doctor.
You dont look good. You ought to see a doctor.
The negative contraction of should is shouldnt.
Ought to is not usually used in the negative or in questions.
When a modal is used in indirect speech, it is frequently changed
in reported speech.
DIRECT SPEECH.
REPORTED SPEECH.
( present tense )
( past tense )
Will
Would.
Present- BE going to
Past.-Be going to.
Must ( necessity )
Had to *
Have / has to.
Had to*
Not have to
Must not ( prohibition ).
Didnt have to.
Must not.
*Notice that had to is used
instead of must in past tense
reported speech when must
means necessity.
IRREGULAR ADVERBS.
Some adverbs have irregular comparisons.
ADVERB
COMPARATIVE
Well.
Better than.
Badly
worse than
SUPERLATIVE
The best.
the worst.
LESSONS 17 and 18
ATTEND: To pay attention, to go with,
to stretch / Atender.
COMPLAIN: To express dislike,
displeasure / Quejarse.
CRAWL: To move slowly by dragging
the body along the ground / Arrastrarse.
DRILL: Systematic military or physical
training / Adiestramiento militar.
ENTER: To come or go into, to penetrate
/ Entrar, ingresar.
FALL IN: To line up in formation /
Formar filas.
GUARD: To watch over and protect,
defend, to act as a guard / Resguardar.
INSTRUCT: To teach, educate, to
inform / Instruir.
IRON: A metallic chemical element, the
most common of all metal / Hierro.
JOIN: To bring or come together (with),
connect, unite to become a part or
member of club, armed force etc. / Unir,
asociar, juntar.
MARCH: To walk with regular steps, as
in military formation / Marchar.
MOP: A bundle of rags, or yarns, a
sponge, etc. fastened to the end of a stick,
as for washing floors / Trapear.
POLISH: To smooth and brighten, as by
rubbing, refine / Lustrar, pulir.
SCRUB: A thick growth of stunted trees
or bushes, any person or thing smaller
than the usual, or inferior / Restregar.
SWEAT: Perspire / Sudar.
SWEEP: To clean a floor, etc. as by
brushing with a broom / Barrer.
YELL: To cry out loudly, scream /
Gritar.
AT ATTENTION: Firmes.
THIS IS KILLING ME: Esto me esta
matando.
EVERYTHING: Ever any matter / Todo
More and most are used with adverbs of 2 or more syllables for
the comparative and superlative forms.
ADVERB
slowly
carefully
frequently
COMPARATIVE
more slowly than
more carefully than
more frequently than
SUPERLATIVE
the most slowly
the most carefully
the most frequently
correctly
naturally
softly
quietly
careful
cautious
slow
nervous
quick
carefully
cautiously
slowly
nervously
quickly
*angry
angrily
*easy
easily
*reasonable reasonably
PROMOTE - PROMOTION
The suffix -ion may be added to some verbs to form nouns. Note
the spelling changes.
collect
educate
locate
operate
collection
education
location
operation
confuse
instruct
select
promote
confusion
instruction
selection
promotion
LESSONS 19 and 20
BARBECUE: A hog, steer, etc. roasted
whole over an open fire / Parrillada.
CELEBRATE: To commemorate an
anniversary, holyday, etc. / Celebrar.
HOLD: To keep in a certain position or
condition / Mantener, sujetar, sostener.
INVITE: To ask to come somewhere or do
something / Invitar, convidar.
MISS: Tittle used before the name of an
unmarried woman o girl / Seorita.
SLICE: A relatively thin, broad piece cut
from something / Rebanada.
WILL: Auxiliary verb used to indicate
simple future time / Auxiliar usado para
indicar tiempo futuro.
WOULD: Auxiliary past will, used to
express a supposition or condition / Usado
para expresar una condicion o suposicion.
AFRAID: Feeling frightened / Asustado,
atemorizado.
AFTERWARDS: Later, subsequently, also /
Despues, luego.
ANYWHERE: Any place / Donde quiera, en
cualquier sitio o parte.
AS: Equally /Asi de, tan, como.
BEFORE: Previously / Antes.
FRESH: Recently made / Fresco.
INSIDE: Inner side, surface, or part /
Interior, parte de adentro.
NOWHERE: Not in, at, or to any place / En
ninguna parte, a ninguna parte.
SOMEWHERE: At some place not known
specified / En, o a alguna parte.
STALE: No longer fresh, flat, etc. / Rancio,
duro, picado.
