2015SPMEXAMSTIPSANDPREDICTIONCHEMISTRY

Form4Chapter2&3(StructureofAtom&ChemicalFormulae&Equation)SpotinStructure/Essay!!
StructureSectionAIsotope:

Cobalt-60:Radiotheraphy of treating cancer

Carbon-14:Carbon dating(estimate age of fossils and artefacts)
Iodine-131 : to treat thyroid gland diseases
Sodium-23: To detect the leakage of underground pipe

1)StructureSectionAIsotope:
2)Explainthediffusionofbromineparticlesthroughoutthe
Cobalt-60:Radiotheraphy
of
treating twogasjar
cancer
gasjarsarefullyfilledwithbrowngas.
Carbon-14:Carbon dating(estimate age of Bromine gas consist of tiny and discrete particles. When
fossils and artefacts)
coverisremoved,thebromine
Iodine-131 : to treat thyroid gland moleculesmoverandomlyanddiffuseupwards.
diseases
Sodium-23: To detect the leakage of
underground pipe
3.Master

allthecalculationfromchapter3andchapter7

Concentration in gdm-3
mass of solute (g)
volume of solution (dm3)
* if volume in cm3 , must convert to dm3 first

1000
(cm3 dm3)

Concentration in mol dm-3 (molarity)

Number of moles of solute (mol)
volume of solution (dm3)

Conversion of units of concentration

Molar mass
Concentration
Molarity
(g dm-3 )
Molar mass
(mol dm-3 )

Number of moles , ( liquid )

Neutralisation reaction
( acid + alkali salt and water )
MaVa = a
MbVb b

Dilution method

Number of moles = MV V ( cm3)

1000
M = molarity ( mol dm-3 )
V = Volume of solution ( cm3)

Stoichiometric calculation
Step 1:
Write a balanced equation
Step 2:
Convert a given quantity (mass; molarity; volume) into number of moles.
Step 3:

Based on the mole ratio, determine the number of moles of the unknown quantity.
Step 4:
Convert the calculated number of moles into required quantity ( mass ; volume; molarity ).

Exercise:Calculation
1. 0.5moleofsulphuricacid,H2SO4reactwithametal.Calculate:
a) Thenumberofatomsb)Thenumberofmoleculesc)Thenumberofions
=(0.5x7)x6.02x1023=(0.5x1)x6.02x1023=(0.5x3)x6.02x1023
=2.107x10

24atoms=3.01x10

24molecules=9.03x10

23ions
2. Findthemassof0.4molesofMagnesiumhydroxide,Mg(OH)2
[Relativeatomicmass:Mg,24;O,16;H,1]
Mass=nxmolarmass
=0.4x[24+2(16+1)]
=23.2g
3. Whatisthevolumeof0.5molofsulphurdioxidegas,SO2atSTP?
[Molarvolume:22.4dm3mol1atSTP]
Volume=nxmolarvolume
=0.5x22.4
=11.2dm

3
4. Findthenumberofmolesof:
a)Numberofmoles,solidsubstances
=Mass
Molarmass
b)Numberofmoles,liquidsubstance
=MV
1000
c) Numberofmoles,gassubstance
=Volume(volumemustbeindm3)
MolarVolume
a) 4.0gofNaOH
b) 200cm3of0.1moldm3 c) 60cm3carbondioxidegas
[Relativeatomicmass:
hydrochloricacid
atroomcondition
Na=23,O=16H=1]
(molarvolume=24dm3mol
1
=4.
=0.1(200)
)
(23+16+1)
1000
1)60/1000=0.06dm3
=0.1mol
=0.02mol
2)n=0.06
24
=0.0025mol
5. Sulphuricacidhasthepercentagecompositionasfollows.
H,2.04%;S,32.65%;O,65.31%
Whatistheempiricalformulaoftheacid?[Relativeatomicmass:H,1;S,32;O,16]
Element
H
S
O
Mass(g)
2.04
32.65
65.31
Numberofmoles(mol)
2.04=2.04
65.31=4.08
32.65=1.02
1
16
32
Ratio
2.04=2
1.02=1
4.08=4
1.02
1.02
1.02
Simplestratio
2
1
4

EMPIRICALFORMULA=H2SO4
6. 4.0gofsodiumhydroxide,NaOHisdissolvedinenoughwatertomake200cm3ofsolution.Whatis
theconcentrationofthesolutioningdm3?

