Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Summary
Ventilation background
Why ventilate?
Ventilation background
Insulated
Airtight housing
Ventilation system
Insulated
Airtight housing
Tomorrow
1996
1985
Before 1973
1973
Petroleum
crisis
Thermal
Regulations
Reinforced
thermal
regulations
Why ventilate?
To provide
fresh air to
occupants
Heating
and
Air-Conditioning
To distribute
heating or
cooling
Why
Why
Ventilation?
Ventilation?
To provide
natural passive
cooling
Air
Quality
To dilute
and
remove
pollutants
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Required:
VENTILATION
AIR QUALITY
COMFORT
HEALTH
STUFFY
ODOUR
TOXIC
SICK BUILDING
HOT
COLD
DRAUGHTY
A Problem:
LOSS OF CONDITIONED AIR
FAN ENERGY
ENERGY
To achieve high
performance in terms
of thermal comfort,
energy savings and
air quality, it
becomes necessary
to control the
ventilation.
Thermal
Insulation
Reduce energy
consumption
Increase the
thermal comfort
Improve IAQ
Controlled
Ventilation
Ventilation solves
this problem.
Airtightness
The realization of
an airtight
envelope -> no
longer a sufficient
air renewal.
In other words:
Wind
WindTower
tower
Wind
Yazd, Iran
Badgir (WindCatcher)
Fig.3
Fig.1 (a,b,c)
Fig.2
Cross Flow Wind
IUT building La Runion Island
Fig.5
Fig.4
p w C p v 2 / 2
F. ALLARD- CHAMPS Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011
Neutral
pressure plane
Pressure of air
increases closer
to the ground due
to the extra amount
of air above.
'Neutral' Pressure
Plane
The pressure
gradient of air
increases indoors
because warmer
air is less dense.
'Stack' pressure
between openings
is given by A + B
Stack (Flue)
Air Pressure
(Courtesy M. Liddament)
Stack (Atrium)
Fig.6
Stack height
10
Extract
ventilation in
wet rooms
Whole building
ventilation
Purge
ventilation
throughout the
building
11
Agriculture
17.9%
1.3%
Transport
25%
38.9%
Buildings
Europe
Other countries
6%
18%
USA
34%
Fig.7
41.9%
Japan
19%
China
23%
Fig.8
Honk Kong, China*
Fig.9
Stockholm, Sweden *
12
Power supply
Improving
airtightness
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
13
Fig.11
Fig.10
1 cfm=1,7 m3/h
Brief Ventilation Rate History
Fig.12
History And Background of Ventilation Rates, Kansas City Seminar 4
June 29, 2003; Fred Kohloss Consulting Engineer, Honolulu, Hawaii
14
References
F. ALLARD Natural Ventilation in Buildings, James & James London NW1 3ER UK
15
Summary
Natural ventilation principles
Natural Ventilation strategies
Technical solutions for natural ventilation
Case study :
BRE Office Building, Watford, UK;
Conclusion
20
Role of ventilation
15
10
5
0
1850
1900
Year
(a)
1950
2000
Natural ventilation
Air conditioning
30
25
20
15
0
10
20
30
40
Mean monthly outdoor air temperature [C]
(b)
Performance criteria: a) minimum ventilation rates used in USA for indoor air quality (Awbi 1998); b) thermal
comfort in natural ventilation (Brager 1998) and air conditioning (ASHRAE 1993).
