(4) RICSs School of Built Environment AMITY UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES FOR BUILT ENVIRONMENT ASSIGNMENT - Il Submitted by NAME ENROLLMENT NUMBER NAVEEN SAI KUMAR SINGULURI A13567115003 MBA - CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS & QUANTITY SURVEYING Sec-DSET Section-A: 1) Give at least two examples (each) of the use of low-energy materials use for the following applications: a. Walls, roof, flooring b. Interiors A) Walls - Wool bricks, Aluminium coil Roof - Solar tiles, Clay tiles Flooring - Agri-fibres, rugs, Composite wood Interiors - Bamboo, wood waste, agricultural waste, crushed stone, Terrazzo etc. 2) What is the significance of VOC content in building construction in relation to Indoor Environmental Quality? Chemicals that contain carbon molecules and have high enough vapour pressure to vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at normal room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing). While most VOCs are relatively inert at typical indoor concentrations, they can react with oxidants such as ozone and possibly nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide to form reactive species and possibly strong irritants, including various acids and aldehydes. VOCs may cause eye and upper respiratory irritation, nasal congestion, headache, and dizziness. Examples of building materials that contain VOCs include, but are not limited to, solvents, paints, adhesives, carpeting, and particleboard. 3) In what ways does mixed mode ventilation serve as an Energy Conservation Measure? Mixed-mode buildings offer a variety of advantages Reduced HVAC energy consumption A well designed and properly operated mixed-mode building can scale back or eliminate the use of mechanical cooling and ventilation systems throughout much of the year, with associated reductions in pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and operating costs. Ventilation with cool outside air can reduce a commercial building's energy use by 15 to 80%, depending on climate, cooling loads, and building type. Higher occupant satisfactionOccupants typically want windows that can open. Mixed-mode buildings have the potential to offer occupants higher degrees of personal control over their local thermal and ventilation conditions, as well as a greater connection to the outdoors, which should lead to increased occupant satisfaction and reduced potential for IAQ problems. Past research has found that building occupants prefer a wider range of indoor thermal conditions when they are provided with some measure of personal control. Highly tunable buildings Mixed-mode strategies provide inherent flexibility and redundancy in the space conditioning systems of a building, resulting in potentially longer life, greater adaptability to changing uses, and reduced lifecycle costs. With the careful application of mixed-mode cooling and ventilation, one can anticipate somewhat smaller mechanical systems and extended HVAC equipment life. 4) Describe in detail and through examples, strategies for controlling indoor and outdoor noise. ‘Sound insulation: prevent the transmission of noise by the introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials have high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. Sound absorption: a porous material which acts as a ‘noise sponge’ by converting the sound energy into heat within the material. Common sound absorption materials include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams and fiberglass Vibration damping: applicable for large vibrating surfaces. The damping mechanism works by extracting the vibration energy from the thin sheet and dissipating it as heat. A common material is sound deadened steel. Vibration isolation: prevents transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element or a physical break. Common vibration isolators are springs, rubber mounts, cork etc DUCTWORK :- Typical applications:- Extraction, ventilation, cooling, openings in walls and enclosures.Technique:- Instead of fitting silencers, it is often possible to achieve a 10 - 20 dB reduction in airborne noise from a duct or opening by lining the last bend in the ductwork with acoustic absorbent (foam or rockwool / fibreglass). Alternatively, construct a simple absorbent lined right-angled bend to fit on the opening. Ideally, either side of the bend should be lined along a length equivalent to twice the duct diameter. Where flow velocities are high (> 3m/s), consider using cloth faced absorbent. Duct vibration can usually be treated by damping FAN SPEED:- ‘Typical applications:- Axial or centrifugal flow fans. Technique:-Fan noise is roughly proportional to the Sth power of fan speed. So in many cases it is possible to achieve a large noise reduction from a small drop in fan speed by changing control systems or pulley sizes and re-setting dampers. The following table provides a guide to the trade-off that can be expected. 