1) 200/1000=0.2dm3

2)CONCENTRATION(gdm3)=4.0
0.2
=20gdm

3
6. Whatisthemolarityofasolutionpreparedbydissolving0.15moleofammoniainenoughdistilled
watertomake250cm3ofsolution?
n=MV
1000
M=nx1000
V
=0.15x1000
250
=0.6moldm

3
7. Whatisthemolarityofsodiumhydroxidesolutionwhen30cm3ofwaterisaddedto50cm3of
0.5moldm3sodiumhydroxidesolution?
M1V1=M2V2
0.5x50=M2x80
=0.3125moldm

3
8. 25cm3of0.2moldm3sodiumhydroxidesolutionistitratedwithsulphuricacid.Whatisthevolumeof
0.1moldm3sulphuricacidneededtoneutralisethesodiumhydroxidesolution?
2NaOH+H2SO4Na2SO4+2H2O
Mb=0.2Ma=0.1
Vb=25Va=?
MaVa=a
MbVbb
0.1(Va)=1
0.2(25)2
0.1(Va)=1x5
2
=2.5/0.1
=25cm3

9. 100cm3ofHCl2.0moldm3 reactscompletelywithexcessivezincpowder.Calculatethevolumeofgas
releasedatroomtemperature?(Molarvolume=24dm3atroomtemperature).
Infoproblem
Zn+2HClZnCl2+H2
1 ) n , info
3
V=?
2) n, problem
V=100cm

3
( ratio)
M=2.0moldm
3) solve the
problem

1)numberofmoles,HCl
=2.0(100)
1000
=0.2mol

2)
2molofHCl1molofH2
0.2molofHCl0.1molofH2
numberofmoles,H2=0.1mol

3)
Volume,H2=0.1x24
=2.4dm3

4.DescribeExperimenttodetermineempiricalformulaofmagnesiumoxideandcopperoxideNotinEssaysectionbefore!
EMPIRICAL FORMULA OF REACTIVE METAL( MAGNESIUM OXIDE)
AIM : To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide
MATERIALS: 10 cm magnesium ribbon , sandpaper
APPARATUS : crucible with lid , tongs, bunsen burner , tripod stand and pipe-clay triangle

FIGURE 1
PROCEDURE :
1. Weigh a crucible and its lid.
2. Clean the magnesium ribbon with sandpaper
3. Coil the ribbon and place it in the crucible. Weigh the crucible with its lid and the content
4. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 1.
5. First , heat the crucible without its lid with a strong flame
6. When the magnesium ribbon starts to burn , cover the crucible with its lid.
7. Using a pair of tongs , carefully raise the lid a little , at intervals.
8. When the burning is complete, remove the lid and heat the crucible strongly for 1 or 2 minutes
9. Allow the crucible to cool to room temperature with its lid still on
10. Weigh the crucible with its lid and the content again
11. Repeat the process of heating , cooling and weighing until a constant mass is obtained
12. Record the constant mass obtained
DATA AND OBSERVATION :
Observation

Inference

1) Thick white smoke released.

Magnesium oxide is formed.

2) White Solid is formed

Magnesium reacts with oxygen.

Description

Mass ( g )

Crucible + lid

Crucible + lid + magnesium

Crucible + lid + magnesium
oxide
Magnesium
Oxygen

y
z
y-x
z-y

5.ExperimenttodeterminethemeltingpointofsubstanceX

MELTING AND FREEZING POINT OF NAPHTHALENE

AIM : To determine the melting point and the freezing point of naphthalene
PROBLEM STATEMENT : What is the melting point and the freezing point of naphthalene ?
MATERIALS: Naphthalene powder , water
APPARATUS : Beaker,boiling tube, retort stand, Bunsen Burner , thermometer ( 0-100 oC), tripod stand, stopwatch,
Conical flask , wire gauze

