Presentation-Wlarose Boodman 20151201 0

Lincorporation de concepts de Common law
dans un contrat rgi par les lois qubcoises:

Piges viter et subtilits quun conseiller dentreprise
doit connatre
1er dcembre 2015

par Vronique Wattiez Larose et Martin Boodman, associs
McCarthy Ttrault
Introduction
Structure et objectifs de la prsentation
McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca
Effet des avant-contrats

Droit civil:
Besoin de distinguer loffre, promesse de contrat et invitation
entrer en pourparlers exercice de qualification
Offre
offre doit tre srieuse, ferme et prcise
doit contenir tous les lments essentiels du contrat projet,
mais pas les lments accessoires
Doit indiquer la volont de loffrant dtre li en cas dacceptation
Sinon constitue une simple invitation contracter ou entrer en
pourparlers, qui ne produit pas deffets juridiques
Promesse de contrat
lorsque les parties entendent consacrer lessentiel de leur
accord, tout en laissant au contrat dfinitif le soin de rgler et
prvoir certains dtails

Europe Cosmtique inc. c. Locations Le Carrefour Laval inc.
13. Une fois la Lettre d'Intention de Location ("Entente")
excute, la prsente entente liera les deux parties et sera
sujette aux conditions suivantes :
14. Cette Lettre dintention de location ne lie pas ni ne constitue
une entente liant les parties. Le Bailleur prparera un Bail
comprenant les informations contenues cette Lettre dintention
de location. Le Bail, lorsque sign par toutes les parties,
constituera lentente liant les parties. Rien dautre que la
signature du Bail par toutes les parties, que ce soit la ngociation
du Bail ou quoique ce soit dautre, ne constitue une entente liant
les parties. Le Locataire ne pourra prendre possession des
Locaux avant que le Bail nait t sign par toutes les parties.

Condition de financement retire de la lettre
dintention
Parties changeaient versions finales du bail
Locataire demande de reporter effet de la
lettre dintention jusqu lobtention de
financement
Promesse de contracter ou projet de bail?
Intention des parties sengager formellement
Document contient tous les lments essentiels

Common law:
Rgle historique: obligation de ngocier de
bonne foi (ou agreement to agree ) ne peut
tre mise en application
Pas le cas dans certains tats amricains (Illinois, NY)
Barclays Bank plc v. Devonshire Trust
Mise en application implique quon doit savoir

quoi mettre en application
Distinction entre efforts de rencontrer obligation
spcifique en vertu dun document prliminaire
et engagement de poursuivre ngociations

Molson Canada 2005 v. Miller Brewing Co.
Ultimately, any covenant to negotiate in good faith, as any other
contractual obligation, must be interpreted in accordance with the
intention of the parties in the context in which the agreement was
negotiated and executed. The issue is not whether a court should
imply an obligation to negotiate in good faith as a matter of
commercial morality, but rather whether the parties themselves
understood from the circumstances which an express
commitment to negotiate in good faith was given, and intended in
those circumstances, that any breach of the specific commitment
was to have some legal consequences.
Doit tre distingu de la situation o les parties

ont conclu une entente finale mais que des
formalits additionnelles sont envisages
Importance du comportement des parties suite
la signature du document dentente

Trucs et astuces:
Indiquer quune lettre dintention est sujette la
signature par les parties dune entente finale et
dfinitive nest peut-tre pas suffisant pour assurer
quune lettre dintention ne lie pas les parties
Toujours indiquer quelles clauses lient les parties ds la
signature et lesquelles ne les lient pas (excutoires et
non-excutoires)
Insrer des conditions spcifiques sous votre contrle
10
Notion de privity et de stipulation pour

autrui
Upon whom can a contract confer benefits?
Limitation of liability clauses

Indemnification clauses
11

autrui
Common law:
Privity of contract: Contract cannot, as a rule,
confer rights or impose obligations on any person
except a party to it
Notwithstanding express or implied clause
Modern principled exception to third party
beneficiary rule ( incremental change )
12

autrui
Criteria:
Intention to extend benefit to third party
Activities performed by third party are very
activities contemplated within scope of
contract in general, or particular provision,
according to intention of parties
Policy reasons in favour of relaxing privity of
contract under the circumstances
commercial, reality, allocation of risk
13

autrui
Droit civil:
Relativity of contract art. 1440 CCQ : A
contract has effect only between the
contracting parties; it does not affect third
persons, except where provided by law.
Stipulation for another / stipulation pour autrui:
Arts. 1444-1450 CCQ
14