Source: Natural ventilation: principles, solutions and tools; Cristian Ghiaus, Francis Allard, James Axley, Claude-Alain Roulet
Bases of
+ attractive because it is seen as a cost
effective alternative to conventional mechanical
ventilation with air conditioning;
+ steady improvements in design, material and
control methods means that the range of
buildings in which this approach is applicable
continues to grow;
+ in practice natural ventilation is most suited
to buildings located in mild to moderate
climates away from inner city locations;
natural ventilation is the use of wind and
temperature differences to create airflows in
and through buildings;
Bases of
and
pollution
0.5
1.5
2.5
Airflow (m/s)
3.5
Probable Impact
Up to 0.25 m/s
Unnoticed
Pleasant
0.5 to 1 m/s
1 to 1.5 m/s
Source: Victor Olgyay, Design with Climate, Princeton University Press, 1963
30
Temperature (deg C)
Summer Example
20
10
Outside
temperature
6am
12noon
day
6pm
midnight
night
Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch
presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert
6am
time
30
Temperature (deg C)
Summer Example
20
Inside
temperature
10
Outside
temperature
6am
12noon
day
6pm
midnight
night
Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch
presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert
6am
time
Comfort
range with
moving air
30
Temperature (deg C)
Summer Example
20
Inside
temperature
10
Normal
comfort
range
Outside
temperature
6am
12noon
day
6pm
midnight
night
Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch
presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert
6am
time
30
Temperature (deg C)
Summer Example
Comfort
range with
moving air
Open all
windows
20
Inside
temperature
10
Normal
comfort
range
Outside
temperature
6am
12noon
day
6pm
midnight
night
Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch
presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert
6am
time
30
Temperature (deg C)
Summer Example
Open all
windows
Comfort
range with
moving air
Close all
windows
20
Inside
temperature
10
Normal
comfort
range
Outside
temperature
6am
12noon
day
6pm
midnight
night
Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch
presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert
6am
time
30
Temperature (deg C)
Summer Example
Open all
windows
Close all
windows
Start
internal
fan
Comfort
range with
moving air
20
Inside
temperature
10
Normal
comfort
range
Outside
temperature
6am
12noon
day
6pm
midnight
night
Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch
presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert
6am
time
30
Temperature (deg C)
Summer Example
Open all
windows
Close all
windows
Start
internal
fan
Open all
windows
Comfort
range with
moving air
20
Inside
temperature
10
Normal
comfort
range
Outside
temperature
6am
12noon
day
6pm
midnight
night
Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch
presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert
6am
time
Open all
windows
Close all
windows
Start
internal
fan
30
Temperature (deg C)
Summer Example
Open all
windows
Comfort range
with moving
air
Gentle forced
ventilation
overnight
20
Inside
temperature
10
Normal
comfort
range
Outside
temperature
6am
12noon
day
6pm
midnight
night
Source: Natural Ventilation capabilities and limitations (comfort and energy efficiency in domestic dwellings), ATA Melbourne Branch
presentation, April 2008, Jim Lambert
6am
time
Stack effect
z
g
,T
dz
P(z)
P0
dP(z) = - g dz
then:
P(z) = P0 g z (hydrostatic pressure)
Source: Erik Kolderup, Saving Energy with Natural Ventilation Strategies, September 2008
17
Stack effect
Source: Erik Kolderup, Saving Energy with Natural Ventilation Strategies, September 2008
18
Stack effect
P2 , T 2 , 2
Qth = V *A
Qv = Cd Qth
P1 P2 = 1 V2
Source: Erik Kolderup, Saving Energy with Natural Ventilation Strategies, September 2008
Source: F. Allard, Aeraulique des batiments et ventilation naturelle
19
Fig.2
p Q Q 2
20
Stack effect
Source: Erik Kolderup, Saving Energy with Natural Ventilation Strategies, September 2008
21
Wind Pressure
Distribution
Air Density
(Kg/m3)
p w 0.5C p v r
(Pa)
Evaluation:
Wind Pressure
(Pa)
- Tabulated Data
Wind Pressure
- Wind Tunnel Tests
Coefficient
- CFD
Source: AM10: 2005, Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings, CIBSE
F. Allard - CHAMPS Seminar Nanjing 20-22/03/2011
22
Source: VENT Dis. Course, Distant learning vocational training material for the promotion of best practice
23
ventilation energy performance in buildings, Module 1: Natural and Hybrid Ventilation
Minimum maintenance;
Can be less expensive to install and operate than HVAC but this need not
always be true;
No fan or system noise.
25
Fresh air delivery and air distribution in large, deep plan and multiroomed buildings may not be possible;
High heat gains may mean that the need for mechanical cooling and air
handling will prevent the use of natural ventilation;
26
Advantages:
Single sided ventilation is popular because openings are located
on one face only.
Disadvantages:
No defined exit route for air;
Net driving forces may be small resulting in poor ventilation;
Depth of penetration of air restricted to approximately
2.5 x ceiling height.
Single sided natural ventilation should be avoided!
Advantages:
Open air flow path presents minimum resistance to air flow and
hence provides good ventilation to a space;
For equivalent size of openings, cross flow will provide more
reliable ventilation than single sided.
Disadvantages:
Cross flow of used air into further occupied spaces should be
avoided;
Design of interior layout etc. can be more complex than for single
sided solutions.