ANNIVERSARY: The yearly return of the
date of some event / Aniversario.
BEER: An alcoholic, fermented drink made
from malt and hops / Cerveza.
CATSUP: Kepchup / Salsa de tomate
CELEBRATION: To commemorate with
festivity / Celebracion.
CEREMONY: A set of formal acts proper to
a special occasion religious rite / Ceremonia.
CHEESE: A solid food made from milk
curds / Queso.
CHOCOLATE: A substance made from
roasted and ground cacao seeds / Chocolate.
REVIEW OF MODALS
LET'S GO SOMEWHERE.
Yes,
I'm going
No,
somewhere.
anywhere.
Nowhere
LESSONS 21 and 22
APPLY: To put to practical or specific use
your knowledge / Solicitar, aplicar.
DIE: To stop living / Morir.
EARN: To receive wages, etc. for ones work /
Ganar, percibir haberes.
LEAVE: To allow to remain leave it open /
Salir.
NOTICE: A sign giving some public
information, warning, etc. / Enterarse.
ORDER: Social position, a state of peace
orderly conduct / Orden.
PHOTOGRAPH: A picture made by
photography / Fotografa.
POSTPONE: To put off until later, delay /
Posponer.
REQUIRE: To insist upon, demand / Requerir.
WAS/WERE GOING TO: Be about to / iba a.
ALIVE: Having life, living, / Vivo.
AROUND: In a circle, in every direction / En
los alrededores.
DEAD: No longer living / Muerto.
ELSE: Different, other somebody else / Algo
mas.
IN ADDITION TO: Besides, furthermore /
Adems.
OVERSEAS: Over or beyond the sea foreign /
En el o al extranjero.
UNUSUALLY: Not usual or common /
Inusualmente.
UNUSUAL: Not usual or common / Inusual.
USUAL: Such as is most often seen used etc.,
common, customary / Fuera de lo comn.
AFRICA: Second largest continent / frica.
AIR: The invisible mixture of gases
surrounding the earth / Aire.
ANTARCTICA: Land area bout the south,
pole completely covered by an ice / Antarctica.
APPLICATION: An applying, anything
applied, as a remedy / Aplicacin, solicitud.
ASIA: Largest continent, in the eastern
Hemisphere / Asia.
AUSTRALIA:
Island continent between
the south pacific and Indian oceans / Australia.
CERTIFICATE: A document attesting to a
fact qualification etc. / Certificado.
CONTINENT: Any of the main large land
areas of the earth / Continente.
DEATH: The act of fact of dying, the state of
being dead / Muerte.
DOCUMENT: To provide which or support by
documents / Documento.
EUROPE: Continent between Asia and the
Atlantic / Europa.
HISTORY: An account of what has happened
esp. In the life of people country etc. / Historia.
HOLIDAY: A day of freedom from labor of
the one set a side by law to celebrate some
event / Da feriado.
HONEYMOON:
The
vacation
spent
together by a newly married couple / Luna de
miel.
ITO: Invitation travel orden/ Orden de viaje.
LIFE: The state of living / vida.
MUSEUM: An institution, building etc. For
preserving and exhibiting artistic or historical
objets / Museo.
NORTH AMERICA: Continent in the western
hemisphere / Amrica del Norte.
ORDER: A state of peace, orderly conduct /
Orden.
PHOTO: Of produced by light photograph of
photography / Foto.
REASON: An explanation of an act, idea, etc. /
Razn
RIDE: To be carried a long by a horse, in a
vehicle etc. / Montar
SOUTH AMERICA: Continent in the western
hemisphere / Amrica del Sur.
VISA: An endorsement on a passport, grating
entry into a country / Visa.
WHILE: A period of time / Rato, tiempo.
ELSE
=
=
=
=
=
=
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DIRECT SPEECH
(present tense)
REPORTED SPEECH
(past tense)
ought to (advice)
ought to
should (advice)
should
used to / would
used to
must
must (deduction)
must not
must not (deduction)
was /were going to
was / were going to
would like to
would like to (desire)
would *
will * / would (willingness)
LESSONS 23 and 24
APPEAR: To come into sight / Aparecer.
BLEED: To emit or lose blood / Sangrar.
CALM DOWN: Stillness, tranquility /
Tranquilizar
EXAMINE: To book at methodically /
Examinar.
INJURE: To do harm or damage / Herir.
LIE DOWN: To be in a specified condition
/ Recostarse.
OPERATE: The act or method of operating
/ Operar.
