Pronunciation

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON
LESSON 1
AN INTRODUCTION TO SOUNDS IN ENGLISH

I. VOWELS
1. VOWELS A, E, I, O, U
2. SEMI-VOWELS R, W, Y
All the vowels and semi-vowels are voiced. When saying a vowel, keep your tongue in the middle of
your mouth, and not touching anything in your mouth
LONG VOWELS
SHORT VOWELS
To pronounce long vowels:
To pronounce short vowels:
I. Keep your tongue tight.
1. Keep your tongue relaxed.
2. Hold the sound of the vowel.
2. Keep the sound short.
3. Make your voice go up and then glide down at

the end.
3. Do not let your voice glide down at the end.
/i:/: he, knee, key, seat
/i/: is, sip, kid, history
/u:/: blue, drew, pursue, tube
/u/: could, put, cook, brook
/ai/: hi, try, tube, mike
/e/: debt, jet, test, ted
/ei/: hay, lay, mate, waste
/ /: cat, last, mac, attitude
/oi/: boy, coy, poi, voyage
//: hop, lock, shop, operate
/eu/: hoe, joe, oh, pope
//: saw, taught, off, dawn
/au/: now, rout, slouch, down
//: hut, pun, fun, lump
II.
CONSONANTS
LIPS
BEHIND
TEETH
HELD
P-F
CE-CH-GE(J)-SSH-X
K (k(c), ch, q)
TH
B-M-V
D,L,N,Z
G-H-NG
TH
NOT HELD
III.
TONGUE &
TEETH
VOICELESS
VOICEDHELD
THROAT
LIAISONS (WORD LINKING)
1. VOWEL + VOWEL
Produce a dipthong by adding y or w to the vowel that starts the second word: the apple (the
yapple), we are (we yare), he opens (he yopens), heel (he-yel), go out (go wout), who is (who
wis), going (go wing), to eat (to weat)
2. CONSONANT + VOWEL
The consonant from the first word becomes the first letter of the second word: call on (cal lon),
make it (ma kit), pick up on (pic ku pon), love her (lo ver), come on (co mom), like them (li kem)
3. CONSONANT + CONSONANT
From the lips
B/P, F/V, M
From behind the teeth
T/D, S(CE)/Z, CH/J(GE), SH, X, L, N
From the throat
K(C+Q)/G, H, NG
Words are connected or linked together when a word ends with a consonant and the next word
starts with a consonant of the same group: live music, hot dog, drink coffee, want to, need to
4. T+Y(U)=CH; D+Y(U)=J; S+Y(U)=SH, Z+Y(U)=ZH
Want you, actually, and you, educate, miss you, insurance, whos your, as usual
LESSON 2
SECTION I: PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS
LONG VOWELS
To pronounce long vowels:
I. Keep your tongue tight.
2. Hold the sound of the vowel.
3. Make your voice go up and then glide down at the end.
LONG EE
Common Spellings: e, ee, ea, e + consonant + e, -y
First practice with the vowel, then with the consonants surrounding the vowel (pay attention to how
pronounce the voiced and voiceless sounds)
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
N
J(GE)
G
P
F
EE
EA
E+C+E
S
T
EY
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH
LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

he
Three
be
we
she
tree
knee
Gee
see
Lee
Dee
fee
key
Pea
tea
agree
keep
heat
seat
Seek
leap
meek
weak
bead
read
Deep
sweep
repeat
deplete concede
sweet
Here, take this seat. I think we all agree that that tree needs to be trimmed. When does he go out to
sea? How can you leap to such sweeping conclusions? This heat is depleting my energy.
LONG I
Common Spellings: i, ie, y, igh, i + consonant + e,
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
N
J(GE)
G
P
F
IE
IGH
S
T
I+C+E
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH

hi
bye
tie
die
my
sigh
try
lie
eye
rye
guy
why
type
write
like
pipe
white
wipe
Mike
excite
ignite
light
wide
survive
knife
time
wine
fine
line
prescribe
bind
nine
align
I'm
mime
blind
lime
pine
dine
rhyme
What time do you dine? Try to write like this. I'm fine right now. Where did you buy that beautiful
tie? That was quite an exciting ride!
LONG ei
Common Spellings: a, ay, eigh, ai, a + consonant + e, ea
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
AY
EIGH
J(GE)
AI
A+C+E
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH

day
hay
weigh
Ray
May
kay
gay
lay
make
date
Hate
wait
rate
mate
Kate
gate
Late
dame
waste
raid
made
Cape
game
repay
radio
Taper
escapade
haste
lane
delay
major
grenade
This is my roommate, Ray. Jake and Kate brought a great cake. I hate to wait for the news. Let's not
delay the game by changing the date. Don't you just hate to pay your taxes?
LONG OI
Common Spellings: oy, oi, eu
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
oy
oi
W
D
eu
J(GE)
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH

boy
coy
toy
koi
enjoy
employ cloy
poi
rejoice voice
voyage Freud loiter

coin
Roy
soy
joy
doily
annoy
Boyd
Lloyd
avoid
join
joint
ointment
choice oyster poison cloister void
moist loyal
royal
flam
boyant
Try some ointment on your joints. That boy has too many toys. I heard Freud's voice in my dream.
We made our choice by flipping a coin. Please void this check.
LESSON 3
1
LONG OO
Common Spellings: oo, u, ough, ue, ew, u + consonant + e

pronounce the voiced sounds)
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
oo
L
N
J(GE)
G
P
F
S
N
J
ough
ue
ew
F
S
u+C+e
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH
LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES

blue
drew
pursue
tube
typhoon
rude
Luke
too
zoo
debut
feud
balloon
reduce
kook
through
glue
Magoo
exude
resume
new
excuse
who
review
few
moon
exhume
duke
amuse
woo
you
shoe
June
buffoon
rude
tube
sue
construe
boo
soon
cartoon
conclude
tune
The following words have a Y sound before OO:

few
pew
ewe
excuse
perfume
refuge
cute
beauty
huge
Don't be too rude to Drew. What can you deduce from the review of your play? A few of us want to
walk through the zoo. June uses too much perfume. How much fruit does that animal consume?
LONG O
Common Spellings: o, ow, oe, ough, o + consonant + e
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
D
L
N
J(GE)
G
P
ow
oe
ough
F(PH)
S
J
G
P
F
o+C+e
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH
10

hoe
Joe
oh
Pope
vote
joke
grown
row
know
Poe
rope
note
soak
bow
toe
stow
goad
slope
roam
low
low
wo
load
don't
cone
So
Foe
Dough
Road
Elope
phone
go
mow
slow
wrote
note
tone
Edgar Allan Poe wrote many short stories. Do you know where the note was stowed? Leave a
message after the tone and I'll phone you back. You aimed your bow a little too low. What kind of
jokes do you know?
LONG OW
Common Spellings: ow, ou
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
J(GE)
G
P
ow
ou
J
G
P
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH
11

ow
now
route
slouch
dour
down
pound
how
chow
about
crouch
town
mound
sound
wow
pow
shout
couch
clown
drown
sow
row
doubt
powder
round
found
Cow
Vow
Rowdy
Flowers
Gown
Wound
bow
loud
dowdy
shower
brown
noun
How many pounds of ground round do you want? If you take this route, you'll arrive in about an
hour. Do you doubt that I found out about my surprise shower? We wound round and round until
we found the town. How many nouns have you found in this sentence?
12
LESSON 4
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS
SHORT VOWELS
To pronounce short vowels:
1. Keep your tongue relaxed.
2. Keep the sound short.
3. Do not let your voice glide down at the end.
SHORT EH
Common Spellings: e, ea (always followed by consonants)
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
J(GE)
G
P
e+C
ea+C
J
G
P
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH
13

bet
debt
jet
test
Ted
wet
request
bed
dread
led
red
invest
when
excellent
Ben
den
let
neck
connect
dress
Bled
Fed
Leapt
Rest
Address
Stress
Deb
Fled
Met
Rev
Suspect
Extend
dead
head
men
Said
west
regular
Ted cleared his debt with an investment. This address will give you the connection you need.
Just let me rest my neck on the bed for a minute. When did you request an extension on your
deadline? This red dress is all wet.
SHORT IH
Common Spellings: i, y (always followed by consonants)
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
J(GE)
G
P
i+C
y+C
J
G
P
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH
14

is
it
In
wrist
kiss
fit
sip
swim
dim
gym
fix
hid
kid
pin
lip
lick
slip
wish
Dick
pick
sick
tip
list
Rick
history
continue
Mickey
resist
exit
Nicholas
consist
exist
trick
fish
switch
busy
Do you wish to exit the theatre? I tried to slip this bracelet over my wrist, but it doesn't fit. I wish to
be picked up at six. The list is hidden in a closet. I've been busy.
COMPARISON: SHORT IH / SHORT EH: CD1 Tract No. 19
Pit/pet
Sid/said
hid/head
Wrist/rest fist/fest
did/dead
Miss/mess lid/lead
bid/bed
Slipped/slept
SHORT O
Common Spellings o, a (always followed by consonants)
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
J(GE)
G
P
o
a
J
G
P
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH
15

hop
stop
rob
job
Tom
sob
lock
rock
cop
John
Ron
palm
shop
lingerie
father
astonish
Connie
honest
possible
stock
bottle
blond
operate not
Rob and Tom were stopped by a cop. Connie sobbed and locked the door. Is it possible you forgot to
lock the shop when it got robbed? Don got a job in a shop. Stay calm and stop rocking the boat.
SHORT
Common Spellings: a (always followed by a consonant)

Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
J(GE)
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH
16

cat
bag
sag
lap
wrap
man
last
fast
gas
track
pack
trash
Mac
half
have
has
apple
magazine
attitude
candid
tragedy
handy
cavity
sandwich
Habit
laboratory
Wrap your trash in a bag. I'll just sit on the grass with my magazine, my sandwich, and my apple.
What kind of an attitude is that? The black cat is happy in my lap. Sarah said I had bags sagging
under my eyes.
COMPARISON: SHORT / SHORT EH / SHORT O
Bad/bed
had/head rack/rock
Dad/dead bag/bog
fad/fed
Sad/said
cat/cot
tan/ten
Sand/send land/lend band/
17
LESSON 5
SHORT AW
Common Spellings: aw, au, ou, o, al + consonant
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
ow
J(GE)
G
J
G
ou
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH

saw
awful
coffee
draw
jaw
Bought
taught
fought
Paul
paw
gaudy
Raw
off
all
straw
caught
ought
Dog
dawn
cough
pawn
walk
talk
Water
thought
lawn
daughter
What happened to the dog's paw? Paul looked awful the last time I saw him. I ought to get up at
dawn. This cough is from the cold I caught. I thought the coffee was awful today.
18
COMPARISON: AW / SHORT O (REGIONAL PRONUNCIATION): 27

saw/saw
awful/awful
off/off
caught/caught
dog/dog
water/water
coffee/coffee
walk/walk
SHORT OO
Common Spellings: oo, ou, u (always followed by a consonant)
Consonants
B
Vowel
Consonants
B
oo
J(GE)
G
P
F
ou
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH

could
should
would
good
foot
look
put
took
soot
hood
push
woman
cook
nook
book
hook
shook
bush
brook
crook
cushy
Here's a book on healthful cooking. Is this a very good neighborhood? Doctor, could you look at my
foot, please. Would you give me a push? Take a look at the woman in the red hood!
19
SHORT UH
Common Spellings: u, o (always followed by a consonant)
Consonants
B
Vowel
Consonants
B
J(GE)
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH

hut
but
bud
flood
cuddle
supper
pun
bun
ton
honey
come
son
fun
run
love
money
funny
jump
lump
summer lovely sudden
dumb
wonderful
pump hug
bug
double
You look funny when you jump. We won a ton of money. Her son will come for supper. This has
been a wonderful summer. The sun suddenly came flooding in.
20
LESSON 6
SECTION II: PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS
UNIT 1. VOICED AND VOICELESS CONSONANTS
LIPS
BEHIND
TEETH
HELD
THROAT
TONGUE &
TEETH
VOICELESS
P-F
CE-CHGE(J)-S-SH-X
K (k(c), ch, q)
TH
B-M-V
D,L,N,Z
G-H-NG
TH
NOT HELD
VOICED
Lets practice making sounds by combining the consonants and vowels. Pay attention to voiced and
voiceless consonants
Consonants
Vowel
Consonants
N
J(GE)
G
P
F
e
i
L
N
J (GE)
S
T
H
CH
CH
SH
SH
TH
TH
21
Lets practice more with SIMPLE CONSONANTS TH (voiceless) and TH (voiced)

TH: VOICED / VOICELESS PAIRS
This
with
they
thought
there
through
VOICED TH CD2 Tract No. 2 & 3

this
these
that
those
other
breathe
there
they
father
weather
rather
them
Sam can't breathe well in this kind of weather. My skin feels smooth after I bathe. Where did this
other one come from? Do you know whether they live there? I'd rather not wear leather. Either your
father or your mother can sign this. There were a lot of those books there.
VOICELESS TH: CD2 Tract No. 4 & 5
breath
thing
warmth
health
third
authors
think
nothing
bath
therapy
faith
math
wealthy
ether
ethics
Math is the one thing I don't like. He was once wealthy, but he lost everything. We are nothing
without ethics! Three warm baths a day are good therapy. The path to the theater is open now.
Thanks for the thought!
COMPARISON: VOICED /VOICELESS TH:
mouth/mouthe
breath/breathe
thought/though
cloth/clothe
think/this
ether/either
thigh/thy
wrath/rather
What are those things over there? They don't know whether he's wealthy or not. The man in the
leather jacket is very thoughtful. The weather man says it's thirty-three degrees. This warmth is
rather odd this year. There are a few things I need to think about.
22
T (voiceless):
Traffic
terrible
hotel
task
terrific
tomorrow
Town
too
time
Tuesday
tight
attack
Tire
timid
towel
The traffic was terrible today. I'm going out of town tomorrow. Tom attacks his work right away. You
may be too timid. This task takes so much time. Tina will be too tired tomorrow. They'll go in to town
on Tuesday. Your tie looks really terrific. What time is the movie tomorrow night? Use the terry cloth
towel tonight.
D (voiced):
during
address
Adella
dress
adolescent
adorable
debate
dance
double
condition
desk
Doug
delight
idea
identity
What an adorable little dog. Please be quiet during the address. I don't dare double date. You dance
divinely. He was delighted with my idea. They were in terrible condition yesterday. Adella dresses so
well. Did you know David had a double identity? The debate was on during my favorite show. Her
condition is delicate. Do you want to dance?
COMPARISON T/D:
tall/doll
time/dime
tome/dome
ten/den
tie/dye
tell/dell
tile/dial
try/dry
tip/dip
Do you have the time? Do you have a dime? I'll take a tip. I'll take a dip. It's done. It's a ton. Tie the
shirt. Dye the shirt. He is tall. He's a doll. Don't touch that tile. Don't touch that dial.
23
LESSON 6
The American T
Top T: When a T is at top of a staircase, in a stressed position, it should be a clear popped sound
1. in the beginning of a word, T is [t]
Ted took ten tomatoes.
2. With a stressed T and ST, TS, TR, CT, LT, and sometimes NT combinations, T is [t]
He was content with the contract.
3. T replaces D in the past tense, after an invoiced consonant sound: f, k, p, s, ch, sh, th (except T)
T: laughed, picked, hoped, raced, watched, washed, unearthed
D: halved, rigged, nabbed, raised, judged, garaged, smoothed.
Exceptions: wicked *wikd+, naked *neikd+, crooked *krukd+, etc.
Now read the following sentences aloud. Make sure that the underlined (stressed) Ts are sharp and
clear.
1. It took Tim ten minutes to try the telephone.
2. Stop touching Teds toes.
3. Turn toward Stella and study her contract together.
4. Control your tears.
5. Its Tommys turns to tell the teacher the truth.
Middle T: An unstressed T in the middle of a staircase between two vowel sounds should be
pronounced as a soft D.
Betty bought a bit of better butter.
Pat ought to sit a lap.
Now read the following sentences loud. Make sure that the underlined (unstressed ) Ts sound like a
soft D:
1.
What a good idea.
2.
Put it in a bottle.
3.
Write it in a letter.
4.
Set it on the metal gutter.
5.
Put all the data in the computer.
6.
Insert a quarter in the meter.
7.
Get a better water heater.
24
8.
Let her put a sweater on.
9.
Bettys at a meeting.
10.
Its getting hotter and hotter.
11.
Patty ought to write a better letter.
12.
Freida had a little metal bottle.
Bottom T: T at the bottom of a staircase is in the held position: CD2 Tract No.15
1. She hit the hot hut with her hat.
2.We went to that Net site to get what we needed.
3. Pat was quite right, wasnt she?
4. What? Put my hat back.
5. hot, late, fat, goat, hit, put, not, hurt, what, set, paint, wait, sit, dirt, note, fit, lot, light, suit, point,
incident, tight.
Held T Before N: CD2 Tract No.
Note: You need a sharp upward sliding intonation up to the held T, then a quick drop for the N
Written, sentence, forgotten, certain, curtain, mitten, Martin, bitten, button, kitten, patent, mutant,
latent, mountain, recently, lately, partly, frequently.
The Silent T:
[t] and [n] are so close in the mouth that the [t] can simply disappear.
Interview, interface, internet, interstate, interrupt, interfere, interactive, international, advantage,
percentage, twenty, printout, printer, winter, enter.
Karinas T Connections
Here are some extremely common middle T combinations.
What a, I, Im, Ive, if, it, its, is, isnt, are, arent, he, hes, her, you, youll, youve, youre
But
a, I, Im, Ive, if, it, its, is, isnt, are, arent, he, hes, her, you, youll, youve, youre
That
a, I, Im, Ive, if, it, its, is, isnt, are, arent, he, hes, her, you, youll, youve, youre
25
COMPARISON: MIDDLE T / MIDDLE D:

latter/ladder
rater/raider
putting/pudding
wetting/wedding
betting/bedding
matter/madder
waiter/wader
She's putting the pudding on the table. What does the rater say about the Raiders? The latter is over
there. The ladder is over there. Tell me if he matters. Tell me if he's madder. The betting is heavy.
The bedding is heavy. The waiter is relaxing. The wedding is finished.
L (Variation 1):
live
love
Linda
Lick
television
Larry
light
alive
Elite
telephone
lucid
linger
elevator
Eligible
elephant
Leave Larry alone! Look at that lovely lighthouse. Literature lives at the library. The address is Eleven
Ten Laurel Lane. Take the elevator up to the Old Elk Lodge Turn down the television; I'm on the
telephone.
L (Variation 2):
Note that this L is usually found at the ends of words.
all
cell
Ralph
will
owl
Bill
roll
milk
will
hello
full
tall
pull
pill
gel
Bill is getting tall. Make the call on your cell phone. Sorry, but we're all full. All this milk is fresh.
Sailing is a great way to travel. Ellen called while you were out.
COMPARISON L(l) / L(2):
let/call
lie/pull
like/well
law/all
left/bell
last/will
letter/fill
live/Carol
Carol likes to study law. Larry left all the letters here. Jill lives on Bell Lane. Let me call a cab. Has
Carol called lately? Look, you left your wallet on the table.
26
R:
river
arrow
rise
right
bigger
radio
red
raid mirror
right
reporter
wrong
orange
rare
refrigerator
ride
rest
restaurant
road
The arrow raced to its target. Please don't raid the refrigerator. The Red Anchor Restaurant is in the
Harbor. The radio has the real news. I think I took a wrong turn. Robert prefers to ride on the right
side. Raymond wrote the red book.
COMPARISON L / R:
lane/rain
look/rook
limb/rim
loom/room
liver/river real/Lill
Oregon is really lovely, Larry rides really slowly. Turn right at the light, and then turn left. The Red
River is no swollen with rain. Leave the radio on channel four. Ive got a little riddle for you.
27
LESSON 8
F:
if
forget
fish
faith
Father
file
coffee
field
fail
fever
Forth
final
awful
find
reef
effort
Leaf
finish
Don't let your faith fail you now! The reef is full of fish today. It took effort to finish the job. Father
goes back and forth from home to work. What's the final score? The other referee has a fever today.
How do you find your fish? This fence has been effaced again. Your field is full of jobs. Few people
are so forgetful. You need to fight for your friends. Where did you file the folder?
V:
view
very
Evelyn valid
violence
even
evening
Victor every
variety vegetables
Even the river is rising. Tom is very vivacious today. The violets look so lovely in the sunlight. There's
such a variety of violence on TV. Evelyn's dog is so vicious. Do you like very ery many vegetables? Is
your license valid in Vermont? This view is unbelievable. When did you visit Eve? We vow to live in
peace. Have a cup of coffee.
COMPARISON F /V:
fairy/very
final/vinyl
leaf/leave
half/have
I have to have that song on vinyl! Leave the final copy to me. This half is very funny. Veronica found
the solution very fair. The coffee is very strong today. Press seven for information. It's foggy this
evening. If you can, visit this evening. Several of these vegetables are different. Never leave your
family at home.
28
P:
Paul
opinion
pine
peach
potatoes
Prepare
power
pull
pile
pizza
Put
people
pay
pear
operation
Peter has a high opinion of Paula Be prepared to meet powerful people here. Do you prefer peaches
or pears? Pile the prints over there. Don't pay full price. You push, and I'll pull. Please share your
opinion about this operation. Put the pizza on the plate, please. Don't pile any more papers on my
desk. Please pick up some potato salad for the picnic.
PH is pronounced like F: photograph, phone, phony PS is pronounced like S: psychologist,

psychiatrist, psychic.
B:
begin
break
bring
bail
Barbara
breathe abrupt
bit
but
Bed
about baby
boy
bat
Banana
The abrupt noise took my breath away. I was about to begin my book when Brendan called. Boy, I'm
broke! Bring me a big bucket. Buy the boy a baseball bat. Barbara bought some bananas. Bill needs
to go to bed. Betty had a baby boy. Take a bit of this bread. Give me a break.
M:
minute
matter
move
man
reminder
humble
numb
rim
mind
Tom
summer
bum
It's so hot this summer. No matter what, Tom is humble. My foot is so numb, I can't even move it.
What's on the rim of this mountain? Mary always needs a reminder. Don't give the bum any more
money. Don't mention it. I saw that man a minute ago. What time is Mr. Wright coming? It seems
warm today. Mrs. Martin called me this morning.
29
N:
not
number
run
no one
inner
inch
innocent
Nile
nuance nut
one
men
never
nine
The men live in number nine. Never say never. No one can run faster than Dan. We'd never taken a
night cruise on the Nile! How many inches are in nine feet? We never know when we'll see you. The
car is running fine now. Do you know my number? How many women won the game? There's a
ninety percent chance of rain.
NG:
wing
hang
string
singer tongue
wrong
thing
ding
pinging
Bing
long
tongs
ring
bring
song
All these answers are wrong. Let's sing a song before we go. The phone is ringing. How long will that
pinging sound go on? What's wrong with this thing? Bring the tongs here, please. There are too
many dings in this car. The bell just rang. Did you bang on the door?
NG + G:
anger
single
jungle
tangle
wrangle
Jingle
hunger
finger
longer
longest
stronger
strongest
He's the strongest man I've ever seen. What is the longest river? It's a jungle out there. Try to
wrangle for the best bargain. The children sang jingle bells again. Try not to tangle with the boss too
much. I usually take my coffee a little stronger. We did every single thing we could Did she break her
finger? He's angry because he's hungry. You aren't getting any younger.
N + J (G is pronounced as J) :
mange
manger
range
sponge
strange
stranger
arrange
ginger
Would you like some ginger tea? Did you make the arrangements? What a strange place this is! Your
dog seems to have mange. He's a perfect stranger to me. Can you arrange my trip, please? Here's a
sponge to wipe up the mess.
30
NK:
tank
bank
rink pink
thank sink
wink
spunk spank skunk mink
drink
think
dunk
hunk
This ink is pink! Do you think Bob spanks his kids? Thanks for the cold drink. Mary is full of spunk
today. Go to bed and get a few winks. You can't drive a tank everyday If you try dunking me, I might
sink. Is this mink fake? The bank opens at ten.
31
LESSON 9
J:
George
orange
June
job
Genny
age
manage
large
marriage
rejuvenate
Jack
jet
just
subject
rage
George, can you manage without your jacket? Mr. Jones's jet has just arrived. Judy is telling anyone
her age. Their marriage was in June. I just forgot the subject. Jenny's doing a good job. A long
journey might be rejuvenating. Orange was all the rage last year. We have a large job to finish.
S:
rice
sweet
soup
Sally
cell
Rosa
sale
Susan
solve
sit
sing
soda
submit
sedan
sold
This soda is too sweet. Would you like soup or salad? Please submit the forms when you complete
the tasks. I bought this dress on sale. Wes likes to solve crimes. Sue, this rice is super!
Z:
Ezra
visit
zoo
as
because
zero
Tuesday
wise
files
bees
his
was
rise
is
Bozo
The temperature feels like it's below zero. Tuesday is the best day to visit the zoo. Wednesday was
his busiest day. Is it wise to rise early? There's a lot of noise because he's very busy. It's easy to be
lazy. Where's the folder that holds all my files? Why is there so much haze today? They always catch
their planes on time.
COMPARISON: S / Z:
hiss/his
ice/eyes
bus/buzz
piece/peas
hearse/hers
loose/lose
excuse/excuse close/close
What excuse do we need to close the door? That buzz sounds close. These peas are ice cold. Don't
lose that lease! I saw that bus with my own eyes. Sara and Susan are close friends. These shoes are
too loose. His eyes are hazel. Excuse me. Is this your soda? How's your sandwich?
32
SH :
shy
should
usher push
share
wash
fashion
shop
shout fish
shoulder
show
shoes she
Should I share my favorite chocolates? The usher showed us to our seats. Wash your hands after you
finish that. Those shoes are all the fashion. Did I mention the shop on the corner? Sharon is so shy.
Shout in that direction. Wear your special shorts. Some pushy people were shopping today Could
you show us how to fish? It sounds like she has whiplash.
ZH:
azure
beige
garage
Asian
vision measure
delusion
pleasure
fusion
confusion
leisure
I need to have my vision measured soon. It's a pleasure to meet you. It's a fusion reactor. There was
confusion in the garage about the owner of the beige sedan. It's a simple problem of confusion. The
sky is azure blue today. Is it casual day today?
COMPARISON: ZH / SH:
Fusion/fuchsia
measure/masher
There's a lot of confusion over this issue. The show was a real pleasure. There's a shower in the
garage. You should find some leisure time. The fisherman measured his fish. Could you casually
mention my name? Please show me some beige shoes. It's a pleasure to see you again, Sharon. You
should get your vision checked again. The solution is sure to come.
CH: CD3 Tract No.

church
watch
ouch
lurch
change
lunch
chicken
wrench
hunch
choice
Charles
choose
charity
child
channel
I don't want chicken for lunch, thank you. Charles chose his team carefully. Mary left her watch at
the church. This charity is for children. Ouch! I wrenched my ankle! When can I choose the channel?
Let's change lunch places. What choice does a child have?
33
COMPARISON SH / CH: CD3 Tract No.

wash/watch
hush/hutch
cash/catch
dish/ditch
sheik/cheek
share/chair
shoes/choose
sheep/cheap
mash/match
marsh/march
chic/chick
wish/witch
shop/chop
shin/chin
I don't like the shoes. I don't like to choose. My wash is on. My watch is on. They're well mashed.
They're well matched. Put it in the dish. Put it in the ditch. She's hit her shin. She's hit her chin. We
went to the marsh. We went to the march.
34
LESSON 9