autrui
Criteria:
Clear express or implied intention to benefit
third person
Third person beneficiary determinable at time
stipulation made and in existence at time of
enforcement
Effect:
Immediate right in favour of third party
beneficiary (sword or shield)
15

autrui
Trucs et astuces:
Quebec law clearly more receptive
Fewer requirements / not exceptional
Less court scrutiny than Common law
16
Devoir de ngocier de bonne foi (avant la

conclusion du contrat et par la suite)
Droit civil:
Articles 6, 7 et 1375 CCQ
Obligation gnrale impose aux parties toutes
les tapes de la formation du contrat, incluant la
phase pr-contractuelle, mme si ultimement
aucun contrat nest conclu
Obligation:
De loyaut (comportements prescrits)
De coopration (ralisation des objectifs contractuels)
De renseignement (consentement libre et clair)
Peut aller jusqu devoir mettre fin des pourparlers si

vous lchec
17
La bonne foi (avant la conclusion du contrat

et par la suite)
Common law:
Distinctions entre les diffrentes tapes du contrat
En principe, pas de devoir dagir de bonne foi ltape
de la ngociation
Par la suite, les dcisions taient partages mais pas de
standalone duty ; circonstances au cas par cas dans
lesquelles obligation avait t reconnue, directement ou
indirectement:
contrat demploi/dassurance/de franchise
contrats dadhsion
Lac Minerals Ltd. c. International Corona Resources Ltd.
le constructive trust
18
La bonne foi (avant la conclusion du

contrat et par la suite)
Barclays (Ontario CA 2013)
duty of good faith arises when necessary to ensure that the
parties do not act in a way that defeats the objects of the very
contract the parties have entered .
Bhasin v. Hrynew (CSC 2014)

Jurisprudence est fragmentaire, incertaine et imprcise
Reconnat la bonne foi comme principe directeur nonc
en termes gnraux dont il est possible de tirer des rgles de
droit plus particulires.
Pas une rgle autonome; rgle qui sous-tend des rgles de
droit particulires, qui se manifeste dans ces rgles et
laquelle on peut accorder plus ou moins dimportance
19
La bonne foi (avant la conclusion du

contrat et par la suite)
Bhasin v. Hrynew (CSC 2014)(suite)
Prise en compte des intrts lgitimes de son partenaire
contractuel noblige pas la partie servir ces intrts dans
tous les cas; ne doit pas chercher nuire ces intrts
Pas de devoir de loyaut ni de divulgation (ni fiduciaire)
Rgles existantes en vertu desquelles une excution
contractuelle doit tre honnte franche, et raisonnable, mais
notion de bonne foi ne sera pas retenue si elle ne cadre pas
avec ces rgles existantes.
Obligation gnrale dhonntet applicable lexcution des
contrats: les parties ne doivent pas se mentir ni sinduire
intentionnellement en erreur (!)
20
La bonne foi (avant la conclusion du contrat

et par la suite)
Trucs et astuces:
Il nest pas ncessaire, dans un contrat rgi par
le droit qubcois, de saupoudrer des
rfrences la bonne foi des parties
Il peut tre recommand de le faire dans des
contrats rgis par la Common law, puisque
dans de plus en plus de situation ces
obligations seront reconnues si elles expriment
les relles attentes des parties
21
Distinctions entre la notion de

considration et de cause
Droit civil:
Notion de cause a deux volets:
Cause de lobligation (objective): Motif ou raison
qui a pouss le contractant adhrer
lengagement contractuel et en justifie
lexistence sera toujours la mme pour les
contrats de mme nature
Cause du contrat (subjective)
Pas ncessaire quelle soit exprime

Utilit limite

Common law:
Rle: distinguer les promesses contractuelle bases sur un
bargain des promesses titre gratuit
Bargain = promise + consideration
Afin quun contrat lie les parties, chaque partie doit fournir une
contrepartie suffisante (sufficient to induce the seller to part
with the property) touche directement la validit du march
Gnralement, les tribunaux ne vont pas questionner le
caractre adquat de la contrepartie fournie; cest aux parties
den tenir compte au moment de la conclusion du contrat
Mais la suffisance (le caractre concret) de la contrepartie est
ncessaire It has to be a real peppercorn.
22
23

