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and
Recommended Schemes
A number of data compression schemes have been evaluated using data typical to a power systems environment. Two
promising schemes have been identified. One of the schemes
involves the use of the Fast Fourier Transform. This transform
is applied on a cycle by cycle basis. A value for the upper
frequency limit on the data uploaded is set by the user during
setup. Harmonics upto this upper frequency limit are uploaded. The second scheme, known as Differential Pulse
Code Modulation (DPCM), is a differential coding or predictive
coding system where waveform redundancy is utilized in
time-domain operations to realize straightforward reductions
in transmission times. DPCM coders are based on the notion
of quantizing a prediction error signal, the prediction error
being the difference between a predicted value and the actual
Conclusion
The search for a suitable compression method has just
begun. However, the results obtained from this effort have
provided insights into the requirements for any data compression scheme. Two promising approaches to compression of
power systems data have been identified. Variations and
modifications of these fundamental approaches are recommended so as to obtain optimum performance. Characterization of the disturbance data should also be performed to tune
the basic algorithms for power systems data.
89 WM 063-9
July 1989
Summary
on technical references relating to the reliability of substations which step down from a primary voltage to a secondary
distribution system voltage of 46 kV or below.
The references are arranged alphabetically by the last name
of the first author appearing in the publication. Organization
names are used as the author when the individuals preparing
the document could not be identified. In some cases, no
author or organization could be identified on magazine
articles. These articles are credited to the magazine staff and
are so listed.
The vast majority of these references are readily available
in industry literature and in technical libraries.
88 SM 714-8
July 1989
Summary
Tolerable step and touch voltages for a person largely
on the grounding resistance of the foot. In a
substation switchyard a 0.08 to 0.1 5 m layer of crushed rock
is often spread on the surface of the earth to increase the
grounding resistance of the feet of the people in the substation area. However, if the thickness of the layer of crushed
rock is small and the soil underneath is of low resistivity, a
high value of the footing resistance is not obtained. Cement
concrete pathways in a switchyard when wet may result in a
low grounding resistance of the foot. For designing a safe
grounding system a high value of footing resistance is
desirable. A simple method that can be adopted to obtain high
footing resistance is the use of a sheet of plastic material
such as polyethylene, permalon, etc., immediately below the
layer of crushed rock or the cement concrete pathway, at
places in a substation where high footing resistance is
needed. Plastic sheets having tear and puncture resistant
qualities are available and if used properly should last for a
long time.
Analysis of the footing resistance when a plastic sheet is
spread below the surface of earth is presented in this paper.
Scale model tests have been conducted to obtain results and
a simple method has been developed to obtain the grounding
resistance of the foot when a plastic sheet is used below the
surface of the soil.
depend
with its center below the center of the disk representing the
foot is considered.
Models prepared on a scale 1:4 were tested in a small
swimming pool filled with tap water. It was observed that if
the depth at which the plastic sheet was placed was not more
than 20 cm and the diameter of the sheet was more than 1 m,
the resistance offered by the soil to the flow of the current
beyond the edge of the sheet was very small as compared to
the resistance offered by the soil above the sheet, therefore,
only the region above the sheet was considered to evaluate
the resistance of the foot. Mathematics involved to determine
the resistance offered by the soil above the plastic sheet to
the flow of the current from an electrode is easiest when the
electrode is in the form of a vertical cylinder of length h placed
53
at the center of the plastic sheet. With the help of scale model
studies equivalent radius of the cylindrical conductor that
gave the same grounding resistance as the metallic disk of
radius 8 cm placed at the surface of the soil was determined
for different values of h.
5454
89 WM 065-4
July 1989
Conclusion
Analytical as well as experimental studies of 800 kV
toughened glass post insulators have shown that they have
more than sufficient capacity to withstand the seismic
actions established in modern specifications, with design
spectra anchored at 0.5 g, duly combined with simultaneous
gravity, conductor and short circuit effects. Shaking-table
tests show that toughened glass post insulators withstand
earthquake forces which are at least 3 times larger than those
required in present standards. Under extremely hazardous
seismic scenarios, for example near the San Andreas fault,
the probability of failure for 50-year lifespan hardly exceeds
1%.
These studies confirm that toughened glass station post
insulators offer a new solution to problems of seismic
resistance.
IEEE
Power Engineering
IEEE Power
Review, July
Engineering Review,
July 1989