PRESCRIBE: To order or advise as a
medicine or treatment, said of physicians /
Recetar.
QUIET DOWN: not noisy, silent / Callar.
SEEM: To appear to be / Parecer.
SIGN IN / OUT: A register on arrive, or
departure / Registrarse (entrada o salida).
TREAT: To give medical care to / Tratar
WIPE: To clean or dry / Limpiar.
ALLERGIC: Of, caused by, or having an
allergy / Alergico.
DIZZY: Feeling giddy or unsteady /
Mareado.
ILL: Not well, sick / Enfermo.
PULLED: The act or force / Jalado.
SPRAINED: To wrench a ligament or
muscle / Luxado.
STILL: Stationary, not moving / Quieto.
SWOLLEN: Blown up / Inflamado.
TWISTED: Sprain / Torcido.
ALLERGY: Hypersensitivity to / Alergia.
ASPIRIN: A tablet of reducing fiber /
Aspirina.
BED REST: take a rest to bed / Descanso
absoluto.
BLOOD: The red fluid circulating in the
arteries and veins / Sangre.
BLOOD PRESSURE: The pressure of the
blood against the
blood-vessel walls /
Presion sanguinea.
CARE: Protection, close attention /
Cuidado.
CLINIC: A place where medical practice /
Clinica.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
LINKING VERBS
Examples:
Your friend is very nice
The coffee tastes strong
Tom appeared calm during the storm
The food will remain cold on the ice.
Bill seems nervous about his operation.
SUFFIX - LY
+ - ly
Daily
Hour
+ - ly
Hourly
Month
+ - ly
Monthly
Night
+ - ly
Nightly
Week
+ - ly
Weekly
Year
+ - ly
Yearly
LESSONS 25 and 26
AVOID: To keep away from, evade /
Evitar.
CHECK OUT: To pay and leave a hotel,
etc., to prove to be accurate / Revisar,
examinar.
CUT DOWN ON: To reduce / Reducir.
CUT OUT: To stop doing what one is doing
/ Parar, dejar de consumir.
JOG: A slow, steady, jolting motion /
Trotar.
NAP: To sleep lightly for a short time, a
brief, light sleep / Siesta.
SKIP: To pass from one point to another,
omitting or ignoring / Saltarse algo, pasar
por alto.
TAKE UP: To become interested in an
occupation, study, etc. / Dedicarse a algo.
TRY OUT: A test to determine fitness,
qualifications / Intentar, tartar, probar.
ACTIVITY: A being active, a specific
action / Actividad.
EQUIPMENT: An equipping or being
equipped / Equipo.
ENERGY: Inherent power, capacity for
action / Energia.
FITNESS: The manner of fitting /
Condicion fisica.
HEALTH: Physical and mental well being /
Salud.
LAP: One complete circuit of a racetrack /
Vuelta.
RELAXATION: A relaxing or being
relaxed, recreation / Relajacion.
SLEEP: The natural, regularly recurring
rest for the body / Dormir.
SUGGESTION: A suggesting or being
suggested / Sugestion.
a good plan
Its expensive
not healthy
to save
to take
to skip
Use the infinitive of the verb (without to) after why dont you
and why not
I
ask for a drink?
dont you
call him?
we
watch the news?
Why
start jogging?
open it now?
not
LESSONS 27 and 28
BEHAVE: To conduct one self in an
specified way / Comportarse.
HAVE GOT TO: Tener que.
HONOR: Distinction / Honor.
OBSERVE: To adhere to a law, custom, etc.
/ Obsevar leyes, obedeser.
RENDER: To give aid or do a service /
Retribuir, dar.
RESPECT: To feel or show honor or esteem
for / Respetar.
TAKE ADVENTAGE OF: Tomar ventaja
de.
AGAINST: In opposition to / Contra.
COMPULSORY: Obligatory, required /
Obligatorio.
HONORABLE:
Honest,
upright
/
Honorable.
JUNIOR: One who is younger, of lower rank
/ Subalterno, menor.
LOYAL: Showing such faithfulness / Leal
SENIOR: Of higher rank, longer service /
Antiguo, superior.
SUBORDINATE: Below another in rank or
importance / Subordinado.
ADMIRAL: A naval officer of the highest
rank / Almirante.
AUTHORITY: The power or right to
comand / Autoridad.
BEHAVIOR: Way of behaving, conduct,
action / Comportamiento, conducta.
BRIGADIER GENERAL: Military officer
ranking just above a colonel / General
brigadier.