Y:
yes
onion
yellow
you
use
year
million young
youth
beyond
yeast
yesterday
yard
few
yet
There was a silver fox in the yard yesterday. You're still so young. Have you seen the yellow bird yet?
Why does that young puppy yap so much? Use fresh yeast in the bread. What's beyond that
building? Next year, we'll make a million. Please don't use too many onions. Yes, you can use my car.
W:
wide
wit
wish
west
work
we
wear
would wet
wealth way
want welcome
winter
worry
Why not wear white? I think we 'want to go west. Why worry? There's a whole, wide world to see. I
wish I were as witty as you! We have a long way to go. What? That's a weird welcome. What should I
wear to work tomorrow? That was a wild winter we had. How far away is your work? Would you
want to go west?
H:
here
high
hundred
heart
happy hold
him
hat
healthy
horse hotel
hide
help
hard
head
The old hotel is high on the hill. Hold your hat in your hand during the national anthem. How hard do
you have to work? Have a healthy heart! How high can your horse jump? I'd be happy to help you.
How have you been? Who is the head of the hotel? Hold your head up high. You can't hide here.
Have you told him, yet?
35
K:
Kind
care
kale
keep
cabinet
Account cook
carry
kid
according
Come
could
kit
cold
cab
Mrs. Cook seems like a kind and caring person. Please come to hear my account. Can you carry these
cookies? Come in a cab. How long does kale keep? Can you cook? Call Karen Collins. Could you kindly
check my account? There's cold medicine in the cabinet. Some kids are crying. Call me if you're too
cold. The corn is cooked.
G:
give
go
game
Gail
gorgeous
Gary
gopher
golf
ago
gas
get
gang
give
guy
elegant
Gary got a job as a gopher. Let's give the gang a call. Go get me some gum, please. Let's get a game
of golf. That guy has a gun! Don't forget the girl in the garden. Guess again. He was Governor a long
time ago. Let's get some gas. Gail really looks elegant. What a gorgeous gown.
STRESSED SYLLABLES BEGINNING WITH P, K, or T :
P
paper
oppose
apply
important
capable
accord
account
Caroline
entire
atomic
attack
telephone
I'll answer the telephone. It's a capable car. I want to read the paper first. What is important? I'll
attack this project next. Caroline opposes this account. She was on the telephone the entire time.
According to Cathy, Kelly is very capable. The atomic attack was terrible. The entire paper is
important.
UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES BEGINNING WITH P, K,T :
P
potato
parade
apple
pacific
application
bacon
consent
awaken
California
communicate
tobacco
Toronto
today
tomato
tomorrow
36
These apples come from the Pacific Northwest. Today is better than tomorrow. Buckle your seat
belt. They put on a great parade. They moved to Toronto. Communication is the key. California's a
big state. The appliances are broken. This tobacco is old. The bacon is cooked.
T, D, K, G, P or B AT THE END OF A WORD :
hit/hid
pick/pig
bop/Bob
pat/pad
Huck/hug
nap/nab
rot/rod
back/bag
sup/sub
He hit me when I hid. Did Pat pad this chair? Don't pick at the pig. Huck doesn't like to hug. I think I'll
nab a nap. Did she bring back the bag? Sailors sup on the sub. This will make the rod rot.
A NOTE ON GRAMMATICAL ENDINGS :
-S or -ES is added to nouns to form their plurals:
cake, cakes tax, taxes
girl, girls
-S or -ES is added to verbs to form the simple present tense of the third person singular:
take, takes go, goes
rush, rushes
-'S is added to nouns to form the possessive:

Mike, Mike's
Max, Max's Mary, Mary's
GRAMMATICAL ENDING S as /S/ :

Mike's
takes
cakes
Pat's
hits
rats
Hap's
wraps
grapes
ref's
laughs
graph
This is Mike's car. He takes it everywhere. Their cakes are delicious. There are rats in the cellar. She
wraps her gifts carefully. That has to be the ref's call. Would you like some grapes? Pat's graphs look
great. Hap's wife's having a baby. Kit laughs too loudly.
37
GRAMMATICAL ENDING S as /IZ/:

Wess
dresses
houses
James's
rises
Mr.Walsh's
Roses
washes
wishes
garages
watches
witches
Hedges
edges
Max's
fixes
taxes
That looks like Mr. Walsh's dog. John washes the dog while his mother watches. Did you see the
witches of Endor? No one fixes his taxes. He hedges a little on that point. The edges of Max's jacket
are frayed. She rises at dawn and dresses. The houses all have three garages. James's wishes were
granted.
GRAMMATICAL ENDING S as /Z/ :

Rons
sees
boys
Tom's runs
Marys
studies
towns Gail's
girls
wears bags
She runs faster than he does. Gail's bags are here. He wears a clean shirt everyday. Mary's children
are very smart. She sees his point. The boys went to the movies. Ron's car runs well. Tom's girls are
really growing. There are so many towns on Jim's route. Judy studies her toys.
-ED PRONOUNCED /T/ :

-ED is pronounced -t after the sounds k, s, sh, f, and p.
walk/walked
wrap/wrapped
help/helped
wash/washed
dress/dressed
laugh/laughed
notice/noticed
cough/coughed
They got dressed and walked to the store. Larry washed his car, and then helped Judy wash hers. We
noticed that you laughed at the reunion. The stranger watched me for a while, then coughed to get
my attention. Linda stopped for some groceries, then rushed home. The Jones brothers worked their
way through school.
38
-ED PRONOUNCED /ID/:

-ED is pronounced -id after D or T
add/added
wait/waited
load/loaded
rent/rented
want/wanted
chat/chatted
intend/intended
rate/rated
need/needed
wed/wedded
All that was needed was true wedded bliss. We added on a new room and then rented it. Susie
waded knee deep in the ocean. How is this restaurant rated? We had our car fitted with ski racks,
then loaded them up. But I expected to pay. The play was well attended. The room was a little
crowded, so we just chatted for a while. The color has decidedly faded. He said that he'd intended to
call. We waited to be seated.
-ED PRONOUNCED /D/:

-ED is pronounced -d after any other sound
play/played
study/studied
grab/grabbed
clean/cleaned
live/lived
call/called
smile/smiled
arrive/arrived
move/moved
rob/robbed
cry/cried
We grabbed a bite to eat, then studied. The famous actress smiled at her fans as she arrived at the
premier. Who just called on the phone? Mary cried when she was robbed. The Smiths moved here
last year, but they've never lived far from here. The sculpture grabbed public attention once it was
cleaned. The dog dragged himself up and begged for more food. It never seemed that you cared.
39
LESSON 11
CONSONANT CLUSTERS
INITIAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS
SP :
spy
spit
spoil
spare
spat
spoon sparrow
speed spurn spirit
spin
spore
space
spaghetti
sport
He spins a good story. Just spoon in the spaghetti. My spirit was soaring. The red sports car was
speeding. Can anyone spare some space? Maria spurned Sam at the party. Try to be a good sport.
Did the neighbors have a little spat last night? "Spare the rod and spoil the child." Those plants just
spit out their spores.
SPL:
split
splash
splay
splinter
splendid
spleen
splice
splurge
splat
splotch
splint
It was a splendid day to splash in the pool. Let's splurge on a good movie. My son wore a splint to
school. There's a splotch of ink on your dress. Splat went the boy with his feet all splayed out. I'll split
the bill with you. Let's splurge on a double ice cream cone. Can you help me take out this splinter?
SPR:
spread
spree
spring
spruce
sprite sprig
spray
sprint sprocket
spry
sprain sprinkle
Spring has sprung today. Spread the toast with fresh butter. Don't sprint across my yard. What a spry
old man! Spray off after your sprint. Spruce up for a night on the town. How did you sprain your
ankle? The bike chain needs some new sprockets. We're ready for that shopping spree. Try putting a
few sprigs of fern in the bouquet.
40
ST:
store
stare
steep
stop
stem
stick
stir
step
Steve
stew
sty
steal
stove
stud
sting
Steve stepped up to the plate. The tea is steeping on the stove. That salve stopped the sting fast.
What lovely long stemmed roses! Try not to overcook the stew again. Robert has a steel plate in his
knee. Stu stole home! Melanie's ring is studded with diamonds. It's not polite to stare. Please go to
the store for a stick of butter.
STR:
stride
string
stress
strive
strobe
strum
stream
stripe
struck
strike
strip
How strong is that rope? I like the stripes on the string bikini. They struck a deal. When did your
union go on strike? I'd like to strum a little tune for you. Someone steals cars and then strips them.
Always strive for improvement. He has such a proud stride. What happened to all the strobe lights?
No one can take all that stress.
SK:
skinny
skid
skate
skin
scarce
scan
scalp
Scudder
scoot
school
score
scale
skip
skim
scared
scat
sky
Scoot to school on skates. Scott was scared he would skin his knees. The skinny kids scattered
everywhere. Mrs. Scudder has smooth skin. Skim milk used to be scarce. Don't skip school. What was
the score last night? The scale has tipped in our favor. Watch out for ticket scalpers.
SQU:
squish
squash
squirt
squirm
squirrel
squander
squalor
How can you live in such squalor? Billy squirted Bob with a squirt gun. Squirrels never squander
acorns. Stop your squirming! When Sam squashed the bug it squished beneath his shoe.
41
SN:
snake
snide
snore
snare
snitch
snap
snit
snag
snorkel
snivel
snip
snicker
snail
snow
snob
Mary was in a snit about snagging her stockings. I always snicker when he snores. Make way for the
big snake. It snowed and snowed all last week. Just snip a little off the edges. Who made such a
snide remark? What a snob! He's always in a snit! He snared a snake. The little snitch is always
sniveling.
SL:
slid
sling
slip
slum
slime
slew
sleeve slot
slow
slick
slack
sleep
Slade
slate
slide
How can you sleep in such a sloppy room? Be careful not to slip and slide. I like the one with the slits
in the sleeves. Slow down for the oil slick. It's fun to play slip and slide. Jack slew the giant. Don't
slack off now. Put the money in the slot. This slum is really slimy. Try for a clean slate.
SM:
smear
smoke
smile
smooch
smack
smatter
smell
small
smores
smart
smooth
smitten
Smith
Smedley
smash
Smith was smitten by the small woman. Don't smile! I smell smoke. Who could forget Smee in Peter
Pan? This is the Smedley and Smith corporation. Our s'mores landed smack in the campfire. Here.
Smear some smooth cream on your face. Cindy gave Sam a smattering of smooches. Smile if you
think I'm smart. Sam Smith got smashed.
TR:
train
true
trade
trust
troth
trial
try
truck
trample
trowel
tram
triangle
trick
trail
tromp
trash
trip
tribe
I'd like to try to catch that train. My truck could never take this trail. Most kids like to trick or treat.
Try not to tromp and trample on the grass. Follow the trail that leads to the truth. These trinkets are
trash!
42
THR:
thrust thrall
threat thrifty throttle
thread
three
throat throw thrash
through
thrill
throb thrive thrice