5) Describe at least two strategies (each) for implementation in an air-conditioned school: a. Daylighting b, Thermal comfort c. Minimize outdoor and indoor pollutants a. Daylighting:- 1. South-Facing Roof Monitors:-Roof monitors with vertical south glazing, interior baffles and properly sized overhangs can create uniform lighting having less contrast, provide daylight in spaces far from the perimeter of the building, provide passive heating benefits, and effectively diffuse and filter lighting. Unfortunately, roof monitors can only be used in single story designs or on the top floor of multi-story designs. 2. Select the right glazing:- It is important to minimize the size and maximize the visible light transmission of daylighting apertures. Windows should be made of high-quality construction, incorporate thermal breaks, and include the appropriate glazing for the application. Make a clear distinction between glazing for views and/or ventilation and glazing for daylighting. For daylighting windows, clear glass typically has an advantage over glazing with a low-e coating. Because a 10% to 40% reduction in visible light transmission characteristics of most low-e coatings exists, 10% to 40% more glass is required to attain the same daylighting benefit. When comparing the thermal benefits of low-e coatings to the benefits of visible light transmission, consider the cost of light shelf or roof monitor components that would be added if moreglazing is required. However, wherever low view glass windows are incorporated, low-e coating should be used to improve comfort and save energy. b. Thermal comfort:- 1. Set occupant control standards—Define what types of occupant control over thermal comfort are desired and are acceptable, and any operational or design restrictions on these controls (e.g. maximum opening area of operable windows for security purposes). This information will help provide design teams and operators with options to improve thermal comfort at the occupant level. Choices include: a. Personal fans b. Operable window control (manual or automatic) c. Thermostats d. Local mechanical fans (ceiling fans, desk fans, etc.) e. Shading or glare control devices (internal or external) 2. Define spaces of distinct thermal comfort needs—Thermal comfort criteria should be defined for each of these distinct cases. Possible divisions could include: a. Occupancy periods (e.g. regularly occupied, ‘transitional spaces’ (see Sidebar: “Transitional Spaces” on Page 9), non-occupied spaces, etc.) b. Different occupant exertion areas (e.g. areas of sedentary activities, areas where physical exercise occurs, etc.) o ize outdoor and indoor pollutants Materials Selection Installation Sequencing Material Encapsulation Materials Minimization Ventilation Techniques Air Out and Flush Out Exhaust or Spot Ventilation KRADVAGS 6.Describe in detail and through examples, strategies for enhancing natural ventilation 1.Wind-Driven Cross Ventilation :-Wind-driven cross ventilation occurs via ventilation openings on opposite sides of an enclosed space. Figure 1 shows a schematic of cross ventilation serving a multi-room building, referred to here as global cross ventilation. The building floorplan depth in the direction of the ventilation flow must be limited to effectively remove heat and pollutants from the space by typical driving 3 forces. A significant difference in wind pressure between the inlet and outlet openings and a minimal internal resistance to flow are needed to ensure sufficient ventilation flow.2. Buoyancy-Driven Stack Ventilation:-Buoyancy-driven _ stack ventilation relies on density differences to draw cool, outdoor air in at low ventilation openings and exhaust warm, indoor air at higher ventilation openings. Figure 2 shows a schematic of stack ventilation for a multi-room building. A chimney or atrium is frequently used to generate sufficient buoyancy forces to achieve the needed flow. However, even the smallest wind will induce pressure distributions on the building envelope that will also act to drive airflow. 3. Single-Sided Ventilation :-Single-sided ventilation typically serves single rooms and thus provides a local ventilation solution. Figure 3 shows a schematic of single-sided ventilation in a multi-room building. Ventilation airflow in this case is driven by room-scale buoyancy effects, small differences in envelope wind pressures, and/or turbulence. Consequently, driving forces for single-sided ventilation tend to be relatively small and highly variable. Compared to the other alternatives, single-sided ventilation offers the least attractive natural ventilation solution but, nevertheless, a solution that can serve individual offices. 