Cross flow designs form the basis of best practice in natural and
mixed mode ventilation systems. The majority of designs are
based on cross flow.
Source: VENT Dis. Course, Distant learning vocational training material for the promotion of best practice
27
. ventilation energy performance in buildings, Module 1: Natural and Hybrid Ventilation
Wind Tower or
Wind Catcher
Advantages:
Air is drawn in at high level where pollutant concentration is usually lower than at
street level;
Can be integrated with a mixed mode fan to ensure reliable operation under low wind
speed conditions;
Possible to supply air into deep plan spaces.
Disadvantages:
Reliable wind force is required unless combined with mixed mode;
Can usually only provide fresh air to single or two storey buildings;
Possible conflict with stack driven ventilation;
Cold draughts are possible in winter periods.
Stack Ventilation
Atrium Ventilation
Advantages:
Provides good winter driving force in cold climates;
Can relieve the problem of single sided ventilation by providing stacks
in the interior of the building;
Can be used in conjunction with wind induced ventilation by locating the
roof termination in the negative pressure region generated by the wind
(See Section 5).
Disadvantages:
Each room should be individually ducted since Shared ducts may result
in cross contamination between zones;
Potential for reverse flow (downdraught) if the column of air in the
stack becomes cold;
Requires a temperature differential between inside and outside.
Advantages:
Provides an extract driving force on the core of the building to drive cross flow ventilation through
surrounding offices.
The zone above the occupied area can trap waste heat which can be further used to add to the stack
driving force.
Disadvantages: Flow can be upset by wind forces.
28
Source: VENT Dis. Course, Distant learning vocational training material for the promotion of best practice ventilation energy
performance in buildings, Module 1: Natural and Hybrid Ventilation
Case studies
Year of completion:1996
Type of building: Office
Site: Urban
Project Manager: Bernard Williams and Associates
Architect : Feilden Clegg Bradley Architects
Services Engineers: Max Fordham and Partners
Key Features:
Single sided, cross flow and stack
ventilation for air quality and cooling;
Fig.18
29
Case studies
five cooling stacks towering over the south side of the building which hint at the
building's complex ventilation system that takes advantage of the buildings narrow
layout for cross-ventilation purposes;
the curved, hollow, concrete floor slabs also aid in the buildings ventilation by
drawing air in through the passages in the floor/ceiling on hot, windy days;
cooling can be managed also by circulating water through the passages in the
curving slab;
this cold water is supplied by a 70-meter-deep bore hole where the temperature is
a constant 10 Celsius.
this cold water is used in heat exchangers to chill circulatory water;
the floor can also then use the water to store coolness from the
night for the next day. In the winter time, the water is heated by
condensing gas boilers that are 30% more efficient than traditional
boilers by recovering heat lost in flue gases. All heating and cooling
systems are managed by the Trend building management system
(BMS).
Source: http://www.feildenclegg.com
Source: The Environmental Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006
30
Case studies
Source: The Environmental Building, Case Study by Clayton Harrison, Spring 2006
31
Case studies
32
Lecture 3 : Mechanical
(forced) ventilation
Zoltn MAGYAR, PhD
Department of Building Energetics and Building Service Engineering
Summary
Supply-Only ventilation system (SOV)
Fans
Design criteria
Air filters
Natural
SupplyOnly
Mechanical
supply
supply
ExtractOnly
Mechanical
Balanced
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
exhaust
Various air
flows in a
mechanical
ventilation
system (EN
13779).
9
10
11
12
Definition
Source: VENT Dis.Course, Distant learning vocational training material for the
promotion of best practice ventilation energy performance in buildings
Module 3: Energy Efficient Mechanical Ventilation
SOV or
Positive input ventilation (PIV)
Particularities:
PIV consists of a fan to
supply air to spaces and
ventilation openings in
building envelope to
allow air to flow out of
the building;
Filtration of the
incoming air;
Can be used in a
polluted and noisy
environment
Adequate when the
occupants are
sensible of exterior
contaminates
house
Fig.1
apartment building
office building
Description
A fan, typically mounted in the roof space, supplies
air into the dwelling via central hallway or landing.
