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LIN MN GIA HAI MN VT L

V A L
Hc sinh: Dng Khi Nguyn, Nguyn c Thin
Lp: 11 ton

CH : NG DNG VO NGUYN L
HOT NG CA MY BAY
My bay l phng tin bay hin i, cao cp, ngy nay ng vai tr khng th thiu
trong kinh t v c bit trong qun s. My bay dn dng l phng tin chuyn ch
chnh ca ngnh giao thng vn ti Hng khng dn dng, v trong qun smy bay
chin u to thnh qun chng Khng qun. Trong qun s v kinh t dn dng my bay
c vai tr ngy cng quan trng: trong giao thng vn ti hng khng dn dng lng
hnh khch v hng ho chuyn ch bng my bay chim t trng rt ln v ngy cng
ln v u th nhanh chng v an ton ca loi hnh giao thng vn ti ny. My bay l
phng tin vn ti hin i i hi cc m bo k thut rt kht khe do cc tai nn my
bay thng gy thit hi rt ln v nhn mng v ti sn. Tuy vy, giao thng vn ti
hng khng vn l loi hnh c an ton cc cao, xc sut ri ro cc thp nu so snh
vi cc loi hnh giao thng vn ti khc. Cho n hin nay cng nghip ch to my bay
l ngnh cng nghip mi nhn cng ngh cao ch c cc cng quc kinh t trn th
gii mi thc hin c v l ngnh nh hng cng ngh cho cc ngnh cng nghip
khc. Hin nay quc gia ch to my bay c dn dng v qun dng ng u th gii l
Hoa K, sau n Php v cc nc cng nghip hng u chu u, Nga...

Nguyn l hot ng v iu khin


1.Khng kh xung quanh chng ta
Hy i ra ngoi vo mt ngy lng gi. Bn s sm nhn ra khng kh mnh bit dng no. N
c th nng mt con diu ln cao trn bu tri v tc dng y ln khinh kh cu v mang n i
ra. Nhng ngay c khi khng kh lng gi, bn cng c th cm nhn sc mnh ca n khi bn di
chuyn. Hy ngh ti chuyn i xe p chng hn. Bn p xe cng nhanh, th khng kh la vo
mt v c th bn cng mnh. Hy si tay bn ra bn tay hi hng v pha trc khng kh
ang chuyn ng s nng n ln.

C l chng ta khng nhn thy khng kh, nhng n hin din


xung quanh chng ta. Tht vy, hn hp ny ca cc cht
kh bao xung quanh Tri t ging nh mt tm chn khng l.
Nhng cht kh ny, ging nh mi vt cht, cu to gm
nhng ht rt nh gi l phn t.

Cc phn t khng kh lun lun chuyn ng. Chng cng


chuyn ng ra khi ng i ca chng ta khi chng ta i qua.
Nhng khng kh cng y ngc ln chng ta t mi pha. Cc
phn t khng kh c trng lng.
2.Thit k bay

C gi ny thch th dc
xung chn i trn chic xe
p ca mnh, c c th cm
nhn khng kh ang la vo
mt v c th mnh.

Trong hng th k, con ngi hiu r khng kh hnh x nh th no. Nhng cc nh ch to


my bay cn hiu mt s ci khc na. H bit rng cu trc ca h, hay chic my bay, phi
c thit k theo mt kiu nht nh no . Khi c thit k nh vy, chic my bay mi ln
i trn tru trong khng kh. Khi khng c thit k nh vy, chic my bay s khng bao gi ri
khi mt t c.
3.My bay ca t nhin
Nhiu loi ng vt v thc vt s dng khng kh di chuyn. Chim chc, di v nhiu loi cn
trng c cnh m bay ln. Mt s ng vt nh con sc bay lt i t cy ny sang cy
khc. Thc vt th c th phn tn ht ging ca chng qua khng kh. Ht cy sao chng hn c
lp bc ngoi dng cnh v c gi thi mang i xa.
4.My bay nng hn khng kh: C s khoa hc
My bay nng hn khng kh khng c kh nng ni. Chng lun nng hn khng kh xung
quanh chng. Tuy nhin, nhng my bay ny c th ct cnh bay. lm nh vy, chng cn
n khng kh chuyn ng nhanh v nhng b mt c hnh dng thch hp.
Cnh my bay c ch to sao cho c hnh dng hon ho m bay. B mt pha trn ca n
un cong ln. ng thi, ra trc ca n dy hn ra pha sau. Mt di ca cnh hu nh
phng. Hnh dng ny c gi l hnh cnh my bay.
Khi my bay nng hn khng kh chuyn ng nhanh v pha trc, cc phn t khng kh p
vo pha trc mi chic cnh ca n. Mt s phn t chuyn ng pha trn cnh. Mt s phn
t khc chuyn ng bn di n. Hai nhm phn t kh gp nhau pha sau cnh cng lc.
5.Khng kh chuyn ng nhanh