Heating process
Cooling process
PROCEDURE :
Heating of naphthalene ( solid )
1. Fill one third of a boiling tube with naphthalene , C10H8 and put a thermometer into it.
2. Suspend the boiling tube in a beaker half-filled with water using a retort stand. The level of naphthalene in
the boiling tube is ensured to be below the level of water in the beaker
3. Heat the water slowly until the temperature reaches 60o C. Stir the naphthalene slowly with the
thermometer.
4. Start the stopwatch
5. Record the temperature and the state of naphthalene at half-minute intervals until the temperature of
naphthalene reaches 90oC
Cooling of naphthalene ( liquid )
1. Remove the boiling tube in the above experiment from the water bath.
2. Dry the outer surface of the boiling tube and quickly put it into a conical flask
3. Start the stopwatch
4. Record the temperature and the state of naphthalene at half-minute intervals until the temperature of
naphthalene drops to 60oC. Stir the naphthalene continuously throughout the experiment.
Q:

Form4Chapter4SpotinStructureandPaper3!!
a)2014chapter4:EssaysectionC:Determinebasicoxide,amphotericoxideandacidicoxidejustsmallpartonly
(*Longtimenotsetinessaypartsince2006)
b) Remembertoputthewordof*ATOM*OR*MOLECULE*fortheexplanation
Eg:Sodiumatomhasahighertendencytodonateitsvalenceelectron//TheVanderWaals
forcesofattractionbetweenmoleculesbecomestronger.

6.Practiceallthebalancedchemicalequationsforallthereactionsingroup1andgroup

Group 1 + water
2Na + 2H2O 2 NaOH + H2
Group 1 + oxygen
4Li + O2 2Li2O
Group 1 + halogen
2K + 2Cl2 2 KCl
Period 3

Group 17 + water
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl
Group 17 + NaOH
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
Group 17 + iron
3Cl2 + 2Fe 2 FeCl3

Na2O + H2O 2NaOH

7 Mustabletoexplainthedifferencereactivityofelementswhengoingdownthegroup1and17
COMPARE THE REACTIVITY OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM

S : Atomic size of potassium atom is bigger than sodium atom

D : distance between nucleus and valence electron of potassium atom is further
than sodium atom
F : the forces of attraction between nucleus and valence electron of potassium
atom is weaker than sodium atom
Hence potassium atom is more reactive than sodium atom
COMPARE THE REACTIVITY OF CHLORINE AND BROMINE
S : Atomic size of chlorine atom is smaller than bromine atom
D : distance between nucleus and outermost shell of chlorine atom is nearer than
bromine atom
S : the strength of nucleus to attract electron of chlorine atom is stronger than
bromine atom
Hence ,Cl atom is more reactive than Br atom

Form4chapter5(ChemicalBonds)SpotinEssay!!
a)[2014chapter5:StructureSectionAPhysicalpropertiesofionicandcovalentcompound(smallpartonly)]
b)Abletodrawelectronarrangementofioniccompoundandcovalentcompoundcorrectly

8. Explaintheformationofionicbondandcovalentbond+drawtheelectron
FORMATION
OF FORMATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
A :Theelectronarrangement
Ea atom The electron arrangement of carbon
atom is 2.4
ofMagnesiumatomis
Electron One Carbon atom needs 4 electrons
2.8.2
needed
D : One Magnesium atom
SOEAR
to achieve stable octet electron
donates2electronstoachieve
arrangement
S : stable octet electron
arrangement(SOEAR)
Ea atom The electron arrangement of oxygen
I :Theelectronarrangement
atom is 2.6
ofMagnesiumionis2.8
P : A positive ion , Mg2+ is
Electron One oxygen atom needs 2 electrons
formed
needed
A:Theelectronarrangement
SOEAR
to achieve stable octet electron
arrangement
ofchlorine
atomis2.8.7
Share
One carbon atom contributes 4
(carbon)
electrons to be shared with 2
R:Onechlorineatomreceives
oxygen atoms
1electrontoachieve
Share
One oxygen atom contributes 2
S : stable octet electron
(oxygen electrons to be shared with one
arrangement
)
carbon atom
(SOEAR)
Force
One carbon atom and 2 oxygen
I:Theelectronarrangement
atoms attracted together by weak
ofchlorideionis2.8.8
Van der Waals force / intermolecular
force to form a covalent compound ,
N : A negative ion , Cl is
CO2
formed
F :OneMg2+andtwo Clare
attracted
together by strong
electrostaticforce
to form an ionic
compound,MgCl2