This creates a slight positive pressure in the dwelling
Control
The systems deliver a continuous flow of air to the
dwelling;
Fan speed can be increased by occupant, or
automatic switching;
Installation
If the fan draws air directly from the roof space,
Fig.2
it will depressurize the roof space relative to the rest of the house
upstairs
Maintenance
occasional cleaning is necessary;
intake filters (fitted to most units) will need occasional cleaning/replacement.
Source: Energy efficient ventilation in dwellings a guide for specifiers (2006 edition)
Advantages
easy to install;
provides continuous low-level
background ventilation;
small negative pressure in
building
prevents moisture
mitigation into the constructions
of external walls and prevents
condensation and consequently
the mould growth;
Disadvantages
Fig.4
System Components:
1) quiet, efficient exhaust ventilation fan
2) several passive wall or window vents
3) programmable timer with speed switch
System Operation:
1) exhaust ventilation fan operates continuously
2) spot fans exhaust air from kitchen and
bathrooms
3) residents can temporarily boost the ventilation
rate.
Fig.5 a,b
Source: Judy A. Roberson, Richard E. Brown, Jonathan G. Koomey, Steve E. Greenberg, Recommended ventilation strategies for energyefficient production homes, 1998
Source: Marion Russell, Max Sherman and Armin Rudd, Review of Residential Ventilation Technologies , Ernest Orlando Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, 2005
System Components:
1) quiet, efficient multi-port exhaust fan
2) several passive wall or window vents
3) 3-4" diameter ventilation ductwork, grilles
4) programmable timer with speed switch
System Operation:
1) exhaust fan operates continuously on low.
2) bathrooms have exhaust ports instead of spot
fans
3) residents can temporarily boost the ventilation
rate.
Fig.6 a,b,c
Short circuiting
Exhaust
Bedroom
Kitchen
Hall
Perfect mixing
Livingroom
Bedroom
Bathroom
Bad ventilation
Source: Judy A. Roberson, Richard E. Brown, Jonathan G. Koomey, Steve E. Greenberg, Recommended ventilation strategies for energyefficient production homes, 1998
Source: Marion Russell, Max Sherman and Armin Rudd, Review of Residential Ventilation Technologies , Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, 2005
Source: VENT Dis.Course, Distant learning vocational training material for the promotion of best practice ventilation energy performance in
buildings, Module 3: Energy Efficient Mechanical Ventilation
Centralized
Decentralized
1)Exhaust air
2)Extract air
3) Supply air Ventilation
air in normal operation
4) Heat recovery
exchanger
5)Kitchen exhaust
6) Sound attenuator
7)Outdoor air intake for
ventilation.
7)
6)
2)
2)
5)
4)
Fig. 8 a,b
10
Source: Jacob Verhaart, Balanced Ventilation System Part of the problem or part of the solution?, Final Report, 2010
Source: VENT Dis.Course, Distant learning vocational training material for the promotion of best practice ventilation energy
performance in buildings, Module 3: Energy Efficient Mechanical Ventilation
11
the most common ones are cross-flow and counterflow air to air HE;
in cross-flow exchangers, the airflows through the different layers flow perpendicular to each
other;
more effective then a cross-flow exchanger is the counterflow HE; the two streams flow in opposite
directions
temperature difference as large as possible; disadvantage
the pipes have to cross
at one end and the inlet as well as the exit pipes need to be connected with the exchanger in between;
when designing a BVS, there is always a trade-off between heat transfer, which needs to be as high
as possible, size (preferably as compact as possible to reduce costs) and electricity use;
electricity use by the ventilators is related to the drag of the HE;
more drag with a finer mesh of channels, but a finer mesh also means a more effective heat
transfer;
there is a disadvantage in using a direct air-to-air HE; warmer air can contain more moisture, before
it is saturated. When this air is cooled off in the HE, moisture can condense inside the exchanger!!
this can cause damage, because the walls in heat exchangers are thin for maximum efficiency, which
make them fragile;
in older systems, the ventilation air by-passes the HE, when there is a risk of freezing;
in modern systems outside air is mixed with air from inside the house, to pre-heat it till there is no
risk of freezing.