Cc phn t i qua pha trn cnh phi i xa hn trn ng cong so vi cc phn t i qua
mt di bng phng ca cnh. Cho
nn khng kh pha trn cnh phi
chuyn ng nhanh hn. V khi
khng kh chuyn ng nhanh hn,
cc phn t phn tn ra xa hn.
Chng tr nn km c hn. Khng
kh ny c p sut thp hn.

Hnh dng ca cnh my bay to ra lc nng lm cho


my bay ri khi mt t.

Nhng khng kh bn di cnh


khng b km c i hoc b mt cht

p sut no ht. Cho nn khng kh bn di cnh y ln cnh vi mt lc ln hn khng kh


pha trn cnh y xung. Lc ln hn y t di ln ny gi l lc nng. Lc nng l ci lm
cho my bay ri khi mt t.
6.ng hm gi
quan st khng kh chuyn ng xung quanh mt chic my bay nh th no, cc nh khoa
hc s dng nhng ng hm gi. Bn trong ng hm, mt dng khng kh mnh thi la v
pha my bay. Nhng ngi kim tra thng thm khi hoc thuc nhum vo khng kh d
quan st cc dng chy.
7.Bn lc tc dng
Bn c th thy lc nng pht huy tc dng nu bn quan st my bay trn ng bng. Mt
chic my bay ang sn sng nhn tc tht nhanh. Cc ng c ca n y n chuyn ng
mi lc mt nhanh. Trong chc lt, lc hp dn vn gi chic my bay to nng trn mt t.
Tuy nhin, cui cng th chic my bay chuyn ng nhanh ct ln. Vo lc , lc nng
mnh thng lc hp dn.

Mt khi my bay ct cnh, cc


ng c ca n hot ng ht cng
sut y phi thuyn v pha
trc. Nhng khng kh cng tc
dng lc y ngc, hay lc cn,
i vi my bay. Lc cn ny c
gi l lc ko theo. N lm chm
nhng vt ang chuyn ng trong
khng kh. Nu phi thuyn chuyn
ng chm i, th lc nng s nh
hn thng ni lc hp dn.
gi cho my bay trong khng
trung v chuyn ng v pha trc,
cc ng c hot ng mnh hn.

cho my bay bay trong khng kh, lc nng t cc cnh


ca n phi mnh hn lc hp dn, v lc y v pha trc
t nhng ng c ca n phi mnh hn lc ca khng kh
y ngc li.

8.Lc ko theo
Cc nh ch to my bay bit rt nhiu v lc ko theo. H bit khng kh cn tr mt s hnh
dng nhiu hn so vi nhng hnh khc. l nguyn do cc nh ch to kh ng ha my bay
ca h. Mt chic my bay kh ng ha cho khng kh chy m i xung quanh n. Mt my
bay cha kh ng ha gi cc phn t khng kh xoy trn ch no . Kt qu l lc ko theo
ln hn, lm phi thuyn chm i.
9.Thu bnh xe ln
Cch thc thit k cc bnh xe ca my bay
l mt th d hay ca s kh ng ha. Cc
bnh xe l cn thit cho s ct cnh v h
cnh, nhng chng vn dnh bn ngoi khi
my bay ang bay. V th, khng kh lin tc
la vo cc bnh xe v chuyn ng xoy
trn. N khng th chy qua chng mt
cch m i. gii quyt vn ny, a s
cc my bay ngy nay c nhng dng c thu
bnh xe ln trong khi bay.