9.Explainthedifferencesofphysicalpropertyofioniccompoundandcovalentcompoundfromaspectelectricalcon
ductivityanthemeltingpoint
Covalent compound -molecules
Ioniccompoundions
HIGH MELTING AND BOILING POINT
LOW MELTING AND BOILING POINT
The particles are attracted together by strong TheparticlesareattractedtogetherbyweakVanDer
electrostaticforce
Waalsforce
Moreheatenergyisrequiredtoovercometheforcesof Lessheatenergyisrequiredtoovercometheforcesof
attractionbetweentheions
attractionbetweenthemolecules
CAN CONDUCT ELECTRICITY IN MOLTEN CANNOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY IN ANY
OR AQUEOUS STATE
STATE
theionscanmovefreely
consistsonlyneutralmolecules
( why ionic compound cannot conduct electricity in
solidstate?ionscannotmovefreely)
10.Experimenttostudytheelectricalconductivityofioniccompoundandcovalentcompoundinsolidandmoltenstate
AIM : To study the electrical conductivity of ionic compound and covalent compound
HYPOTHESIS : Ionic compound can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous state while covalent compound cannot
conduct electricity
MATERIALS: Carbon electrode , lead (II) bromide powder , naphthalene
APPARATUS : Crucible, battery,connecting wires with crocodile clips,ammeter,Bunsen burner,clamp,asbestos sheet

PROCEDURE :
1. Half fill a crucible with lead (II) bromide powder
2. Put two carbon electrodes that connected to the battery into the solid lead(II) bromide
3. Turn on the switch and observe the change in the ammeters indicator
4. Put the crucible on a tripod stand and heat up strongly until the lead(II) bromide melts
5. Turn on the switch again and observe the change in the indicator of the ammeter once more
6. Repeat step 1 to 5 by replacing lead (II) bromide powder with naphthalene

Tabulation of data :
Compound / material
Lead(II) bromide

Naphthalene

Solid

State of compound

Observation
Pointer of ammeter does not deflected

Molten

Pointer of ammeter deflected

Solid

Pointer of ammeter does not deflected

Molten

Pointer of ammeter does not deflected

Form4chapter6(Electrolysis)Spotinstructure/essayandPAPER3!!
a)[2014:StructureSectionAElectrolysismoltenlead(II)bromideandcopper(II)sulphatesolution]
b)Abletoexplainhowtoarrangemetalsbasedonpotentialdifference(essaypart)
11.Chemicalcell(Structure)

Differenttypeofelectrodes
Chemicalenergytoelectricalenergy
VAN:Anodenegativeterminal
Cathodepositiveterminal

VOLTAIC CEL
Functionofporouspot/saltbridge
toallowthemovementofionsthroughit

Anode:Zinc
Cathode:iron

Halfequation
Anode:ZnZn2++2e
Anodebecomesthinner
Electrolyte:Pb2+,H+,Zn2+
Cathode:2H++2eH2
Colourlessgasbubbleisproduced

Anode:Zinc
Cathode:copper

Halfequation
Anode:ZnZn2++2e
Anodebecomesthinner
Electrolyte:Cu2+,H+,Zn2+
Cathode:Cu2++2eCu
Cathodebecomesthicker
Whathappentotheintensityofthebluesolution?Explain
Theintensityofthebluesolutiondecreases.
TheconcentrationoftheCu2+iondecreases

Copper ( II)
nitrate
solution
Anode:Magnesium
Cathode:Copper

Halfequation
Anode:MgMg2++2e
Anodebecomesthinner
Electrolyte:Cu2+,H+,Mg2+
Cathode:Cu2++2eCu
Cathodebecomesthicker

12.Describeelectroplating/purificationexperiment(Haveaskedinessayon2010)
PURIFICATION OF METALS THROUGH ELECTROLYSIS
AIM : To study the purification of copper
PROBLEM STATEMENT : How can the electrolysis process be used to purify copper?
HYPOTHESIS : When impure copper is used as the anode and pure copper is used as the cathode during the
electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution , purification of copper occurs.