7) A call centre in Gurgaon has a site of 5 acres and consisting of 3 buildings of 12 storeys each where 800 people work. Prepare a Detailed Water Budget by calculating all the demands and supplies of water for the complex. Present your conclusions graphically and state your assumptions. Let us assume water demand for office building= 300 Ipd per person Number of people=800 Total water demand =800*300=240000 litres Assume water is needed only for 1. Kitchen (13%)2. Landscaping (22%) 3. Chiller plant (28%) 4. Domestic (37%) Water demand for kitchen=240000*0.13= 31200 litres Water demand for landscaping=240000*0.22= 52800 litres Water demand for chiller plant=240000*0.28= 67200 litres Water demand for domestic 240000*0.37=88800 litres SET -I Section-1 1) Give at least two examples (each) of the use of eco-friendly construction technologies for the following applications: a. Walls b. Roof c. Interiors A) a. Walls: Rap trap bond brick work in 1:2:12 cement lime mortar /1:1.5:3 cement sand mortar Hollow concrete block masonry in cement mortar b. Roofs: Upgraded thatch roof on appropriate frame work Precast waffle units Burnt clay tube roofing in vault form Resin bonded saw dust frame Ferro cement productsFibre reinforced plastic frame 2) List three examples of available technologies for organic recycling for any one of the following: a. Composting b. Bio- methanation Ans: a) Composting: ¥ Windrows ¥ Enclosed aerated Windrow Y Aerated static pile b) Bio-Methanation ¥ TEAM digester (developed by The Energy and Resource Institute (TERT) v ASTRA digester (Centre for Sustainable Technologies) ¥ TIDE (Technology Informatics Design Endeavour) 3) In what ways does mixed mode ventilation serve as an Energy Conservation Measure? Ans: Mixed-mode ventilation refers to a hybrid approach to space conditioning that uses a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either manually or automatically controlled), and mechanical systems that include air distribution equipment and refrigeration equipment for cooling. A well-designed mixed-mode building begins with intelligent facade design to minimize cooling loads. It then integrates the use of air-conditioning when and where it is necessary, with the use of natural ventilation whenever it is feasible or desirable, to maximize comfort while avoiding the significance energy use and operating costs of year-round air conditioning. A well designed and properly operated mixed-mode building can scale back or eliminate the use of mechanical cooling and ventilation systems throughout much of the year, with associated reductions in pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and operating costs. Ventilation with cool outside air can reduce a commercial building's energy use by 15 to 80%, depending on climate, cooling loads, and building type. Occupants typically want windows that can open. Mixed-mode buildings have the potential to offer occupants higher degrees of personal control over their local thermal and ventilation conditions, as well as a greater connection to the outdoors, which should lead to increased occupant satisfaction and reduced potential for IAQproblems. Past research has found that building occupants prefer a wider range of indoor thermal conditions when they are provided with some measure of personal control. Mixed-mode strategies provide inherent flexibility and redundancy in the space conditioning systems of a building, resulting in potentially longer life, greater adaptability to changing uses, and reduced lifecycle costs. With the careful application of mixed-mode cooling and ventilation, one can anticipate somewhat smaller mechanical systems and extended HVAC equipment life. 4) Describe the different strategies that can be adopted for enhancing occupant comfort in a school with classrooms and individual faculty cabins. In particular, focus on enhancing the: a. Visual comfort, and b. Thermal comfort of occupants a. Visual comfort The use and control (management) of natural lighting; The elimination of reflections and direct glare; The elimination of twinkling and vibration (flickering effect); The distribution of light on the various surfaces of the premises; The uniformity of illuminance on the work surface. An adequate level of illuminance in order to provide natural lighting for a very great part of the day during the school year A view to the outside for all occupants of the classroom so as to create a relationship with the outdoor space to offer views that are restful to the eye. KRSBZARS x b. Thermal comfort of occupants: ¥ Hamessing free heat - addressing the orientation of openings and their dimensions. The principle is to open to the south and to a lesser extent in other directions. Y Storing the heat - addressing inertia and provision of mass in the indoor space, with regard to both floor slabs (ground and upper floors) and internal walls. Inertia - together with ventilation - allows mitigation of temperature peaks during the day and, sometimes, but not in a regular way, limiting energyrequirements (heating and/or air conditioning). Y Conserving accumulated heat means, on the one hand, increasing the envelope’s insulation and airtightness and, on the other hand, reducing as far as possible thermal bridging or construction joints. Y Effective heat distribution - addressing the internal layout so as to have good distribution of heat within the indoor space. 