10.Bay trn my bay

My bay l phi thuyn nng hn khng kh c cc cnh c nh (ngha l cc cnh khng chuyn
ng) cng vi mt hoc nhiu ng c. nhiu chic my bay, ng c thng lm quay mt
cnh qut. Cc cnh qut thng lp
trn cnh hoc trn mi my bay.
Cnh qut gm mt vi cnh chong
chng quay xung quanh mt tm, hay
trc quay. Mt trc ca mi cnh thun
trn. N c hnh cnh my bay. Khi cnh
qut quay, n lm cho khng kh pha
trc cnh chuyn ng nhanh hn pha
sau chng. Khi , p sut khng kh
pha trc cnh nh hn pha sau. S
chnh lch p sut ny ht cnh qut v
pha trc. My bay cng b ht v pha trc.
Nhng my bay u ch c bay v pha trc l . Ngi phi cng cn phi li c my bay
na. V mc ch ny, my bay c cc mt iu khin. y l nhng vt c ng c trn cnh
v ui ca my bay.
11.Cng dng ca nhng cnh nh
Vt iu khin trn mi cnh
my bay c gi l cnh nh.
Hai cnh nh hot ng theo
hng ngc nhau. Khi mt
cnh nh ca cnh nng ln, th
cnh kia h xung. Ngi phi
cng s dng chng nghing
my bay v pha bn ny hoc
bn kia. Chuyn ng ny c
gi l lng lch.
Nhng cnh nh khu vc ui
th lm my bay chuyn ng theo kiu khc. ui li, b phn dng ng pha sau ui, c
th nh ra khi ui v pha tri hoc v pha phi. Ngi phi cng s dng ui li iu khin
my bay sang tri hoc sang phi. Bay trch ng l mt tn gi khc cho chuyn ng ny.
phn ui cn c nhng cnh nh gi l bnh li cao. Ngi phi cng cho nng hoc h
hai cnh nh ny. Chng lm cho my bay thng ln hoc ln xung. Chuyn ng ny c gi
l ling.

12. cao an ton dnh cho my bay


Xung quanh tri t c mt tng kh quyn rt dy, trong phm vi thp nht 10.000m c gi l
tng i lu. Sm st, s ln xung ca cc lung khng kh u hot ng trong phm vi ny
nn trong rt no nhit. Nu bay trong phm vi di 10.000m my bay s khng trnh khi
s nh hng ca cc lung khng
kh xung nn khng th bay mt
cch n nh; i khi cn c th b
st nh, ngoi ra nu gp nhng
ht nc v ht bng c nhit
thp th v my bay bn ngoi cn
c th b ng bng.
V vy, nu khng phi trong tnh
th bt buc, my bay khng nn
bay qu thp, nhng nu cao trn 10.000m th khc, cao ny tng i yn tnh, my
bay c th bay mt cch n nh, ng thi lp khng kh trn rt long, rt t hi nc
nn v my bay bn ngoi khng s b ng bng.
13.nh hng ca thi tit xu n chuyn bay
Khi c bo, khng kh chuyn ng rt hn lon (gi xoy), lm cho lc nng trn cnh khng n
nh, thay i lin tc, lm cho my bay chao o, nghing.. c th gy tai nn. my bay cng
nh th nh hng ny cng ln.
Ngoi ra trong cc cn ging bo, my bay rt d b st nh, c th gy nguy him cho my bay.
(Khung v my bay c thit k khi st nh, dng in ch chy khung v ngoi ri
phng in ra ngoi ui my bay; Tuy nhin st vn gy ra cc h hon cho v v thn my
bay) .
Thc t th i vi cc
my bay ln nh cc
loi Airbus, Boeing hin
nay th bo ch thc s
nh hng khi ct cnh,
h cnh, ni chung l
cao thp.
Nguyn nhn l do cc
my bay ny sau khi ly
cao, thng bay cao khong 9000-11000m (gn n tng bnh lu). cao ny,
khng kh kh n nh, khng c cc hin tng thi tit nh gi, bo (ch xy ra cao khong
7000m tr xung). Hn na, cc my bay ny cng c th chu c cc cn bo nh, va...

Nhng do nh hng ca bo khi ct h cnh kh ln nn khi c bo, ngi ta cng hn ch khai


thc my bay. Nu bay ti sn bay khc m ang c bo, khong an ton h cnh th my
bay phi bay ti sn a bay khc hoc bay v sn bay c.
Cc my bay hin nay u c rada pht hin ra cc vung thi tit xu pha trc, cc m
my tch in n trnh. Hn na, h thng lin lc mt t - my bay hin rt tt nn c rt t
cc tai nn my bay do bo trong thi gian gn y

Mt s loi my bay
Tu ln
Khng phi my bay c cnh c nh no cng c ng c. Tu ln khng trung khng c ng
c no c. nng khi mt t, n c
mt my bay ko dt trn ng bng. Khi
my bay chy nhanh, th c hai phi
thuyn cng ct cnh.
cao trn khng trung, my bay th tu
ln ra. T v sau, tu ln t bay ly.
Vi b cnh di v mng ca n, tu lt
vt i nh nhng trong khng kh. S bay
ln cng tht nh nhng.
Nhng v khng c ng c, nn tu ln
Ngi phi cng li con tu ln l lng ny ang tm

khng th tip tc c y v pha trc

kim lung khng kh bc ln trn nhng cnh ng

trong khng kh. N dn dn mt cao, v

nng nghip trong khng trung cng lu cng

lc

tt.

