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M O T H E R NA T U R ES
BEST KE PT SECRET
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011
VOLUME 64, NUMBER 5
CONTENTS
features
20 Pirates of the
BY LAUREN HILGERS
26 Hidden Scenes
of a Royal Court
Thirty years after they were first
glimpsed, murals reveal a vibrant
life in ancient Peru
BY ROGER ATWOOD
34 Defending a
Jungle Kingdom
Newly uncovered fortifications
reveal how ancient Maya rulers
struggled for wealth and territory
BY ZACH ZORICH
39 Pompeiis Dead
Reimagined
42 Edge of an Empire
An ancient Afghan fortress offers
rare evidence of Persias forgotten
eastern territories
BY ANDREW LAWLER
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departments
4 Editors Letter
6 From the President
8 Letters
Debating European settlers right to characterize
Australia as wilderness and recreating past
technologies when the specs have been lost
68
16 World Roundup
Artifacts track the birth of the African-American
middle class, how llama dung sustained the Incas,
a fungus in Tuts tomb, and did the Neanderthals
meet their end in the Arctic Circle?
16
68 Artifact
A tombstone tells the 1,800-year-old story of
a Roman gladiator felled by a refs bad call
on the web
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Archaeology VIII. 11
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EDITORS LETTER
Issues of Scale
Editor in Chief
Claudia Valentino
Executive Editor
Deputy Editor
Jarrett A. Lobell
Samir S. Patel
Senior Editors
Nikhil Swaminathan
his issue of Archaeology makes one thing clear: Anything at all can be
regarded as an artifact. Investigation of the past can feature undertakings as
outsized as lifting an entire ship from the bottom of the seawith even the silt
surrounding it intactas in Pirates of the Marine Silk Road (page 20). Here, author
Lauren Hilgers gives us a lead on just how quickly marine archaeology and preservation
are proceeding in China, and discusses the latest evidence of Ming Dynasty trade.
In The Edible Seascape (page 30), science writer Jude Isabella reports that what once
seemed to be random rock formations along the northwest coast of North America are
now being understood as technologies engineered by ancient peoples to manage their
supply of sh and other seafood. The most signicant artifacts? Fish bones no larger
than your ngernail.
Much of the evidence gathered in Virginia and
North Carolinas Great Dismal Swamp is even
more miniscule, but nonetheless poignant testament to the determination of the escaped slaves
who built self-sucient communities in some of
the most inhospitable territory imaginable. In Letter From Virginia: American Refugees (page 49),
journalist Marion Blackburn tells their story.
Defending a Jungle Kingdom (page 34), by
senior editor Zach Zorich, provides new, landscape-wide evidence from the border zone between
Mexico and Guatemala of the intensely competitive
relationship between the ancient Maya cities of
Yaxchilan and Piedras Negras.
Of course, theres much more. Fragile murals
A recently conserved mural painting
oer a new point of view on the ancient Perufrom the Peruvian site of cupe
vian elite. The Persian Empires eastern extent is
explored. And there are new clues about a longstanding mystery centering on hundreds of broken Bronze Age gurines.
Finally, through the considered work of artist Gary Staab, detailed in Pompeiis Dead
Reimagined (page 39) by executive editor Jarrett A. Lobell, we are invited to reect on
the meaning of the word artifact.
I also would like to say a word about a colleague who has been extremely important
to us. This is the 65th issue of Archaeology that design director Ken Feisel has helped
us produce. Ken was originally brought on board in 1999 to design dig, our former
archaeology publication for children, and quickly took on responsibilities here at the
grown up magazine. He has created countless maps and vivid layoutsall providing
the essential visual side of the archaeology story. Ken will be leaving us as we send this
issue to press, and I know we will all miss waiting for him to say, as he sorts through
images of far-ung sites, exotic landscapes, and artifacts of all shapes and sizes, Oh
now thats cool.
Claudia Valentino
Editor in Chief
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Zach Zorich
Design Director
Editorial Assistant
Ken Feisel
Contributing Editors
Peter Herdrich
Associate Publisher
Kevin Quinlan
Fulllment Manager
Kevin Mullen
Vice President of Sales and Marketing
Meegan Daly
Director of Integrated Sales
Gerry Moss
Inside Sales Representative
Karina Casines
West Coast Account Manager
Cynthia Lapporte
Oak Media Group
cynthia@oakmediagroup.com
323-493-2754
Circulation Consultant
T.J. Montilli,
Publishers Newstand Outsource, LLC
Ofce Manager
7 7 5 5 R L I T E R A R Y B E A U T Y
King James I
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