WAVE I

Awaveisdisturbancethattravelsthroughmatterorspace,accompaniedbya
transferofenergywithnopermanentdisplacementoftheparticlesofthe
medium.
Therearetwomaintypesofwaves.a)Mechanicalwaveb)
Electromagneticwave
MechanicalwavepropagatethroughamediumwiththehelpofElesticproperty
ofthemedium(Soundwave)
Electromagneticwavedoesnotneedanymedium

(lightwave)
TRANSVERSEANDLONGITUDINALWAVES
Fortransversewavesthedisplacementofthemediumisperpendiculartothe
directionofpropagationofthewave(Lightwave,Waveonastring)

Direction of propagation

Longitudinalwaves:thedisplacementofthemediumisparalleltothe
propagationofthewave.(Soundwave)

Prograssive wave equation :

Thepicturerepresentthe
partern(picturegivesthe
displacementofeveryparticle
frommeanpositionofthemedium
ataparticulartime)of
prapagetingwavealong+x
directionatanyinstantoftime.
y(x,t)=givesthedisplacementofthe
particleatxattimet(pointA)and
DA=yandsimplythe
mathematicalequationofthegraphisy(x,t)= a sin(kxt ) .
NowAandBdispacement(ycoordinate)issameattimetandalsotheslopatthistwo
pointissamethistwopointknownassamephasepointbutthedisplacementofpointC
issameasAandBbuttheslopisexactelyoppositesoCisjustanantiphaseofAandB.

NACHIKETA SARKAR(HBNI/VECC,PH NO -8900053050)

WAVE I

WAVELENGTH:Thedistancebetweentwosamepahsepointiswavelength,
(unitcm/m)(AB)
TIMEPERIOD:ThetimeofSHMofeveryparticlethatis,foraparicleatAto
complettheCycle(ADA1DA)(Atthattimeintervalwavetravelthe
distancefromAtoB=wavelength)

1.(HomeTask):Prove,Velocity=WavelengthxFrequency
PHASE:TheangleofSinuoidalfunctions
y (x ,t )=a sin( tkx ) Than(tkx)isthepahseoftheparticleatxattime(tand
t=0soatinitialtimethephaseofthesameparticleiskx)
1.(HomeTask):whichparticleinitialphaseiszero?

y ( x ,t )=a sin(tkx + ) thaninitialphase(t=0)ofthe1stparticle(x=0)is

0
0
2.(HomeTask):,1.if

=45wichparticlephaseis10

att=10sec

2.drawthetwographsamecoordinateaxisatt=10sec
Nowas y ( x ,t )=a sin(tkx ) = y (x ,t )=a sin(tkx +2 ) so,2phasedifference

giveyousamephase,so

2phasedifference=pathdifference
phasedifference=(/2)pathdifference
ANGULER WAVE NUMBER(K):isthespatialfrequency(isameasureofhowoften
sinusoidalcomponentsofthestructurerepeatperunitofdistance)ofawave,the
numberofwavesthatexistoveraspecifieddistanceanalogoustoferquency
beingthenumberofcyclesorradiansperunittime).

K=Vw=2/(V=wavevelocity)

3.(HomeTask):Awavetravellingalongastringisdescribedby,

y(x,t)=0.005sin(80.0x3.0t),inwhichthenumericalconstantsareinSIunits
(0.005m,80.0rad/m,and3.0rad/s).Calculate(a)theamplitude,(b)the
wavelength,and(c)theperiodandfrequencyofthewave.Also,calculatethe
displacementyofthewaveatadistancex=30.0cmandtimet=20s?
THESPEEDOFATRAVELLINGWAVE: thevelocityatwhichphasemove
Forwavewhatisthephaseatanypointatanytimenextpointgetthesame
phasenextinstantoftimeso,kxt=constantgivesx/t=V=w/k(alsoknownas
phasevelocity.

NACHIKETA SARKAR(HBNI/VECC,PH NO -8900053050)

WAVE I

4.Hometask:1.Iftheformofasoundwavetravelingthroughairis
y ( x , t )=6.0 nm cos ( kx+ 3000 rad / s t + 450 ) ,howmuchtimedoesanygivenairmolecule
alongthepathtaketomovebetweendisplacementss=+2.0nmands=2.0nm?
2.Whenasoundwaveoffrequency300Hzpassesthroughamedium,the
maximumdisplacementofaparticleofthemediumis0.1cm.themaximumvelocityof
theparticleisequalto?
3.Thedisplacementy(incm)producedbyasimpleharmonicwaveisgivenby
theperiodictimeandmaximumvelocityotheparticlesinthe
mediumwillrespectivelybe?