ht
hp

dn a phi thuyn tr v mt t.
Tuy nhin, ngi phi cng tu ln mun trong khng
trung cng lu cng tt. lm nh vy, h i tm nhng
lung khng kh ang dng ln. Thnh thong, khng kh
nng bc ln t mt cnh ng cy cy bn di. Thnh
thong c gi thi ln theo phng thng ng gn
mt ngn ni hoc mt di t. Nhng lung khng kh
ny cng nng con tu ln ln theo. a s cc chuyn
bay tu ln ko di t mt n nm gi ng h.

Trong khi chic trc thng cu h


ny ang l lng, ngi cng nhn
treo bn di phi thuyn di mt tm
kim nn nhn ca mt v l t.

Trc thng
Ging nh my bay, trc thng l phi thuyn nng hn khng kh. Nhng cnh ca trc thng
khng lp c nh. Cnh, hay chong chng, ca n c ni vi mt trc dc. Ton b n v
c gi l rto. Rto quay trn trn nh u ca trc thng. Mt ng c c nhim v lm quay
rto.
Cc cnh qut ca trc thng c hnh dng cnh my bay, y nh cnh my bay vy. Chng cong
pha trn v phng pha di. Khi chng quay, khng kh chy vng quanh chng. Cc phn
t khng kh i qua cnh chuyn ng nhanh hn cc phn t bn di. Cho nn p sut
khng kh pha trn nh hn. Kt qu l g? Rto quay trn c nng ln v v th c chic
trc thng c nng ln. Phi thuyn loi ny khng cn ng bng ct cnh.
Nhng rto khng ch c nng trc thng ln. N cn mang sc y n cho trc thng. Ni cch
khc, rto gip gi phi thuyn chuyn ng trong khng kh.
Rto ang quay trn cn iu khin phi thuyn na. Ngi phi cng li trc thng bng cch cho
rto nghing theo nhng kiu khc nhau. Cc cnh chong chng c th nghing u mt gc
nh nhau. Hoc nghing ca chng c th thay i khi chng quay trn. Mt ngi phi cng
lnh ngh c th cho trc thng bay ti trc, bay lui, thng ln v h xung. Phi thuyn ny cng
c th l lng, hay treo trong khng kh, m khng di chuyn. l nh rto gi lc nng cho phi
thuyn v duy tr v tr thm ch cng mt ch.
Khng phi trc thng no cng c mt rto chnh. Nhiu trc thng c ln c n hai rto. Rto
b sung mang li cho phi thuyn lc nng v sc mnh gp i. Trc thng hai rto ch c
nhiu hng ha v con ngi hn so vi trc thng mt rto. Chic trc thng hi qun hai rto
ny c th nng c mt con thuyn nh.
My bay dn dng loi ln
My bay dn dng loi ln v vn ti hng khng lun i song hnh vi nhau. Mi ngi bay trn
nhng chic my bay to ln ny i khp th gii. Nguyn do l v my bay dn dng loi ln di
chuyn nhanh. Chng c th t ti tc 800 n 960 km/h. Cc ng c phn lc ca chng
gip chng thc hin iu .

ng c phn lc t
mt loi nhin liu c
bit to ra nhng cht
kh nng. Cht kh nng
pht ra pha sau ng
c vi lc y ln. Lc
ny mnh y
chic my bay s v
pha trc.
V my bay dn dng
thng rt ln, cho nn
ngi phi cng li n
Chic my bay dn dng ny chun b h cnh s dng cc cnh nh
ca n gim tc v th ra cc bnh xe tip t ca n.