VARIABLES : a) manipulated : Position of the pure copper and impure copper as the electrodes
b) responding : Deposition of copper on the pure copper plate
c) Fixed : Type of electrolyte , concentration of electrolyte , duration of electrolysis
MATERIALS: 1 mol dm-3 of copper(II) sulphate solution , impure copper plate , pure copper plate
APPARATUS : Batteries,250 cm3 beaker, connecting wires with crocodile clips, ammeter, switch

PROCEDURE :
1. Fill a beaker with 1 mol dm-3 of copper(II) sulphate solution until half full
2. Place impure copper as the anode and pure copper as the cathode into the solution
3. Connect the electrodes with crocodile clips
4. Turn on the switch and allow the electric current to flow for 40 minutes
5. Record any changes at the anode and cathode
6. Repeat step 1 to 6 by interchanging the position of the impure copper and pure copper
TABULATION OF DATA
Electrode
Observation
Anode
Cathode
Anode
Cathode
Impure copper
Pure copper
The
impure
copper The pure copper cathode
anode becomes thinner
becomes thicker
Pure copper

Impure copper

The pure copper anode

becomes thinner

The
impure
copper
cathode becomes thicker

ELECTROPLATING OF METALS THROUGH ELECTROLYSIS

AIM : To study the electroplating of an iron spoon with copper
PROBLEM STATEMENT : How can an iron spoon be coated with copper through electrolysis ?
HYPOTHESIS : When an iron spoon is used as the cathode and copper metal is used as the anode during the
electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution , the iron spoon can be coated with copper
VARIABLES : a) manipulated : Position of iron spoon and copper
b) responding : Deposition of copper on the iron spoon
c) Fixed : Type of electrolyte , concentration of electrolyte , duration of electrolysis
MATERIALS: 1 mol dm-3 of copper(II) sulphate solution , impure copper plate , pure copper plate
APPARATUS : Batteries,250 cm3 beaker, connecting wires with crocodile clips, ammeter, switch and rheostat

PROCEDURE :
1. Clean an iron spoon with sandpaper. Wash the iron spoon with detergent and rinse thoroughly with water
2. Fill a beaker with 1 mol dm-3 of copper(II) sulphate solution until half full
3. Place pure copper as the anode and iron spoon as the cathode into the solution
4. Connect the electrodes with crocodile clips
5. Turn on the switch and adjust the current to 0.2 A by using the rheostat
6. Allow the electric current to flow for 30 minutes.
7. Record any changes at the anode and cathode
8. Repeat step 1 to 7 by using pure copper as the cathode and iron spoon as the anode
TABULATION OF DATA
Electrode
Observation
Anode
Cathode
Anode
Cathode
Impure copper
Iron spoon
The copper anode becomes thinner
A
brown
solid
is
deposited on the iron
spoon
Iron spoon
Impure copper
No brown solid is deposited on the iron The
copper
cathode

spoon
13.Abletocompareandcontrastchemicalcellandelectrolyticcell(essaypart)