Fig.11 a,b,c
Fig. 12
Source: Jacob Verhaart, Balanced Ventilation System Part of the problem or part of the solution?, Final Report, 2010
Source: Energy efficient ventilation in dwellings a guide for specifiers (2006 edition)
Source: Chiel BOONSTRA, Loes JOOSTEN, TREES Training for RenovatedEnergyEfficient Social housing, Intelligent Energy-Europe
programme, contract nEIE/05/110/SI2.420021, Section 1 Techniques 1.3 Ventilation
Heat wheel
Fig.13
Kantherm system
Source: Jacob Verhaart, Balanced Ventilation System Part of the problem or part of the solution?, Final Report, 2010
Fig.14
13
Fans
provide air for ventilation and industrial processes that need air flow
The factors to consider when
selecting a fan include:
Redundancy a single fan or
multiple fans;
Duty CFM and static
pressure at design conditions;
First cost more efficient
fans are often more
expensive;
Space constraints a tight
space may limit fan choices;
Efficiency varies greatly
by type and sizing;
Noise different fan types
have different acoustic
performance;
Surge some fan selections
are more likely to operate in
surge at part-load conditions.
Turning Vanes
(typically used
on short
radius
elbows)
Outlet
Diffusers
Heat
Exchanger
Baffles
Filter
Inlet
Vanes
Motor
Controller
Centrifugal Fan
Belt Drive
Fig.15
Fans laws
Fig.16
Source:
Fans & Blowers, Presentation from the Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia, www.energyefficiencyasia.org
Fans
System Curve
Air pressure decreases through the ventilation system, and this pressure
drop is equal to the total airflow resistance of all the system components
and the ductwork. This pressure drop depends on the airflow rate and is
described by a SYSTEM CURVE
The SYSTEM CURVE is affected by changes in damper position, dirty
filters, condensation on coils, holes in ductwork and obstruction of outlets or
inlets.
Source: Andrew K. Persily, Manual for Ventilation Assessment in Mechanically Ventilated Commercial Buildings, 1994, Building and Fire Research
Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
Systems functioning
The intersection of the system curve and the fan performance curve defines the point at
which the pressure across the fan and through the system are equal, and thereby defines the
airflow rate;
If the airflow resistance of the system is accurately estimated during the design and the fan
is properly selected and installed, then the point of intersection will be at the design airflow
rate of the system;
If the system resistance increases, then a new system curve S replaces the original system
curve S; the fan and system curves will intersect at a higher pressure difference and a lower
airflow rate; the airflow rate can be returned to its design value by increasing the fan speed,
such that a new fan curve F is in effect.
Interaction Between System and Fan Curves
Fig.17 c
Source: Andrew K. Persily, Manual for Ventilation Assessment in Mechanically Ventilated Commercial Buildings, 1994, Building and Fire Research
Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
Fan classification
Backward inclined
Forward
inclined
Fig.18 a,b,c,d,e,f
Roof-top
Axial
Mixed flow
Design criteria
Design criteria
Design criteria
21
Source: Chapter 46 of the 1999 ASHRAE Handbook Applications
Air filters
Fig.24
VISCOUS IMPINGEMENT FILTERS
panel filters made up of coarse fibers with a high
porosity;
the filter media are coated with a viscous substance,
such as oil which causes particles that impinge on the fibers
to stick to them;
design air velocity through the media is usually in the
range of 1 to 4 m/s;
low pressure drop, low cost, and good efficiency on lint
but low efficiency on normal atmospheric dust!
this type of filter is commonly used in residential
furnaces and air conditioning and is often used as a prefilter for higher-efficiency filters.
Air filters
MEMBRANE FILTERS
are used mainly for air sampling and specialized small-scale applications
where their particular characteristics compensate for their fragility, high
resistance, and high cost;
available in many pore diameters and resistances and in flat sheet and
pleated forms.
ELECTRET FILTERS
Air filters
RENEWABLE-MEDIA FILTERS
(1) moving curtain viscous impingement filters
the resistance remains approximately constant as long as proper
operation is maintained. A resistance of 100 to 125 Pa at a face
velocity of 2.5 m/s is typical of this class;
(2) moving-curtain dry media roll filter
operating duct velocities near 1 m/s are generally lower than those
of viscous impingement filters
ELECTRONIC AIR CLEANERS
can remove and collect airborne contaminants with an initial
efficiency of up to 98% at low airflow velocities (0.8 to 1.8 m/s)
when tested according to ASHRAE Standard 52.1;
Efficiency decreases:
(1) as the collecting plates
become loaded with particulates
(2) with higher velocities
(3) with nonuniform velocity.
Fig.25
Source: Chapter 24 of the 2000 ASHRAE Handbook Systems
and Equipment
Air filters
Fig.26
25