Common law:
Modifications un contrat existant
Jusqu tout rcemment, ne pouvait tre mis en
application en labsence de contrepartie
Jurisprudence est venue assouplir cette rgle
depuis quelques annes
Peut-tre mis en application en labsence de
economic duress
24

consideration et de cause
Trucs et astuces:
Labsence de rfrence sur papier une
contrepartie nominale na pas dimpact sur un
contrat rgi par le droit qubcois puisquelle
nest pas une condition sa validit
Par contre, dans un contrat de common law,
recommand de sassurer dune contrepartie
relle les tribunaux vont enqurir sur la
contrepartie relle peu importe ce que dit le
contrat
25
Questions relatives la rsiliation des contrats
Common law:
Termination of contracts, including duration:
give effect to intention of parties
Termination for cause

Contract can validly specify termination for any
breach, including non-material breach
Without clause, a contract can be terminated for
fundamental breach
Termination without cause of indefinite term contract

Indeterminate term contract can be perpetual
Matter of contractual intention: No presumption for or
against perpetual contracts
Implied termination with notice likely in contracts
involving trust and confidence, such as partnership,
agency, employment and service contracts
Potential restrictive interpretation of contractual
termination rights
26
27
Civil law:
Termination for cause
Art. 1604 CCQ: Notwithstanding any
stipulation to the contrary resolution or
resiliation cannot be based upon a breach of
minor importance
28
Termination without cause

Fixed Term
Termination with specfied notice
Indefinite term No notice provision
Unidentified Term - 1512 CCQ
Perpetual Contract
Uniprix Inc. c. Gestion Gosselin,
2015 QCCA 1427
29
Special rule for contracts of services /

enterprise
Art. 2125 CCQ : Right of client to unilaterally
resiliate a contract of enterprise or service
without notice, without cause
Good faith
Renunciation
30
Questions relatives la rsiliation des

contrats
Trucs et astuces:
Quebec law more restrictive
Cause for termination significant breach
Good faith
Perpetual contracts
Renunciation to termination rights must be
clear
Address potential application of 2125 CCQ

31
Responsabilit conjointe ou solidaire / joint

and several liability
Common law:
Joint liability
Two or more persons jointly promise to do the
same thing, i.e. perform the same obligation
Performance by or judgment against one joint
debtor releases the other joint debtor
Creditor must sue joint debtors together
(procedural)
Statutory exceptions, e.g. Ontario Courts of
Justice Act, s.139(1) (no release / can sue
separately)
32

Common law:
Joint and several liability
Same primary effects as solidary liability under
Quebec law
Jointly but not severally

Debtors liable only as regards one obligation
33

Civil law:
Joint liability
Art. 1518 CCQ : Two or more debtors who are
obliged for the same obligation but only as
regards each debtors share which is to be
performed separately
Presumed equal (art. 1537(1) CCQ by analogy)
34

Solidary (joint and several) debtors
Art. 1523 CCQ: Multiple debtors who are
obliged to perform a single obligation, each of
whom can be compelled to perform fully
Performance by one solidary debtor releases
the other debtors
Resembles joint and joint and several in
Common law
35
Responsabilit conjointe ou solidaire /

joint and several liability
Trucs et astuces:
Jointly but not severally in Quebec law
Each debtor liable for and can be sued only for
his portion
If intended to reflect joint in Common law
sense, specify joint and several or solidary
liability
36
Limitation / exclusion de responsabilit

Exclusion des dommages indirects, spciaux,
consequential, incidental
Dommages punitifs
1474 CCQ et son quivalent en Common law
37
Exclusion des dommages indirects,

spciaux, consequential, incidental
Common law
Rationale for exclusion: Restrict liability to
direct damages, often accompanied by an
exclusion for loss of profits
Direct damages: Damages that are fairly
and reasonably considered as flowing naturally
or in the ordinary course of events from the
breach (Hadley v. Baxendale)

Incidental, indirect and consequential damages
identical: Not direct
Special damages: Result from breach and
special circumstances expressly contemplated by
parties
Distinction between direct and indirect,
incidental, consequential, special : Remoteness
and foreseeability (rather than causation)
38
39
Exclusion des dommages indirects, spciaux,

consequential, incidental
Civil law
Damages recoverable if the direct and
immediate consequence of the breach, and in
contractual matters, if foreseeable (art. 1613
CCQ)
direct and immediate = causation
types of damages recoverable are not limited:
include lost profits

Special damages:
Unknown to Quebec law subset of foreseeable
Incidental damages:
Unknown to Quebec law
Indirect damages:
Not recoverable in Quebec law
Consequential damages:
In Quebec law, possibly recoverable as direct and
immediate consequence of the breach
possibly indirect
40
41