He threw three strikeouts in the game. My heart was throbbing after that thrilling ride at the fair.
This throttle seems to be stuck. The sword thrust clean through. What permits bacteria to thrive in
the throat? The people are enthralled with the throne.
43
LESSON 12
BL:
bland blare
black
blue
blind
blank
bliss
blade
blister blast
Bly
bleed blend blame blow
bluster
bludgeon
Why do you look so black and blue? I think this razor blade is to blame! It's such bliss to live in
Beverly Hills. Nellie Bly struck a few blows for women's rights. Blackberries and blueberries make a
good blend. Which is the blade that is to blame for the crime? Try not to mind Jerry's blustering and
blaring personality. Have you ever felt such blistering heat?
BR:
bread
brie
breast
brown
brand
brackish
Braille
broke
brag
break
braid
bracket
brink
bristle
breath
bring
broil
bruise
I like the braided brand of bread best. Mary just broke her brown cup. Bring the oven to broil. Mr.
Brown is just on the brink of being broke. How can you brag about being so bruised? The brown cat
bristled. I like the braided bracket best.
PL:
Ply
plead
plague
please
plot
implore
pliers
plug
plane
plenty
plush
imply
plow
plink
plash
plum
plunk
plaster
I'd like plenty of plums for the pie. Please let's stay in a plush hotel. We thought the plot was a little
plodding.
PR:
proud prod
prong pretty
priest prattle praise practice
prank prove
pry
pray
prawn preach precious

44
What a pretty pink dress! The priest likes to pray. Why not prove he played that prank? Do I have to
prod you to practice? Praise is really precious. Maybe we can pry it open with the prongs on this
fork. Can you prove that you aren't the prankster?
FR:
fruit
fry
frump
frost
fray
Fred
from
fro
fraction
froth
frozen fragment
frank
fraud
frazzle
Blend fresh frozen fruit to a tasty froth. Fred likes to fry fish on Saturdays. This package came from
Freda. Anyone would be frazzled in this fray. May I be frank about the fraud?
FL:
flew
fling
flog
flask
floor
flat
flag
flock
fling
flack
flan
flair
flash
flinch
flub
flail
The flag flew proudly on the Fourth. Fling away your fears and go. Flapping and flailing around won't
get you anywhere. The prisoner didn't flinch at his flogging. Fred found a flask on the floor.
CL:
club
clock
clean
cloak
closet clasp
clear
cluster Clyde
clip
clamp
clue
clatter close
clap
It was a clean crime. There were no clues. The cloak was closed with a beautiful clasp. Can we clear
the table for Clarence? Why does Clyde clutter so much? The club horses run at quite a fast clip.
There was a whole cluster of clocks here before. Could you please close the closet? Clamp down on
all that clatter, please.
CR:
crow
crowd crack
cream create cry
crank
crime crib
critic
crisp
creed credit creature
cram
craze
crevice
The morning felt cool and crisp. Please don't crowd the crime scene. What little creatures live in
crevices? You'll have to cram like crazy for this test. How are creeds created? Crows fly high above
the crowd. Put the cranky baby in the crib. Those crackers are fresh and crisp.
45
GL:
glory
gleam
glen
glad
glue
glorify
glare
glum
glean
glass
glee
glamour
glide
glisten
gloat
glaze
gland
glance
I feel glad when roses glisten with dew. Where did you put the glazed glasses? Be glad not glum.
Why gloat over a brief glance? Tell us what you've gleaned about glamour. Gloria has a gleam in her
eyes today. How long have your glands been swollen? Glen glorified his victories. Don't glare at me
and then glide by.
GR:
grist
gripe
grow
grip
grass
great
grime
grind
greet
grand
greed
grammar
green
gray
grade
grab
gracious gradual
That car is a greenish-gray, not blue! Well, back to the same old grind on Monday. My son has grown
at least four inches this year. Your grammar is gradually improving. Get a grip on your grades. She's a
grand and gracious lady.
Let's grab a bite before we greet the guys.
DR:
dress
drove
drink
dream
drop
drum
drag
dry
drowsy
drab
drool
drift
drive
drill
drape
drivel
dredge
dribble
Don't drive the drill too deep. My throat is so dry. How about a drink? It's sometimes difficult to drag
myself from my dreams. The contented cat drooled and dribbled. This looks more like a drape than a
dress. I feel drowsy and I'm drifting off to sleep.
QU:
qualms
quiet
quit
quest
quilt
quiz
quail
queen
quirk
quad
quick
quantum
quake
quality
quarrel
quarry
quart
Alice was Queen for a Day. It's not quite quiet enough yet. Don't quake in your boots! Go in there
and quit! He's so quirky and quiet. Why quibble if it's quality? Let's have a quick lunch on the quad.
46
LESSON 13
FINAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS
-RCH:
birch
arch
march
church
search
lurch
perch parch
The marchers were parched. What kind of bird is perched on that birch tree. So many churches have
beautiful arches.
-RP :
harp
sharp carp
Earp
burp
AARP
warp
Can you play the harp? Make a sharp left over there. Please excuse yourself when you burp. How old
must you be to join AARP?
-RT:
heart
curt
Burt
cart
Bart
art
shirt
skirt
smart part
wart
sort
port
sport
start
hurt
What sort of sport do you play? Don't start by being curt. Where is the other part of your skirt? My
head is starting to hurt.
-RK:
hark
forkpark
Park
mark
jerk
Turk
Irk
Dirk
perk
Dark
Burke
mark
Burke
murk
lurk
Kirk
work
lark
bark
O'Rourke
Mrs. Burke gives lots of perks to her workers. Why did you try to park in the dark? Have a cup of
Turkish coffee. Don't jerk or you'll hit someone with your fork.
-RB:
barb
garb
blurb
Serb
suburb
absorb
47
Garb yourself in beautiful colors. Barb likes living in the suburbs. How can you absorb so much
knowledge? Did you write this blurb?
-RD:
herd
word
scared lord
bird
bored marred
scarred
guard gored bard
What scared the herd? When Judy's face was scarred, she was permanently marred. Why be bored?
What word have you heard from your friends? Our cat gored the bird with its claws.
-RGE:
sarge
surge
charge merge
large
gorge urge
diverge
barge
submerge-
converge
Submerge the barge for now. They all live in a large gorge. The traffic was surging as we merged
onto the freeway. We urge you to take charge.
-RF:
turf
scarf
The turf looks so green from here. What a lovely scarf!

-RVE:
carve
serve
nerve deserve
reserve
Carve the turkey, then serve it. What nerve of him to call at midnight! You deserve rave reviews.
Please reserve us a table.
48
LESSON 14
-RSE or -RCE:
worse nurse horse purse hearse remorse
force
resource
The nurse thinks he's worse than before. We all feel such remorse when we see a hearse. That man
forced me down and then took my purse.
-RSH:
Marsh, harsh
It's a little harsh to live in the marsh.
-RL:
girl
curl
whirl
churl
Earl
burl
hurl
merle
swirl
Furl
pearl
Merle lives in a whirl wind of culture. Tina knows how to curl girls' hair better than anyone. See how
the flag furls and swirls.
-RLD:
world curled hurled swirled
They hurled stones at the empty cans. The clouds swirled around the world.
-RST:
worst burst
William cursed as his project burst. This is the worst movie I've ever seen.
-MP:
mump dump damp camp
ump
lamp
hump
tramp sump
That tramp lives in such a dump! Everything at the camp site was damp after the rain. There are too
many lumps in this gravy.
49
-RM and RN: :

arm
harm
alarm
warm
storm farm
worm
swarm
barn
burn
mourn
darn
earn
learn
turn
warn
gendarme
We watched the barn burn after the lightning storm. When the alarm sounds, the gendarme swarm.
There's no harm if you learn to earn a good living.
50
LESSON 15
-NCH:
lunch
ranch
bunch
hunch
munch
launch
raunchy
Have you had lunch yet? The Parkers bought a ranch. That film is a bit raunchy. I've got a hunch
they'll wait to launch that product. The kids want to munch on some snacks.
-NK:
Thank think
sink
tank
dank
rink dunk
plank
Don't thank me, thank her. Think of a way to bail or the boat will sink! The planks all need to be
repaired. It's so dank in this cellar! Did you fill the tank? They've opened a new skating rink.
-ND and -NT:
grind
ground
round
sound
sand
band
land
Rand
second
went
sent
hunt
bent
burnt
aren't
splint
flint
isn't
weren't
wasn't
The ground is mostly sand. You've sent me bent pictures! Aren't they second in line? This land isn't
meant for hunters. The doctor gave me a splint. The band isn't playing tonight. Grind some coffee,
would you?
FINAL CLUSTERS WITH L:
bulb
Kalb
bald
milk
silk
bilk
wild
old
bold
Mr. Kalb is now bald. How bold of you to go so wild. I think this bulb is old. Don't bilk me. This isn't
real silk. Would you like a glass of milk?
51
FINAL CLUSTERS WITH S:

task
tusk
bust
castlast
husk
mask
mast
blast
rust
What a task to take down this mast. It's such a blast to go to a party in a mask. These are the last of
the great elephant tusks. Doctor, I'm afraid I'll bust my cast.
-PT:
wept
swept
kept
leapt
She wept as the wind swept the house away. He dreamed as he slept that he leapt from the roof. He
kept the card forever.
NTH and LFTH:

month
ninth
tenth
eleventh
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twelfth
My daughter's in the twelfth grade. We live on the fourteenth floor. This is my ninth cookie. I have
lived here for nine months. The sixteenth birthday is one of the best. You are the tenth person to
call.
52
LESSON 16
STRESS REDUCED SOUNDS IN ENGLISH AND INTONATION
I. STRESS
1. SYLLABLE STRESS
Nouns & Adjectives of 2 syllables (the stress is on the 1st syllable) :
Happy
Bottle
Flower
Candid
Table
Paper
Picture
Woman
Teacher
Drawer
Ashtray
Sticker
Student
Clever
Scissors
College
Handful
Ugly
Gloomy
Proctor
Courage
Candy
Horny
Dental
Famous
Doctor
Bossy
Service
Famine
Denture
Number
People
Frugal
Frontage
Office
The contest
Oval
Coward
Turkey
Many records
Passport
Something
Chicken
Other
Sweden
Fancy
Candle
Princess
Fruitful
Gummy
Dentist
Country
Rector
Kindness
Donkey
Village
Stylus
Folder
Random
City
Stuffy
Ruler
Beggar
Shelter
Ransom
Package
Mistress
Booklet
Letter
Bottom
Giant
Paper
Pencil
English
Friendship
*Exceptions to the rule: Machine, Event, Frontier.