5. Describe in detail and through examples, strategies for managing waste on a construction site. 1. A certain part of the site should be reserved for storing construction waste, 2. Effort should be made to ensure that at least 20-25% of construction waste should be reused on site. 3. There are various steps that can be taken at the design stage to minimize the generation of construction waste: a) Designs should be checked to see that there has been no over specification of materials. The extra material becomes waste on site. b) The design should be sized according to the sizing of the material available. This reduces the amount of waste generated. Material ordered in standard sizes reduces site cutting and wastage. ©) Materials should be stored in a weather proof shed, Construction material when exposed to weather conditions disintegrates and is unusable. This then becomes waste. d) Harmful and toxic liquid state chemicals should be kept away from drains and water sources. While ordering material following should be considered: Y Purchasing material that have recycling content. Y Order paints with low odour and VOC emission. ¥ Ask suppliers to minimize packaging. ¥ Order in standard size to minimize on-site cutting and waste, While taking delivery of material following should be kept in mind: v Have appropriate storage areas ready, which should be covered to protect against rain ingress and ideally have a hard standing surface. ¥ Know whether special handling is required. Y Appoint a person to be in charge of and manage store. Y Schedule deliveries. Y Audit all deliveries to make sure that all material has beendelivered. ¥ Reject deliveries if incomplete or damage. 7. Describe the commissioning process for an office building from beginning of the project to the handover stage. Make a list of all the activities that a Commissioning Authority has to do, types of systems to be commissioned, different activities at different stages of the project and the documents to be produced by them. What Measurement and Verification (M&V) activities need to be performed once the building is handed over the occupants? Stage 1 - Preparation ¥ Form the commissioning team v Review lessons and experiences from similar buildings and projects ¥ Clearly identify the performance outcomes expected by client and the end user Help produce the design brief that correctly represents the required performance Stage 2 - Design ¥ Review the performance outcomes with the client. ¥ Ensure commissioning process activities have been clearly identified v Ensure the performance outcomes reflect and changes to the system/project design Stage 3 - Pre Construction Y Make sure the contractors clearly understand the performance requirements v Verify the capabilities of the trade contractors to meet the requirements of the commissioning process Stage 4 - Construction ¥ Produce a detailed commissioning programme Y Conduct pre-commissioning works, involving verification of installation works and static tests. Verify and document performance outcomes have been achieved. v Ensure continuously progress is made the production of the O&M's manuals. Stage 5 - Commissioning of Engineering Services: Y Perform the setting to work of systems. Verify and documents that the required performance outcomes have been achieved.Y Undertake performance testing of the building, equipment and engineering services. Verify and documents that the required performance have been achieved. ¥ Involve facilities management personnel in the commissioning works. ¥ Collate the commissioning checklists and test sheets. Stage 6 - Pre-handover v Verify the quality of the documentary evidence from commissioning process works. v Ensure that all required statutory documentation has been produced. ¥ Conduct training of users and operators. ¥ Produce and circulate building user guides. ¥ Check the client's requirements and react to any differences. Stage 7 - Initial Occupation: Y Introduce user to their equipment/building and show how it operates. v Help the facilities management team with initial building operation ¥ Update commissioning records in accordance with and approved changes. v Update the O&M manuals in accordance with any approved changes. Stage 8 - Post-occupancy care: Carry out seasonal commissioning Fine tune building and its engineer services Collect and review evidence about the building performance Update commissioning records and O&M manuals in accordance to ant seasonal commissioning and fine tuning works Produce lessons learned comparing building performance with design intent, client stakeholder expectation and benchmarks SAR % Measurement and Verification Measurement and verification (M&V), sometimes known as monitoring and verification, is a means for gauging performance using measured data. M&V processes are typically applied to substantiate savings from energy efficiency, water conservation, and emissions