NOTE:waveevolveintimeaswellasevolveinspacesoyisfunctionofbothtimeand
space.Soifyoufixedyourspaceyouarewatchingthesameparticleforvarioustime
andyouwillsheitwillexecuateSHMwithy=0asmeanposition.
SowaveisinfinitecollectionofSHM.andifyoufixedyourtimeyouwillseey
corrdinateofalltheparticleatthattime

WAVEFRONT:wavefrontisthelocusof
pointshavingthesamephaseandwave
energyisdistributedoverwavefront.
(A--- B wave front is straight line BC wave front
spherical concave)

WAVESPEED :V=

Elastic Force factor

Inertia factor

1.Longitudinalwaveinsolid V =
meium.

Y=youngmodulus,=vulumedensityofthe

2.Longitudinalwaveinliqiudandgasses V =

K=bulkmodouls

velocityofsoundingasses
VELOCITYOFSOUNDWAVEAssoundislongitudinalwavesoundwave
K
velocityis V =
andNetwonthoughtthepropagationofsondisan

isothermalprocesssoPV=constant
Pdv+Vdp=0
dP
P=
=Volumestress/Volumestrain=Kbulkmodouls
dV /V

SoforsoundV(velocity)=

P
atS.T.PP=0.76x13.6x103x9.81=N/m2.

=1.293kg/m3(densityofair)
NACHIKETA SARKAR(HBNI/VECC,PH NO -8900053050)

WAVE I

0.76 x 13.6 x 103 x 9.81

~280m/sButexperimenalresult332m/sthis
1.293
discreparencybylaplacestheprocessisnotisothermalbutaddabatic
so,PV V=isconstant
ln PV =constant
ln P + ln V =contant
dp/P+ dV/V=0
dP
p=
=k
dV /V
soundV(velocity)= P nowis=1.41soundV(velocity)=332m/sasexpected

V=

THEEFFECTOFVARIOUSFACTORONSOUND
ForidealgasPV=RT,P=RT/VV(velocity)=
So,V

RT /V

RT
V

RT
M

T whenM=constant.V P whendensityconstant

hometask:whatischangeoftempatureinpercantageifthevelocityofwaveincreaseby
3%whenotherfactorremainconstant.

SpeedofaTransverseWaveonStretchedString
V(velocity)= T T=tension,ismassperunitlength.

Hometask:Asteelwire0.72mlonghasamassof5.0103kg.Ifthewireisunder
atensionof60N,whatisthespeedoftransversewavesonthewire?

DIRECTIONOFWAVEMOTIONMOTION

Wavemotionisthemotionofafixedphasepointonthewaveandisgivenby
kxt=constantnowastimepassestincreasetot+dt,soto
makephaseconstantxshoulddecresstox+dx,soy(x,t)= a sin( kxt ) repersent
wavemovinginthepositivexdirection.andthesamelogicsay
y(x,t)= a sin( kx +t ) representwavepropagateinthenegativexdirection

NACHIKETA SARKAR(HBNI/VECC,PH NO -8900053050)

WAVE I

PARTICALEVELOCITYANDWAVEVELOCITY
y(x,t)= a sin( kxt )
(particlevelocityoftheparticleatfixedx)=Vx= (
(slopatthepointatx,atfixedtimet)=

so,Vx/

dy
)
dx t

dy
) =a cos(kx t ) ......(1)
dt x

dy
) =ka cos (kxt)
dx t

(2)

=/k=V(wavevelocity)

so,particlevelocity=wavevelcityx(slopofthegeraph)

Nowdifferentiatetheequation1withrespecttotandtwowithrespecttox
weget
2
d2 y
( 2 ) =a 2 sin( kxt ) and ( d 2y ) =k 2 a sin (kxt) sofromthisweget
dt x
dx t
(

2
d2 y
2 d 2 y
d2 y
2 d y
or,
)
=
(
)
(
)
=v
(
) (3)wherev=wavevelocity
dt 2 x k 2 dx 2 t
dt 2 x
dx 2 t

andequation3isknownasdifferentialequationsofwave
interestingtonotethatbothspace(x)andtime(t)areinsamefootinginwave
equation
Hometask:Examineifthefollowingfunctionsforycanpossiblyrepresenta
travellingwave:(a)(xvt)2(b)log[(x+vt)/x0](c)1/(x+vt)

NACHIKETA SARKAR(HBNI/VECC,PH NO -8900053050)