53
Verbs of 2 Syllables (the stress is on the 2nd syllable) :

To impel
To accept
To impugn
To record
To attend
To adapt
To conduct
To accede
To dislike
To define
To prefer
To prepare
To relate
To infect
To assume
To admit
To collect
To predict
To precede
To become
To construct
To begin
To dismay
To relay
To create
To impede
To dictate
To esteem
To rename
To present
To instruct
To agree
To estrange
To secure
To appear
To derange
To betray
To forget
To diverge
To relax
To conduct
To dispute
To imbue
To install
To apply
To consume
To derail
To improve
To resume
To invent
To retire
To defer
To observe
To eschew
To permit
To incur
To refer
To perfect
To divert
To repress
To invent
To transmute
To dispatch
To reserve
To attract
To involve
To combine
To require
To expire
To belong
To pursue
To repeat
To evade
To exchange
To rejoice
To rebuff
To reveal
To induct
To infest
To supply
To locate
To oppose
To obstruct
To inflict
To inspect
To immure
To inspire
To perturb
To obtain
To obsess
To maraud
To adore
To reject
To perplex
To restrain
To demand
To induct
To disperse
To regale
To intrude
To confine
To profess
To inject
To escape
To advance
To rejoin
To salute
54
Verbs of 2 Syllables ending with a suffix OW, EN, Y, EL, ER, LE, ESH:
(The stress is on the 1st syllable)
To open
To mumble
To gamble
To punish
To carry
To simmer
To gather
To publish
To offer
To whimper
To girdle
To quarrel
To swindle
To mangle
To gladden
To conquer
To madden
To pester
To glimmer
To render
To winnow
To follow
To hurry
To smother
To hinder
To bother
To jumble
To skirmish
To flatter
To cancel
To meddle
To struggle
To handle
To deepen
To listen
To vanquish
To finish
To fondle
To litter
To worry
To vanish
To frighten
To liven
To banish
To fritter
To finish
* stress in phrasal verbs

A. In intransitive and separable verbs, pronounce the postposition a little more strongly.
Look out! This ice isn't safe.
The plane took off at ten o'clock.
When I do this room up I'll paint the walls cream.
B. In non-separable verbs, pronounce the first word a little more strongly.
He doesn't care for movies about war.
The workers are calling for strike action.
He is just getting over a bad heart attack.
C. In three-word verbs, pronounce the first postposition most strongly.
He had to fall back on dried milk, as fresh milk wasn't available.
We had better fall in with his suggestion for the sake of peace.
The government should do away with the regulations restricting drinking hours.
55
Words of 3 or More Syllables (Put the stress on the 3rd syllable, counting backwards) :
Mediate
Unify
Permanent
Generosity
Radiate
Oxidize
Renovate
Duplicity
Indicate
Accelerate
Simplicity
General
Magnify
Incriminate
Curiosity
Germicide
Irrigate
Accentuate
Disarmament
Gesticulate
Indemnify
Longevity
Property
Immigrate
Incubate
Partisan
Solidarity
Evening
Numerate
Intransitive
Curriculum
Illogical
Calculate
Negligible
Passionate
Exodus
Memorize
Itemize
Prosperous
Faculty
Vitrify
Partnership
Proximity
Glamorous
Standardize
Peninsula
Indifferent
Glutinous
Dramatize
Philosophy
Interesting
Honesty
Incorporate
Pinnacle
Precipitous
Hurricane
Inundate
Precipitate
Intoxicate
Illegitimate
Generate
Reiterate
Dominate
Immaculate
Criticize
Sociology
Estrangement
Capacity
Palpitate
Supplement
Facilitate
Infiltrate
Indoctrinate
Terminology
Follower
Expedite
Litigate
Vascular
Dominate
Hospitality
Organize
Journalist
Expectorate
Instability
Meditate
Dracula
Factory
Exuberant
Tabulate
Lassitude
Furniture
Follicle
Concentrate
Liberality
Galaxy
Institute
Notes:-Oxidize, Memorize, Standardize, Dramatize, Organize, each has the main stress on
IZE and a secondary stress on the first syllable (Me, Stand, Dra, Or.)
56
- For the purpose of this rule, do not count ING, ED. And LY as syllables; also, count
ARY as 1 syllable. Also see the rule on prefixes and suffixes.
-CIV (Put the stress before a Consonant followed by an I and a Vowel-CIV) :
Expulsion
Geranium
Perfection
Temptation
Facial
Idiom
Permission
Tenacious
Flexion
Medallion
Relation
Speculation
Glacial
Obligation
Propitious
Starvation
Physician
Obstruction
Radio
Vicarious
Extortion
Obvious
Propulsion
Wisteria
Fruition
Orient
Simian
Suspicious
Period
Special
Belgium
-ARY (ARY is counted as 1 syllable) :

Seminary
Ordinary
Contrary
Contemporary
Necessary
Arbitrary
Auxiliary
dictionary
-IC (The stress is before IC) :

Lactic
Plastic
Hydrophilic
5 EXCEPTIONS:
Linguistics
Rustic
Toxic
Rhetoric
Panic
Scholastic
Atomic
Lunatic
Periodic
Specific
Aquatic
Catholic
Picnic
Skeptic
Aspic
Arithmetic
Pharmaceutics
Tragic
Despotic
Politics
57
-ADE, -OO, -OON, -EE, -EEN, -EER, -ESE, -ISE, -IZE (the stress is put on these ending syllables) :
Repartee
Promenade
Siamese
Dragoonade
Cocoon
Referee
Cantonese
Centigrade
Employee
Engineer
Interrogatee
Brigade
Taboo
Arcade
Manganese
Lagoon
Lemonade
Vietnamese
Mountaineer
Inductee
Afternoon
Chinese
Nominee
Escapade
Kangaroo
Degrade
Maroon
Guarantee
Pioneer
Gascanade
Cockatoo
Nipponese
Fanfaronade
Cannonade
Cockade
Mutineer
Glissade
Cascade
Confirmee
Palisade
Balloon
Musketeer
Disponee
Privateer
Domineer
Racketeer
Draftee
Cartoon
Dragoon
Frontier
Prefixes and suffixes are usually not stressed:

Prefix AD- (that changes to AD-, AF-, AP-, AS-, AT-, etc .)
Accomplice
Absurd
Accustom
Account
Adjacent
Adherent
Addendum
Address
Affair
Afloat
Affray
Affront
Apprentice
Archbishop
Ascertain
Ashore
Assassin
Assault
Asylum
Astute
Attorney
Apartment
Casino
Cassette
Prefixes COM- (COL-, CON-) :

Communal
Compartment
To consign, consignment, consigned, consigning
To consist, consisted, consisting, consistent
Constrain, constraint
To continue, continued, continuing, continuous.
To confine, confinement
58
Prefix EX- :
Ex-convict
Exact, exacts, exacting, exacted, exactly.
Examine, examined, examining.
Excess, excessive.
Exclude, excluded, excluding, exclusive, exclusiveness.
Exhibit, exhibited, exhibiting.
Exist, existence, existent
Expect, expectancy, expectorant
Explain, explaining, explained, explanatory.
Extreme, extremist, extremism.
Prefix IN (IM-, IL-, IR-. . . .) :

Imagine
Inexpert
Inferno, infernal
Infertile
Insurgent
Illegal, illicit, illegible
Imbue, imbalance, imbibe
Irrepressible
Prefix RE -:
Recover, recovering, recovery, recovered
Recur, recurrence, recurring, recurred.
Regard, regarding, regarded
Retire, retirement
Refine, refinement
59
Prefix UN- :
Unlawful
Unpleasant
Unhappy
Uneasy
Uneven
Suffixes -MENT, -ER,-ING, -ED. :

To invest
Investment, invested, investing, investor
To Accomplish
Accomplishment, accomplished, accomplishing
To arrange
Arrangement, arranged, arranging, arranger
To employ
Employment, employed, employing, employer
To contain
Containment, contained, containing, container
To develop
Development, developed, developing, developer
To attain
Attainment, attained, attaining
To consign
Consignment, consigned, consigning.
Suffixes -AL, -ANCE, -ANT :

To arrive
Arrival
To attend
Attendant, attendance
To ascend
Ascendant, ascendancy
To assemble
Assembly
To assent
Assertive
To extend
Extended, extending, extent, extensive.
To assure
Assurance
To attract
Attractive
60
LESSON 17
WORD STRESS
TWO-WORD OR THREE-WORD PHRASES (Stress the first element, the last element or both)
A. STRESS THE FIRST ELEMENT
Established Compound Nouns :
1. The mailbox -- the police station.
2. The goldfish - the fish tank.
3. A steak knife.
4. His footprint.
5. The White House
6. Basketball, baseball, football and volleyball
7. A dishwasher
8. A high school
9. A spider web
10. The paint brush.
11. My boyfriend -- the post office
Streets, Nationalities before such weak words as "foods, guy, kid, man, lady, boy, girl, and etc:
12. King Street - London Street.
13. Chinese food or Vietnamese food.
14. Garfield Street.
15. Italian food
16. A French guy - the English man.
17. That Italian kid.
18. That Swedish boy - a Japanese girl.
19. A Vietnamese lady
61
B. STRESS THE LAST ELEMENT

Modifiers Are Not Stressed - Adjective + Noun : Stress the noun. :
20. A beautiful girl
21. A good restaurant - this Small street
22. New information
23. An important point - cultural differences -- the main obstacles interracial marriages.
24. These experienced architects - similar positions - big company
25. The little girl - the wild animals - the remote villages
26. The naughty boy - an expensive necklace - the busy shop.
27. The jobless engineers - long lines - the crowded office
28. The wise pharmacist - the potent drugs - special chemicals.
29. Black smoke - the dirty chimney.
Proper Names of People/Places and Titles:
30. Santa Monica museum - Santa Monica city.
31. Mr. James Bond.
32. The city of Sherman Oaks - Ventura County -- State of California
33. Johnny Lee - Baruna Lane 34. The Secretary of State - the United States of America?
35. the Department of Education
36. Doctor Lemon Macmillan - the medical director - the Outpatient Surgery Center -Fountain Valley
Hospital.
C. STRESS BOTH WORDS: Material, Components & Possessive Cases :
37. A gold watch.
38. The baby's bottle.
39. A leather ball.
40. Mr. Johnson's cat.
41. That rubber bird.
42. A brick wall.
62
43. Ceramic bowls.