reductions projects. The two primary purposes of M&V are: 1) risk management, related to performance-based financing mechanisms, by verifying actual savings achieved from implementing performance-based measures; and 2) identifying anomalies in system performance that otherwise would have gone unnoticed. In addition to identifying when performance problems are occurring, M&V data can also be used to diagnose where the problems lieand give clues as to how to correct the problems. For many projects, savings may be verified with a minimum of measurement and at a minimum cost. Other projects call for a more rigorous approach to measurement and verification. In general, the more rigorous the verification requirements, the more expensive the verification process will be. Factors that affect measurement and verification costs include: v v Level of detail and effort associated with verifying baseline and post-installation surveys Sample sizes (number of data points) used for metering representative equipment Duration and accuracy of metering activities Confidence and precision levels specified for energy savings analysis Number and complexity of dependent and independent variables that are metered or accounted for in analyses Availability of existing data collecting systems Degree to which the data collection, analysis and reporting are automated Contract termSET - Ill ‘tion 1) List three types of sensors that can be used in automatic lighting controls A) a. Infrared Proximity sensor b. Ultrasonic c. Microwave sensors 2) Describe the flush-out procedure that is adopted in fully air- conditioned buildings right before occupancy? A) It's the process to flush out air from the building before occupying to remove the pollutants such as formaldehyde, and other VOC's that come from paints, materials, finishes and newly installed components. This procedure aims to improve the Indoor air quality by limiting occupants exposure to the most intense period of contamination, and reducing the cross contamination between materials. The flush out procedure is after the construction ends, and before occupying the building and with all the interior finishes installed, we have to install the new filtration media and a building flush out by supplying a total air volume of about 14000 cubic feet of outdoor air per square foot of floor area while maintaining an internal temperature of at least 16degree Celsius and relative humidity not higher than 60%. It is essential that after a flush out, ventilation air filters, except filters that have only been processing outside air, are to be changed. 3) What are the differences between a level-Il and level energy audit? A) Level Il: ¥_ More detailed building survey Breakdown of energy use Savings and cost analysis of all ECM’s Identification of all ECM's requiring more thorough data collection and analysis Detailed energy calculations and financial analysis of proposed energy efficiency measures S84] « Level Ill: ¥ Attention to more capital intensive projects identified during audit IIY More detailed field analysis ¥ More rigorous engineering analysis ¥ Cost and savings calculations with a high level of accuracy 4) Explain the concept of life cycle costing by mean comparison between conventional versus eco-friendly building materials and technologies. A) The idea of maintainable building consolidates and incorporates an assortment of methodologies amid the outline, development and operation of building ventures. The utilization of green building materials and items speaks to one critical procedure in the outline of a building. Green building materials offer particular advantages to the building proprietor and building inhabitants: ¥ Lessened upkeep/substitution costs over the life of the building Vitality protection. Enhanced inhabitant wellbeing and efficiency. Bring down expenses connected with changing space designs. More prominent plan adaptability. SNR Building and development exercises overall devour 3 billion tons of crude materials every year or 40 percent of aggregate worldwide utilize Using green building materials and items advances protection of decreasing non-renewable assets globally. Also, incorporating green building materials into building ventures can lessen the ecological effects connected with the extraction, transport, handling, manufacture, establishment, reuse, reusing, and transfer of these building industry source materials. 