CHAIN OF COMAND: A series of ranks in
the army / Cadena de mando.
COMMISSIONED: An officer in the armed
forces holding a task / Comisionado.
OFFICER: One holding a position of
authority esp. by commission in the armed
forces / Oficial.
COURTESY: Courteous behavior / Cortesia.
VERB
OBJECT
The secretary
types
the letters.
The letters
AGENT
(by the secretary.)
are typed
must
have to
have got to
cash a check
marching
had been
hadnt
been
napping
watching
LESSONS 29 and 30
ACT: To perform in a play, movie, etc. /
Actuar.
DISLIKE: To have a feeling of not liking
/ Desagrado.
FIGHT: To appose physically or in battle
/ Pelear.
HATE: A strong feeling of dislike or ill
will / Odiar.
PERFORM: To render or enact (a piece
of music, dramatic roll, etc.) / Actuar.
PREFER: To like better / Preferir.
QUIT: To stop doing something / Parar.
STAND: To take or be in a position,
attitude, etc. / Tolerar, soportar.
WOULD RATHER: Expression for
showing a preference / Preferiria.
ANTIQUE: Any ancient relic /
Antigedad.
CLASSICAL: Typical of or derived
from the artistic standards of the ancient /
Clasico.
CLOSE TO: Near, next to / Cerca a.
EITHER: One or the other, each / Ya
seao.
FURTHERMORE: In addition, besides /
Ademas.
HUMOROUS: Funny, amusing, comical
/ Humoristico.
KIND: Sort, variety, class / Tipo.
LIKEWISE: In the same manner, also,
too / De igual modo, tambien.
MODERN: Of the present or recent
times / Moderno.
MUSICAL: A play or film with a
musical score featuring songs and dances
/ Musical.
NEITHER: Not one or the other / Ni uno
ni otro.
RATHER THAN: Instead of / En lugar
de, en vez de.
SCARY: Frightening / Asustado.
SERIOUS: Not joking, sincere / Serio.
ACTOR: One who acts in plays, movies,
etc. / Actor.
meat to chicken.
I
You
He
She
We
They
boating to skiing.
prefer (s)
tea rather than coffee.
to ride rather than walk.
He was easy
Its
impossible
I am
difficult
to understand.
(for me)
LESSONS 31 and 32
ADJUST: To change so as to fit /
Ajustar.
ASSEMBLE: To gather into a group,
collect / Ensamblar.
BE UNABLE TO: Not able / Ser incapaz
de.
COPY: A thing made just like another /
Copiar.
FIGURE OUT: To solve / Resolver.
HANDLE: The part of a tool, etc., by
which it is held or lifted / Manija.
INSTALL: To fix in position for use /
Instalar.
KEY IN: To input data by means of a
keyboard / Capturar datos.
PRINT: A mark made on a surface by
pressing or stamping / Imprimir.
PUT TOGETHER: To assemble /
Ensamblar.
REPLACE: To take the place of /
Reemplasar.
SHUT OFF / DOWN: Stoppage of work
or activity / Apagar.
TAKE APART: To pull apart /
Desarmar.
CAPABLE: Having ability, skilled /
capaz.
DUMB: Silent, stupid / Tonto.
ENOUGH: As much or as many as
necessary / Suficiente.
INCAPABLE: Not capable / Incapaz.
INTELLIGENT: Having or showing
intelligence / Inteligente.
SMART: Having or showing intelligence
/ Inteligente.
ABILITY: Having skill / Habilidad.
AIR CONDITIONER: A devise to keep
the air temperature / Aire acondicionado.
BATTERY: A cell or group of cells
storing and electrical charge and able to
furnish a current / Bateria.
COMPUTER: An electrinic machine
that performs rapid, complex calculations
I
Sue
He
You
Bill and I
They
Sue
Frank
am
was
is
was
are
were
fix it.
unable to
isnt able to
is unable to
cant
wasnt able to
was unable to
couldnt
Im
Jim couldnt jog
Do you swim
dirty enough
fast enough
regularly enough
to take a shower.
to catch Bill.
to keep fit?
Noncount
nouns
are things that
cant be counted.
information
rain
money
sugar
coffee
water
time
news
Too much also
means more than
enough. Use too
much
with
noncount nouns.
apply
cancel
continue
examine
imagine
invite
prepare
recommend
+ ation
application
cancellation
continuation
examination
imagination
invitation
preparation
recommendation