Trucs et astuces:
Under Quebec law, the exclusion of indirect,
incidental and special damages does not have
any legal effect
Consequential = confusing
Specify clearly the particular types of damages
excluded: Lost profits, expenses, lawyers fees,
property damage, etc.
42
Dommages punitifs
Common law:
Punitive damages are available in Common law for
contractual and tortious faults
high-handed, malicious, arbitrary or highly
reprehensible misconduct that departs to a marked
degree from ordinary standards of decent behaviour
exceptional; separate cause of action
Awarded if necessary to achieve objectives of

retribution, deterrence and denunciation, particularly
where compensatory damages do not do so
43
Dommages punitifs
Effect of exclusion clause
Commercial context: Less meaningful - punitive
damages rarely awarded
Possibly invalid under Tercon (S.C.C.) - public
policy
44
Dommages punitifs
Droit civil:
Art. 1621 CCQ: Punitive damages are recoverable
only where expressly provided by law not
recoverable under the droit commun (despite the
reprehensible nature of the defendants misconduct)
Statute may define the context or criteria for punitive
damages
Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, s. 49 :
Unlawful and intentional interference
45
Dommages punitifs
Trucs et astuces:
Practical perspective: Exclusion effective if breach
results in punitive damages claim under statute not
likely in commercial contract
Legal effect: Possibly invalid as renunciation in advance
to a public order right
Limitation/exclusion de responsabilit
46
Trucs et astuces:
Soyez vigilants quant aux catgories de dommages qui
peuvent tre recouvrables ou non
Considrer lutilisation de types particuliers de
dommages (par ex.: cot de remplacement, perte de
profit)
Considrer lutilisation de dfinitions pour certains termes
qui ne font pas lunanimit
47
1474 et son quivalent en common law

Faute grossire ou intentionnelle
Une partie ne peut limiter ou exclure sa
responsabilit pour faute intentionnelle ou faute
lourde
La faute lourde est celle qui dnote une
insouciance, une imprudence ou une
ngligence grossires

Faute grossire ou intentionnelle
Common law:
selon le droit anglais, la ngligence grossire nest quun
degr de la ngligence (contrairement au droit civil)
ne peut exclure fausse reprsentation frauduleuse
COMMON LAW
Fraude
vs
DROIT CIVIL
Fraude
Ngligence
grossire
vs
Ngligence (grossire ou non)
Ngligence (simple)
48

Validit des clauses dexclusion de
responsabilit
Tercon vs BC
Contrat A et Contrat B
Except as expressly and specifically permitted in these Instructions
to Proponents, no Proponent shall have any claim for any
compensation of any kind whatsoever, as a result of participating in
this RFP, and by submitting a proposal each proponent shall be
deemed to have agreed that it has no claim.
Soumission en co-entreprise avec soumissionnaire

admissible
49
50

Jestime que la clause de non-recours ne sapplique pas aux
inexcutions imputes la province. Le processus de DP mis en place
par celle-ci supposait la participation dun nombre limit dentreprises.
La mise en concurrence avec un soumissionnaire inadmissible nen
faisait pas partie et elle tait mme expressment exclue. La
prsentation dune proposition par une autre entreprise ne pouvait faire
natre un contrat A . La province a donc ignor le fondement mme
de sa propre DP et elle a attribu le march une entreprise non admise
y prendre part. Cest ce dont Tercon lui fait grief. La clause de
non-recours ne fait pas obstacle au recours de Tercon, car elle ne
sapplique qu lindemnisation demande [traduction] pour [l]a
participation la DP , et non au recours qui fait suite la participation
dune autre entreprise, elle inadmissible. De plus, le texte de la clause
ne limite pas selon moi la responsabilit de la province pour le
manquement son obligation tacite de faire preuve dquit lgard
des soumissionnaires
51

Notion de fundamental breach
Principe: libert contractuelle quant aux clauses
dexclusion de responsabilit
Analyse en trois tapes:
test dapplicabilit de la clause
critre d iniquit au moment de la formation du
contrat (qui manque gravement lquit; trs injuste)
atteinte lordre public
52

Trucs et astuces
Rgles dexclusion seront respectes moins
dun dsquilibre important entre les parties
Ngligence grossire peut mener une
exclusion de responsabilit en common law
Clauses de survie de reprsentations et garanties
Factual context
Claim for breach of representation or warranty
must be made within survival period
time limit on contractual liability
Survival period: Fixed starting date