Energy changes

Electrolytic cell
Electrical energy to chemical
energy
Same type of electrodes

becomes thicker

Chemical cell
chemical energy to Electrical energy

Type of
Different type of electrodes
electrodes
Terminal of anode Anode : positive terminal
Anode : negative terminal
and catode
Cathode : negative terminal
Cathode : positive terminal
Uses of batteries
Yes
No
Similarities : a)electron flow from anode to cathode through the external circuit
b)Oxidation occur at anode
c)Reduction occur at cathode
13.Planningexperimentpaper3:Effectoftypeofelectrode/Electroplating
(recommendstudenttoviewTrialTerengganupaper32014andKelantanpaper32015)
TYPE OF ELECTRODES
AIM : To investigate the effect of specific electrodes on the electrolytic process of an electrolysis
PROBLEM STATEMENT : How does the type of electrodes affect the type of products formed during electrolysis?
HYPOTHESIS : When copper electrodes are used instead of carbon electrodes, the types of products formed at the
anode and the cathode are different.
VARIABLES : a) manipulated : Types of electrodes
b) responding : Types of products at the anode
c) Fixed variables : Type and concentration of electrolyte
MATERIALS: 0.1 mol dm-3 of copper(II) sulphate solution
APPARATUS : Batteries,carbon electrodes,copper electrodes ,connecting wires with crocodile
clips,ammeter,electrolytic cell, test tubes, wooden splinter, matches ,electronic balance, switch ,
sandpaper

PROCEDURE :
1. Fill the electrolytic cell with 0.1 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution until it is half full.
2. Fill a test tube with 0.1 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution
3. Invert the test tube over the anode.
4. Connect the electrodes with crocodile clips
5. Turn on the switch.
6. Collect the gas produced at the anode and test with glowing wooden splinter.
7. Record your observations
8. Repeat steps 1 to 7 using copper electrode to replace carbon electrode
TABULATION OF DATA
Anode
Cathode
Observation
Gas
test
at Change of electrolyte
anode
solution
Anode
Cathode
Copper
Copper
Anode
Cathode
The
blue
solution
becomes
becomes
remains unchanged
thinner
thicker
Carbon
Carbon
Colourless gas Brown
Place a glowing The blue solution turns
bubbles
solids are wooden splinter colourless
released
deposited
into the test tube,
the
glowing
wooden splinter is
relighted

Form4Chapter7(AcidandBases)Spotinstructure/essay!!
14.2014:EssaysectionB[explaindifferentpHvalueofstrongacidandweakacid]
STRONG ACIDS AND WEAK ACIDS ( SPM 2009 )
AIM : To measure and compare the pH value of different acid solutions with the same concentration
PROBLEM STATEMENT : Are there any differences in the pH values of different acid solutions with the same
concentration?
HYPOTHESIS : pH values of different acid solutions with the same concentration are different
VARIABLES : a) manipulated : Types of acid
b) responding : pH value
c) Fixed variables : Molarity of acid / concentration of acid
MATERIALS: 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, 0.1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, pH paper, pH paper chart
APPARATUS : Glass dish

PROCEDURE :
1. Put a little 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid in a glass dish
2. Touch the 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid with a piece of pH paper
3. Compare the colour produced on the pH paper to the pH paper chart
4. Repeat this activity by using 0.1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid of the same concentration.
TABULATION OF DATA
Acid solution
pH value
Dilute hydrochloric acid
Dilute ethanoic acid
15.Titrationexperimentandinvolvecalculation
TITRATION OF ACID-BASE
AIM : To determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution using the titration method
MATERIALS: 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid , sodium hydroxide solution , phenolphthalein indicator
APPARATUS : 25 cm3 pipette , conical flask , retort stand with clamp, white tile

PROCEDURE
1. Rinse the pipette with a little distilled water followed by sodium hydroxide solution.
2. Transfer 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide into a conical flask by using a pipette.
3. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator into the sodium hydroxide solution and shake the conical flask.
4. Rinse the burette with a little distilled distilled water followed by hydrochloric acid
5. Fill in the burette with 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
6. Clamp the burette vertically on the retort stand.
7. Place the conical flask containing sodium hydroxide solution on top of the white tile at the base of the retort
stand
8. Record the initial volume of the hydrochloric acid in the burette
9. Add the hydrochloric acid into the conical flask slowly while continuously swirling the conical flask
10. Add the hydrochloric drop by drop until the pink solution turns colourless (end point)
11. Record the final volume of the hydrochloric acid on the burette
12. Repeat the titration process three times to obtain a more accurate volume of hydrochloric acid needed for the
titration
TABULATION OF DATA
Number of titrations
1
2
3

Final reading / cm3

Initial reading / cm3
Volume of acid used / cm3
Average volume of acid used /
cm3