cn phi c nhiu cch


iu khin n. l
nguyn do v sao phi

thuyn loi ny c thm cc cnh nh b sung. Khi ct cnh, cc cnh nh xe ra pha trc v
pha sau lm cho cnh to hn. Mc ch l mang nhiu cho cnh lc nng ln hn. Vi lc
nng ln hn, chic my bay nng n c th ri khi mt t. Tuy nhin, mt khi my bay
trn khng trung th cc cnh nh tht tr vo. Ti sao ? Nhng chic cnh ln sinh ra lc
ko theo trong khng kh ln hn. Chng khng thun trn. Nhng khi my bay tip t, cc
cnh nh nh ra tr li. Chng gip my bay h cnh nh nhng hn.
My bay dn dng cn c mt loi cnh nh khc gi l bnh li ngang. Bnh li ngang nh ln
lm phi thuyn i chm li. Mt bnh li ngang dng ring cho bay. Mt bnh li ngang th hai
dng cho h cnh.
My bay qun s
c th l mt phi thuyn hoc mt my bay. c th l mt tu ln hoc trc thng. Qun
s M s dng ton b chng. Mt s phi thuyn c ch to dnh ring cho chin u. Nhng
loi khc th chuyn ch binh lnh v hng ha. Tuy nhin, c nhng loi my bay c ch to
ch chp nh.
Cho d l loi my bay no, n lun
c ch to cho mt nhim v no
. Chng hn, qun i cn dng
nhng my bay c th ct cnh v h
cnh nhng khu vc nh hp. Phi
thuyn V/STOL (ct cnh v h cnh
nhanh, thng ng) p ng yu cu
ny. Mt loi l my bay cnh qut c

Chic my bay nm bom tng hnh B-2 Spirit kh b k


th pht hin ra.

hai u cnh. Khi ct cnh, nhng cnh qut ny hng thng ln trn. Nh vy, phi thuyn bay
ln ging ht nh trc thng. Tuy nhin, khi trong khng trung, th cc cnh qut xoay v
pha trc. Gi th phi thuyn c th bay ta nh my bay. Mt phi thuyn V/STOL khc s dng
cc ng c phn lc. Khi ct cnh, cc cht kh nng ca ng c thi pht xung di. Tc
dng ny y my bay i ln. Mt khi phi thuyn trn khng trung th cc ng c phn lc
chuyn sang y v trc.
Vi nhng s mnh chin u, qun i cn c nhiu my bay. Mi my bay c mt nhim v
khc nhau. Mt my bay chin u, chng hn, c thit k bay tc cao ln chm.
p ng yu cu ny, cnh ca n phi thay i v tr. Khi bay tc cao th cnh b cp ra pha
sau. Nh vy lm phi thuyn lt i m. Nhng tc thp, cc cnh bm thng vi sn bn
ca my bay. My bay loi ny h cnh v ct cnh vi hai cnh v tr cha thng ra nh vy.
B-2 Spirit l mt loi my bay nm bom qun s c bit. Khi bay trn tri, kh quan st thy
my bay ny. l nguyn do khin n c gi l my bay nm bom tng hnh (b mt). Hnh
dng ca n, v cht liu dng ch to n, gi kn my bay trong khng kh. iu ny cho
php B-2 Spirit th bom xung lnh th k th vi mc ri ro b bn h bi ha lc ca k th l
thp.
Nhng thit k xanh
Nhiu my bay ngy nay khng thn thin vi mi trng. Chng s dng cc nhin liu lm
nhim khng kh. Cc ng c ca chng cng s dng rt nhiu nhin liu. Nhng cc nh ch
to my bay ang c gng lm thay i iu .
Trong tng lai, cc cng ti ang u t thit k nhng loi phi thuyn xanh. Nhng phi thuyn
ny s s dng nhin liu sch hn, v s dng t nhin liu hn. Chng cng s gy n t hn.
Nhng ngay t by gi, cc my bay cng ngy mt xanh hn. Mt dng c ang pht huy tc
dng l cnh nh. Mnh nh ny c gn thm vo u mt cnh my bay. N lm cho cnh
ti ra cong i. Hnh dng mi lm cho khng kh chy nh nhng hn xung quanh n. Cho nn
lc ko theo tc dng ln my bay nh i. iu ngha l ng c khng cn phi hot ng
ct lc y my bay v pha trc. Mt ng c hot ng nh nhng hn s tiu th t nhin
liu hn
NASA (C quan hng
khng v tr quc gia M)
cng ang th nghim phi
thuyn xanh. Mt phi thuyn
c tn gi l Pathfinder. Cc
cnh v thn ca n hp li
lm mt. Khi bay, phi thuyn
trng ta nh mt hnh ch

nht mng, di. Cc tm pin mt tri c lp vo nhng v tr thch hp. Chng bin i nh
sng mt tri thnh dng in lm chy cc ng c in ca phi thuyn. Cc ng c lm quay
cc cnh qut.
Phi thuyn khc thng ny cng chng c phi cng li. Thay vo , con ngi ti trm mt t
iu khin s chuyn ng ca n. Hin nay, Pathfinder c th trn khng trung sut c ngy.
Trong tng lai, phi thuyn bay bng nng lng mt tri c th trn khng trung hng tun
hoc thm ch hng thng trong mi chuyn bay. Cc nh khoa hc s dng chng trong nghin
cu. Ngay c qun i cng c k hoch s dng chng.

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