(e.g. date of closing) and short duration
Validity of survival clauses differs among
Common law provinces and between Common law
and Quebec law
53
Common law:
Absence of express statutory rule: Limitation period (including
discoverability ) may be varied by contract
Express statutory rules: Vary from province to province
Ontario: Limitations Act, 2002, s. 22 amended to permit
limitation period to be varied or excluded in a business
agreement (not ultimate limitation period under s. 15)
Business Agreement : None of parties is a consumer as
defined in Consumer Protection Act, 2002
54
Alberta: Limitations Act, s. 7 permits extension

of a limitation period, but invalidates reduction
B.C.: Limitations Act: No statutory rules as to
modification to a limitation period
55
Quebec law:
Arts. 2883, 2884 CCQ: Cannot renounce in advance to
prescription or modify prescription period
Contractual stipulations that lengthen or shorten a
prescription period specified under the CCQ or a Quebec
statute or modify starting date are invalid
Valid stipulations:
forfeiture of term clauses activated at discretion of creditor
notice prior to exercising a claim
56
Trucs et astuces:
Survival clauses not litigated
Understand (advise client) as to the legal effect
of survival clauses depending upon choice
of law
Qualification in third party opinion letters, if
necessary
57
Clauses relatives au recours en injonction

It is agreed that the rights and benefits of each of the
parties pursuant to this Agreement are unique and that
no adequate remedy exists at law if any of the parties
shall fail to perform, or breaches, any of its obligations
hereunder, that it would be difficult to determine the
amount of damages resulting therefrom, and that such
breach would cause irreparable injury to the nonbreaching parties. Therefore, the non-breaching party
shall be entitled to injunctive relief to prevent or restrain
any breach of this Agreement.
58

Common law:
Recours exceptionnel et discrtionnaire
Recours de base est le recours en dommages
Clause apporte des lments pour convaincre
que dommages inadquats pour remettre partie
en tat
Droit civil:
Excution en nature est la rgle, pas
discrtionnaire
Mais disponible dans les cas qui le
permettent
59
Trucs et astuces:
Dans tous les cas, cette clause ne sera quun
indice de la volont des parties prise en compte
par le juge qui dcidera sil accorde une
injonction ou non sur la base de la rencontre
des critres son octroi par les faits en jeu
60
61
Appel dune sentence arbitrale
Most elements related to arbitration across

Canada are similar based upon similar model
legislation
Significant differences between Common law
provinces and Quebec as regards appeal
62

Droit civil:
No appeal on the merits of an international or
domestic arbitration award
946.2 CCP: Court considering homologation
cannot inquire into merits
947 CCP: Only possible recourse against
arbitration award is application for annulment
940 CCP: Arts. 946.2 and 947 CCP are
peremptory
63

Common law:
International arbitrations: No appeal on merits
Domestic arbitrations:
Arbitration agreement: Appeal on a question of law, fact
or mixed fact and law
Absence of a provision in arbitration agreement: Appeal
on a question of law with leave (importance of matters in
arbitration, issue will significantly affect rights of the
parties)
e.g. Ontario Arbitration Act, 1991, ss. 45, 47, 49
Possible variation among provincial statutes

64

Trucs et astuces:
Importance of choice of law governing
arbitration
Potential appeal may eliminate advantages of
arbitration
65
Clause dentente intgrale

Common law:
Clause lie les parties mais
ne va pas aller lencontre dune entente verbale alors
que les parties navaient pas lintention que leur contrat
crit couvre lensemble de leur relation particulirement
si les parties agissent conformment cette entente
verbale
ne peut exclure les reprsentations frauduleuses
ne sapplique quaux vnements antrieurs la
conclusion du contrat
Interprtation dpendra du degr de sophistication des

parties
66

Droit civil:
Ihag-Holding, a.g. c. Intrawest Corporation
Recherche de lintention des parties prime sur la
rdaction employe
Preuves pouvant tablir la prsence ou labsence dune
erreur dans la rdaction est recevable
Solutions:
annuler le contrat si consentement des parties est entach
et restituer les prestations
rendre excutoire lintention des parties
67

Trucs et astuces:
Diligence dans la rdaction!
Peut prvoir que toute modification future
lentente devra tre consigne par crit
Sassurer que lautre partie a rellement
connaissance de cette clause et de sa porte
Clauses de restriction la cession des contrats
Distinction between assignment of contractual

rights and obligations
Cannot assign a contract (unless permitted by
law)
Assignment of rights or benefits
Assignment of obligations or burdens
(consent)
68
Common law:
In the absence of a contract restriction or other
legal prohibition, assignment of rights without
the consent of the assigned debtor
Statutory requirements
Ontario Conveyancing and Law of Property Act,
s. 53 (absolute, writing, notice)
Assignee can enforce assigned debt against

the debtor without impleading assignor
69
Contractual restrictions on assignment:

Absolute prohibition, consent requirement
Scope of contractual restrictions subject to
interpretation
Valid subject to public policy reasons (doubtful in
commercial agreements)
70
Effect of breach of prohibition or consent requirement

Assignee cannot enforce claim directly against assigned
debtor (even with notice) without impleading assignor
Assigned debtor pays assignor
Assignment valid between assignee and assignor: Funds
collected by assignor held in trust for assignee
Possible contractual recourses available to assigned debtor
against assignor for breach of contract
Effect of Personal Property Security Act
71
Quebec law:
Unless restricted by law, or intuitu personae
nature, contractual claims and rights of action
are assignable without consent of assigned
debtor (art. 1637 CCQ)
Formalities for enforceability against assigned
debtor (arts. 1641, 1642 CCQ)
72
Contractual prohibitions or consent requirements do

not affect legal validity of assignment of claims or
other rights or property
Stipulations of alienability (arts. 1212-1217 CCQ) are
enforceable against third parties only in a gift or will
Breach of prohibition/consent requirement results in
contractual recourses or injunction by the assigned
debtor
Assigned debtor pays assignee
73
Intuitu personae exception

Appears to render transfer of rights null
Certain contracts (particularly obligations) are
intuitu personae: mandate, partnership,
suretyship, employment, service contracts,
gratuitous contracts (presumed) loan for use,
insurance, lease
Unclear if mere stipulation sufficient as regards
rights
74
Trucs et astuces:
Prohibition or consent clause
Resolutory condition or term (unauthorized
assignment) activated by notice
Stipulation that rights under contract are intuitu
personae (not necessarily enforceable)
75
Clause relative la langue franaise

Dans quelles circonstances est-il appropri de linclure?
Pas dans tous les contrats rgis par le droit qubcois
contrats d'adhsion
les contrats o figurent des clauses-types imprimes
ainsi que les documents qui s'y rattachent
Contrats peuvent tre rdigs dans une autre langue si telle

est la volont expresse des parties
Volont na pas tre traduite dans un crit, mais devient
une question de preuve
76
77
Clause relative la langue franaise

Consquences si elle ny est pas?
Naffecte en rien la validit du contrat
Personne ayant soumis un contrat en langue
unilingue anglaise est sujette aux amendes
prvues dans la Charte de la langue franaise
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Presentation-Wlarose Boodman 20151201 0

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Lincorporation de concepts de Common law

dans un contrat rgi par les lois qubcoises:

1er dcembre 2015

Structure et objectifs de la prsentation

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Effet des avant-contrats

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Effet des avant-contrats

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Effet des avant-contrats

Effet des avant-contrats

Mise en application implique quon doit savoir

Effet des avant-contrats

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Effet des avant-contrats

Doit tre distingu de la situation o les parties

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Effet des avant-contrats

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Notion de privity et de stipulation pour

Limitation of liability clauses

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Notion de privity et de stipulation pour

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Notion de privity et de stipulation pour

Notion de privity et de stipulation pour

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Notion de privity et de stipulation pour

Notion de privity et de stipulation pour

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Devoir de ngocier de bonne foi (avant la

Peut aller jusqu devoir mettre fin des pourparlers si

La bonne foi (avant la conclusion du contrat

La bonne foi (avant la conclusion du

Bhasin v. Hrynew (CSC 2014)

La bonne foi (avant la conclusion du

La bonne foi (avant la conclusion du contrat

Distinctions entre la notion de

Pas ncessaire quelle soit exprime

Distinctions entre la notion de

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Distinctions entre la notion de

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Distinctions entre la notion de

Questions relatives la rsiliation des contrats

Termination for cause

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Questions relatives la rsiliation des contrats

Termination without cause of indefinite term contract

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Questions relatives la rsiliation des contrats

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Questions relatives la rsiliation des contrats

Termination without cause

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Questions relatives la rsiliation des contrats

Special rule for contracts of services /

McCarthy Ttrault S.E.N.C.R.L., s.r.l. / mccarthy.ca

Questions relatives la rsiliation des

Address potential application of 2125 CCQ

Responsabilit conjointe ou solidaire / joint

Responsabilit conjointe ou solidaire / joint

Jointly but not severally