20.05
0.00

40.00
20.05

20.10
0.10

+
3

=
Calculation
MaVa

MbVb

Calculate the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution

16.Abletodescribehowtopreparestandardsolution(essaypart)
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS ( using solid substance)
AIM : To prepare 250 cm3 of standard solution of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate,
MATERIALS: Solid sodium carbonate and distilled water
APPARATUS : 250 cm3 volumetric flask, weighing bottle, chemical balance , spatula, filter funnel

PROCEDURE
1. Determine the mass of sodium carbonate that is needed to prepare 250 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate
Number of moles of Na2CO3 = MV / 1000
=
Therefore, mass of sodium carbonate, Na 2CO3 to be used = number of moless x molar mass
=
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Weigh an empty weighing bottle

Add and weigh 13.25 g of solid sodium carbonate into a weighing bottle by using chemical balance.
Pour distilled water into the volumetric flask until it is one-third full
Put 13.25 g of solid sodium carbonate from the weighing bottle into the volumetric flask through a filter funnel
Rinse the weighing bottle a few times with a little distilled water and pour the contents into the volumetric flask
Rinse the filter funnel a few times with a little distilled water so that all the remaining sodium carbonate is
washed into the volumetric flask.
8. Remove the filter funnel and shake the volumetric flask slowly until all the sodium carbonate dissolves.
9. Add distilled water into the volumetric flask slowly until it reaches the 250 cm 3 graduation mark.
10. Close the volumetric flask with a stopper and invert it several times until the solution is mixed well.
17.AbletoexplainthedifferencesofpHvaluesbetweenstrongacidandweakacid
//strongalkaliandweakalkali

1. Table6showsthepHvalueofaqueoussolutionofethanoicacidanddilutehydrochloricacidofthesame
molarity.

Typeofacid
Molarity
pHvalue

ethanoicacid
0.1moldm3
2.9

hydrochloricacid
0.1moldm3
1.0

Explain why the pH value of aqueous solution of ethanoic acid is higher than the pH value of dilute
hydrochloricacid.[2M]
Ethanoicacidisaweakacidthationizespartiallyinwatertoproducelowerconcentrationofhydrogenion
Hydrochloricacidisastrongacidthationizescompletelyinwatertoproducehigherconcentrationof

hydrogenion
Form4Chapter8(SALTS)Spotinstructure!!
[2014:EssaySectionBIdentifycationandanion]

Form4Chapter9(ManufacturedSubstancesInIndustry)Spotinessay/P3!!
[2014:StructuresectionAGlassandpolymer]

HARDNESS OF PURE METAL AND ALLOY ( SPM 2003 & SPM 2005)
AIM : To compare the hardness of pure metal and its alloy
PROBLEM STATEMENT : Are alloys harder than pure metals?
HYPOTHESIS : Bronze is harder than copper
VARIABLES : a) manipulated : Different types of materials
(copper and bronze)
b) responding : Diameter of dent
c) Fixed variables : Diameter of steel ball bearing
height of the weight, mass of the weight
MATERIALS: copper block , bronze block , cellophane tape
APPARATUS : retort stand and clamp, one-kilogram weight,steel ball bearing, metre rule, thread

PROCEDURE :
1. Use cellophane tape to stick a steel ball bearing onto the copper
block.
2. Hang a weight at a height of 50 cm above the ball bearing as shown above
3. Drop the weight so that it hits the ball bearing.
4. Measure the diameter of the dent made on the copper block.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 twice on the other parts of the copper block in order to obtain the avergae value

18.HardnessofAlloyexperimentessaypart/Paper3structure
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5, replacing the copper block with the bronze block.
7. Record the readings in the table below
TABULATION OF DATA
Type
of
Diameter of dents (cm)
Average
block
diameter
1
2
3
(cm)
Copper
Bronze
2.Preparationofammoniumnitratesaltessaypart

2.
Contact

processorHaberprocessstructure/essay
CONTACTPROCESS

HABERPROCESS

3.
Alloy+Glass+Ceramic+Polymer+Compositematerialsstructure/essay