5) Draw the boundary of daylight area on top of the image below using rule of thumb calculationsGiven that: a) Room windows are full-height UPVC doors b) Kitchen and toilet windows have sill of 0.6m and lintel of 2.1m c) Floor to floor height is 3m and clear height is 2.9m A) 6) For the above given floor plan of a building in Chennai, design the shading for each window, assuming north direction to be upwards.Calculate the effective SHGC for the different glasses on each facade using the table below: fem ere erro Factors for 4 Seen oe ee ee a) Cred A) Location - Chennai ‘Temperature - Warm humid WWR is greater than 40% Maximum SHGC - 0.25 Chennai latitude is less than 15N Assuming depth of shade - 0.6m V=2.1-0.6m =1.5m WINDOW Vv H HIV M EFFECTI Factor | VE SHGC North 21 0.6 0.29 0.83 0.3 Facing Window - | North 2.1 0.6 0.29 0.83 0.3 Facing Window - II North 15 0.6 0.4 0.83 0.3 Facing Window - Ill North 21 0.6 0.29 0.83 0.3 Facing Window - IV North 21 0.6 0.29 0.83 0.3 Facing Window - V7) A call centre in Gurgaon has a site of 5 acres and consisting of 3 buildings of 12 storeys each where 800 people work. The complex uses a central plant for HVAC and all common area lighting needs are met by rooftop solar panels. Prepare a: a. Retro-Commissioning Plan for analysing deficiencies in the existing systems b. Measurement and Verification (M&V) Plan for sustained monitoring of end use for the complex A) RETRO-COMMISSONING is a quality centred process for accomplishing the Current Facility Requirements (CFR) of a current facility, its frameworks, sub-frameworks, segments and congregations never appointed. This procedure concentrates on arranging, researching, executing, checking, and archiving that the office and additionally its frameworks and congregations are worked and kept up to meet the CFR, with a program to keep up the improvements for the rest of the life of the office. It enhances capacity and operation of frameworks, recognizes and determines issues with the first outline or development and locations issues that have created over the life of the building. It includes a progression of methodical stages: Pre-site examination stage, Site examination stage, Analysis stage, Corrective activity stage and development/guarantee stage. The size of vitality reserve funds recognized amid the retro-dispatching procedure is needy upon the intricacy and size of building frameworks, hours of operation, year of development, building framework control methodologies and the sorts of inadequacies experienced. The retro commissioning plan includes the following: ¥ Retro-Commissioning scope ¥ Retro-Commissioning team ¥ Retro-Commissioning team member responsibilities ¥ Channels of communication ¥ Retro-commissioning procedures utilizedth fl a er + Review HVAC + Assess major + Determine issues + Develop Retro- original building systems affecting building Commissioning construction + Investigate performance report documents and condition, + Provide technical + Discuss EMO's tenanant operation, and analysis of with owner improvement performance of defined issues * Validate facility documents equipment. + Develop energy performance + Provide design + Provide site management following review investigation and issues implementation * Develop Retro- test report of corrective Commisioning documentation actions plan + Review trends * Conduct ‘ownerfoccupant and maintainanace interviews Review energy and water usage records Retro-commissioning is an all-encompassing procedure. The RCx Team will research, audit, and dissect the issues from a worldwide perspective. RCx is NOT simply investigating. The RCx Team will audit chose frameworks to decide how they may between relate with the whole office to characterize, explore and take care of issues. The RCx procedure may likewise be used to assess and approve the present working status of an office. The RCx procedure incorporates: the survey of the greater part of the fitting documentation of a current office to comprehend the aim of the past outlines; leading meetings with administration, operations staff and inhabitants to decide their point of view on current office conditions; examination; and testing conceivable conditions that may impact or identify with an apparent issue. The Retro-Commissioning Authority will then examine the consequences of the examinations and suggest arrangements. The prescribed arrangements may, or may not, be actualized by the Owner relying on capital accessibility, payback and different issues. On the off chance that the proposals are acknowledged by the proprietor, the usage of those suggestions is totally dispatched beginning with the Design Phase through the Warranty Phase. The way of retro-charging is precisely the inverse. The procedure is iterative. There will be conditions where a disclosure of an issue in one zone will require the RCXA to come back to a past movement and begin the investigative procedure once more. The retro-authorizing procedure will dependably concentrate on a building's parts and operational frameworks to enhance the structures usefulness.Measurement & Verification Plan: A separate measurement and verification plan for each solution or site. Each plan is described in the following format: Project savings Utility consumption savings formula Baseline variables Post-implementation variables Baseline adjustment factors Extrapolations/calculations Demand reduction savings Maintenance savings . Other savings 10. Commissing/tracking perfomance 11. Information to be provided by the customer 12. Reporting by the ESCO CONauUAUNE