44. The Slitters' castle.
45. An orange tree - a peach tree.
46. Glass doors.
47. A parking ticket
SENTENCES WITH TWO-WORD AND THREE-WORD PHRASES (Apply intonation and word group
pauses for breath or ideas)
A. STRESS THE FIRST ELEMENT UNIT
Established Compound Nouns :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Drop it at the mailbox next to the police station.

The goldfish are swimming in the fish tank.
You don't use a steak knife to cut fruit.
The robber ran away from the bank, leaving his footprint on the floor
President Clinton lives in the White House
Basketball, baseball, football and volleyball are sports
This is a dishwasher
My father used to teach at a high school in a small town in the South .
A giant spider web is up in that corner
He threw the paint brush at me
My boy friend works for the post office.
Streets, Nationalities before such weak words as "foods, guy, kid, man, lady, boy, girl :
12. Go straight to King Street then turn left on to London Street.
13. Do you like Chinese food or Vietnamese food?

14. She lives on Garfield Street.
15. Don't eat Italian food if you're not used to it.
16. A French guy stole the bicycle from the English man.
17. You can trust that Italian; hes from a good family.
18. That Swedish boy tries to get married to a Japanese girl.
19. Being a Vietnamese lady, she has to obey her parents even though she is now 40.
B. STRESS THE LAST ELEMENT

Modifiers are not stressed Adjective + Noun: Stress the Noun: She is a beautiful girl:
1. I know a good restaurant on this small street.
2. Use intonation to introduce new information.
3. An important point that I'd like to make is that cultural differences are the main obstacles in
interracial marriages.
63
4. These experienced architects have similar positions in the big company.

5. Is the little girl afraid of the wild animals in the remote villages?
6. The naughty boy stole a very expensive necklace from the busy shop.
7. The jobless engineers form long lines in front of the crowded office.
8. The wise pharmacist mixes the potent drugs and special chemicals together.
9. Black smoke comes out from the dirty chimney.
Proper Names of People/Places and Titles: :
10. Santa Monica museum is in Santa Monica city.
11. Mr. James Bond starred in a lot of films.
12. The city of Sherman Oaks is in Ventura County in the State of California.
13. Johnny Lee lives on Baruna Lane in Huntington Harbor.
14. Who is the Secretary of State of the United States of America?
15. Our vice president used to work for the Department of Education.
16. Doctor Lemon Macmillan is the medical director of the Outpatient Surgery Center of Fountain
Valley Hospital.
C. STRESS BOTH WORDS: Material, Components & Possessive Cases :
17. The old man bought his lovely wife a gold watch on their anniversary.
18. The crying baby threw the baby's bottle away.
19. Don't worry; after all it's only a leather ball.
20. Mr. Johnson's cat is a quiet cat.
21. Don't spend too much money on that drubber bird.
22. A brick wall is a wall made of brick.
23. Ceramic bowls are on sale at the South Coast Plaza.
24. The Slitters' castle was built in 1906.
25. This is not an orange tree; it's a peach tree.
26. Glass doors are expensive.
27. The police gave him a parking ticket.
64
A REVIEW OF TWO-WORD AND THREE-WORD PHRASES:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
The high building - a high school.

A better chair - this wheel chair.
My gold watch - a wristwatch - an expensive watch.
A steel knife - a steak knife - a sharp knife.
This iron key - an inn key - an old key
Machine guns - toy guns - these paper guns
This young girl - a schoolgirl - my aunt's girls
The White House - my white house - a clay house
Mrs. Brown's house - the green house - that brick house.
A greenhouse - my house.
The wild animals - King Henry's garden - wooden Animals
Blue jeans - blue pants - canvas pants
This coffee cup - a ceramic cup - a big cup
His darkroom
That dark room
A blackbird - a black bird
New York - Saturday night
The State of Wisconsin - the State of Virginia
Bill Clinton - the United States of America
Michael Jackson.
APPLY INTONATION
Two-word and three-word phrases in sentences
1 . The High building over there is a high School.
2. Bring me a better chair than this wheel chair.
3. He broke my gold watch and bought me a wristwatch which was an expensive watch.
4. The waiter brought me a steel knife instead of a steak knife and it was a sharp knife.
5. This iron key is an inn key and it's an old key
6. Machine guns are not toy guns except these paper guns
7. This young girl is a schoolgirl, she is one of my aunt's girls
8. The White House is in Washington DC. My white house is a clay house near the lake.
9. Mrs. Brown's house is the green house near that brick house.
10. They grow plants In a greenhouse near my house.
11. The wild animals you see in King Henry's garden are wooden animals
12. I bought a pair of blue jeans, a pair of blue pants and two pairs of canvas pants
13. This coffee cup is a ceramic cup and it's a big cup.
14. The photographer develops the film in his darkroom
15. Don't go into that dark room because they forgot to turn Oil the lights.
65
16. A blackbird is usually a black bird

17. Don't go around New York on Saturday night
18. The State of Wisconsin is not far from the State of Virginia.
19. Bill Clinton is the president of the United States of America
20. Don't you like Michael Jackson?
66
LESSON 18
REDUCED SOUNDS
The preposition to, is usually reduced to an initial *t+ sound. Stressed sounds are highlighted in
bold type.
To [t]
Today
*tday]
Tonight
*tnight]
Tomorrow
*tmarou]
To work
*twrk]
To school
*tschool]
He went to work.
*he went work]
If that same to follows a vowel sound, it will become d or d

To [d]
At [ t]
He told me to help.
*he told meed help]
She told you to get in.
*she told jood geddit]
I go to work.
*ai goud wrk]
At a quarter to two.
*d kworder d two]
Its the only way to do it.
[its thee ounly wayd do t+
So to speak
*sod speak]
I dont know how to say it.
*ai don know hwd say it]
Were at home.
*wirt home]
Ill see you at lunch.
*aiyl see you t lunch]
Dinners at five.
*dnnerzt five]
Leave them at the door.
*leevmtth door]
67
If at is followed by a vowel sound, it will becomed or d
It [t]
Ill see you at eleven.
*aiyl see youwd lvn+
Hes at a meeting.
*heezd meeding]
She laughed at his idea.
[she lf ddi zy deey+
One at a time.
*wnd time]
We got it in an auction.
*we gadidd nakshn+
Can you do it?
*kniu duwt+
Give it to me
[gvt tme+
Buy it tomorrow.
*baiyttmarrow]
It can wait.
*t cn wait]
If it stands between vowels or voiced consonants, it will become d or d

Give it a try.
*givid try]
Let it alone.
*ledid lone]
Take it away.
*tay kid way]
I got it in London.
[ai gadidin lndn+
What is it about?
*wdzd bot]
For [ fer] (except This is for you

at the end of a
Its for my friend
sentence)
*thsz fr you]
[ts fr my friend]
A table for four please.
* table fr four, pleeze]
What did you do it for?
*wjydo it for](exception)
Who did you get it for?
*hoojy geddit for?] (exception)
68
From [frm]
In[ n]
An [n]
And [ n]
[shgr]
Or [er]
Its from the IRS
[ts frm the (y) ai (y) a ress]
Im from Arkansas.
*aim frm arknsa+
Theres a call from Bob.
*therz call frm Bab]
This letters from Alaska.
[this ledderz frm lsk]
Its in the bag
*tsn thubg]
Whats in it?
*wtsnt?+
Ill be back in a minute.
[aiyl be bkn mnt]
This movie? Whos in it?
[this moviehooznt+
Hes an American
*hee znmerkn+
I got an A in English
*ai gad nay in ninglish]
He got an F in Algebra.
*hee gadd neffinl jbr]
He had an accident.
*hee hd nkssdnt+
Ham and eggs.
*hamneggz]
Bread and butter.
[bredn bdder]
Coffee? With scream and sugar?
[kaffeewith creemn shgr
No, lemon and sugar.
[noulemnnshgr+
And some more cookies.
*n smore cukeez]
They kept going back and forth.
[they kep going bkn forth]
We watched it again and again.
[we wach did genn gen]
Soup and salad?
*supn salad]
Now or later?
[nower layder]
More or less?
[morr less]
Left or right?
[leftr right]
69
Are [er]
What are you doing?
[whaddr you doing?]
Where are you going?
*wherer you going?]
Whatre you planning on doing?
*wdr yu planning an doing]
Your
Hows your family?
*howzhr famlee]
[yer]
Where are your keys?
*wherr yer keys?]
Youre American, arent you?
*yermerkn, arnchoo?+
Tell me when youre ready
[Tell me wenyer ready]
One
Which one is better?
*wchwnz bedder?]
[wn]
One of them is broken
*wnvm brokn+
Ill use the other one
*aiyll use the (y) ther wn+
I like the red one, Edwin
[ai like the redwn, Edwn+
The
Its the best
*ts th best]
[th]
Whats the matter?
*wts m mader?]
or []
Whats the problem?
*wts the prablm?+
I have to go to the bathroom.
*ai hf t go d th bthroom]
Its a present
*ts prezn(t)]
You need a break
[you needa break]
Give him a chance.
*gvm chns]
Lets get a new pair of shoes.
*lets gedd new per shooz]
of [v]
Its the top of the line
*ts the tap v the line]
or []
Its a state of the art printer
*tsstay d the (y) art prinner.]
As a matter of fact
*zmdder fkt]
He had hands of ice
*he had hanz vais+
Get out of here
[geddowdhere+
Practice all of the time
[prkt sallv the time+
a []
70
Todays the first of May.
*tdayz th frss dv May]
None of them
[nnvm+
Any of them
[ennyvm+
The rest of them
*th resdvm+
Can
Can you speak English?
*knew spee kinglish]
[kn]
I can only do it on Wednesday
*ai knounly do(w) idan wenzday]
A can opener can open cans
* knopner knopn knz]
Can I help you?
*knai hel pyew]
Can you do it?
*kniu dowt+
Jack had had enough.
[jkd hd nf+
Bill had forgotten again.
*bild frgatn n gen+
What had he done to deserve it?
*wddee dnddzr vit]
Wed already seen it.
[weedal reddy see nit]
He would have helped, if
*he wud help dif+
Would you like one?
[Woody lye kwn+
Do you think hed do it?
[dyiu thing keed duwt+
Why would I tell her?
[why wudai teller]
Had [hd] or
[d]
Would
71
Was
What [wt]
[wd]
Some
He was only trying to help.
*he wzounly trying d help]
Mark was an American.
[mar kwzmerkn+
Where was it?
[wer wzt+
How was it?
[howzt+
What time is it?
*wt tai mizit]
Whats up?
*wtsp]
Whats on your agenda?
*wtsanyerjenda]
What do you mean?
[whddya mean]
Some are better than others.
[smr beddr th ntherz]
Therere some leftovers.
*therr sm lef doverz]
Lets buy some icecream.
*let sby smice cream]
Could we get some other ones?
*kwee get smother wnz+
Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons

I have got to go
Ive gotta go.
I have got a book
Ive gotta book.
Do you want to dance
Wanna dance?
Do you want a banana?
Wanna banana?
Let me in
Lemme in.
Let me go.
Lemme go.
Ill let you know.
Ill letcha know.
Did you do it?
Dija do it?
Not yet.
Na chet.
Ill meet you later.
Ill meechu layder.
What do you think?
Whaddya think?
What did you do with it?
Whajoo do with it?
How did you like it?
Howja like it?
72
When did you get it?
When ja geddit?
Why did you take it?
Whyju tay kit?
Why dont you try it?
Why don chu try it?
What are you waiting for?
Whaddya waitin for?
What are you doing?
Whatcha doin?
How is it going?
Howzit goin?
Wheres the what-you-may-call-it?
Wheres the whatchamacallit?
Whers what-is-his-name?
Wheres whatsizname?
How about it?
Howbout it?
He has got to hurry because he is

late?
Hes gotta hurry cuz hes late?
I couldve been a contender.

Could you speed it up, please?
Would you mind if I tried it?
Arent you Bob Barker?
I coulda bina contender.

Couldjoo spee di dup, pleez?
Would joo mindifai try dit?
Arnchoo Bab Barker?
Kenchu see it my way for a change?
Cant you see it my way for a

change?
Doancha gddit?
Dont you get it?
I shoulda toljoo.
I should have told you.
Teller I misser.
Tell her (that) I miss her.
Tellim I missim.
Tell him (that) I miss him.

Extremely Extreme Reductions
Did you eat?
Jeet?
No, did you?
No, joo?
Why dont you get a job?
Whyncha getta job?
I dont know, its too hard.
I dunno, stoo hard.
Could we go?
Kwee go?
Lets go!
Sko!
73
LESSON 19
SENTENCE STRESS (p.33 to p.56)
A. SENTENCE PATTERNS
Patterns of pitch variations, or intonation, vary from language to language. In English sentences,
pitch changes from syllable to syllable. it may be a gradual change, but the pitch of one syllable is
rarely the same pitch as that of the previous syllable. The first part of a sentence usually has a
gradual falling trend; the last accented syllable in a sentence and any word a speaker wants to
emphasize usually interrupt the gradual falling trend with a quick swing downward or upward. There
are two basic categories or patterns of sentence-based intonation. The table below outlines when
these two categories are used determined largely by whether a sentence is considered complete.
MESSAGE
Complete
Statement
Command
Question beginning with who, what, etc.
Incomplete
Uncertainly, hesitation, or doubt
Question requiring yes / no answer
PATTERN
Falling
Gradual
Either steep or gradual
Gradual
Rising
Gradual
Steep
Practice the following sentences using these intonation patterns, continuing until each pattern feels
comfortable.
STATEMENT (GRADUAL FALLING)
a. Matthew went out on the town last night.
b. Cindy applied for the job at the restaurant today.
c. We bought some batteries for the radio.
d. Theyre looking forward to their vacation in Hawaii.
COMMAND EITHER STEEP OR GRADUAL FALLING, DEPENDING ON INTENSITY)
a. Dont be late!
b. Stop complaining about the price!
c. Wait until we get home!
d. Turn off the light!
QUESTION BEGINNING WITH WHO, WHAT, ETC. (GRADUAL FALLING)
a. Whos collecting money for the gift?
b. Whats the name of the man who called?
c. Where did you put the receipt?
d. Why didnt you go to the doctor?
74
UNCERTAINLY, HESITATION, OR DOUBT (GRADUAL RISING)

a. Maybe Ill go.
b. He might pay for the dinner.
c. Ill think about it.
d. The answer might be yes.
QUESTION REQUIRING YES / NO ANSWER (STEEP RISING)
a. Do you know the way to the restaurant?
b. Have you thought about which car to buy?
c. Did your good friend write you a letter yet?
d. She joined a car pool, didnt she?
A. PARTIAL SENTENCE PATTERNS
Parts of longer sentences, considered tone groups, may act as intonation units. Tone groups
sometimes break at points of punctuation, but they are primarily determined by the focus of a
sentence, which is in turn determined by the speaker. Each tone group has a gradual falling trend,
with an interrupted downward or upward pitch on the stressed word.
TONE GROUPS BREAKING AT PUNCTUATION MARKS
a. If hed listened, hed understand.
b. She went shopping, but she didnt buy anything.
c. Because it had been cut yesterday, the French bread was hard.
d. She asked about the long, red satin dress.
FOCUS OF SENTENCE DETERMINED BY SPEAKER
In Stress & Rhythm you saw that stressing a function word can alter the focus of a sentence.
Intonation can also play a part. Interrupting the downward flow, here with a noun, can also change
the focus. In each of these sentences, practice first using normal intonation. Then change the
intonation to reflect the focus suggested in bold.
a. The rabbit wanted some oats.
The rabbit wanted some oats.
b. She wanted to go downtown to do her shopping.
She wanted to go downtown to do the shopping.
c. Theyd planned to have shrimp for lunch.
Theyd planned to have shrimp for lunch.
d. She practiced the piano every day.
She practiced the piano every day.
* In a popular nineteenth century tongue twister, each stanza (one for each letter of the alphabet)
consists of four types of intonation patterns.
Line 1: statement
Line 2: Question requiring a Yes/No answer
Line 3: long sentence with the first being a tone group
Line 4: Second clause with a question beginning with Where
If necessary, review these intonation patterns. Then practice the following three stanzas using
appropriate intonation.
Billy Button bought a buttered biscuit.

Did Billy Button buy a buttered biscuit?
75
If Billy Button bought a buttered biscuit,

Wheres the buttered biscuit Billy Button bought?
Humphrey Hunchback had a hundred hedgehogs.
Did Humphrey Hunchback have a hundred hedgehogs?
If Humphrey Hunchback had a hundred hedgehogs,
Where are the hundred hedgehogs Humphrey Hunchback had?
Lanky Lawrence lost his lass and lobster.
Did Lanky Lawrence lose his lass and lobster?
If Lanky Lawrence lost his lass and lobster,
Where are the lass and lobster Lanky Lawrence lost?
B. OTHER PATTERNS
Other intonation patterns occur within sentences, but they are quite variable. Two fairly predictable
patterns are shown in the following table.
STRUCTURE
Series
PATTERN
Rising-rising-[etc.]-falling
Contrast
Rising (end of first item)

Falling (end of second item)
Practice the exercises using these intonation patterns.

SERIES (RISING-RISING-[ETC.]-FALLING)
a. She sent him to the store for flour, butter, salt, and oil.
b. She had meeting at 1:30, 3:00, and 3:30.
c. Los Angeles, New york, and Chicago are metropolitan cities.
d. He did the laundry, washed the dishes, and mowed the lawn.
CONTRAST (RISING AFTER FIRST ITEM, FALLING AFTER SECOND ITEM)
a. Did she choose the trip to hawaii or the cruise in the BAhamas?
b. Will he call you today or tomorrow?
c. Is her new suit wool or silk?
d. He can either go shopping or stay home with the kids.
76
LESSON 20
4. LIAISONS (WORD LINKING) AND INTONATION
A. LIAISONS (WORD LINKING)
1. Consonant + Vowel liaisons
- On personal pronoun, it is common to drop the H (Him, Her, Them)
hold on (hol don)
turn over (turnover)
tell her I miss her (tellerai miser)
1. read only
_____________ fall off
_____________
2. follow up on
_____________ come in
_____________
3. call him
_____________ sell it
_____________
4. take out
_____________ fade away _____________
5. 6-0
_____________ MA
_____________
2. Consonant + Consonant liaisons

Reconnect the following words shown in the models
Hard times
(hardtimes)
With luck
(withluck)
1. Business times
__________
2. Credit check
__________
3. Top file
__________
4. Sell nine new cars
__________
5. Sit down
__________
6. Some plans need luck

7. Check cashing
__________
__________
77
8. Let them make conditions
__________
9. Had the
__________
10. Both days
__________
3. Vowel + Vowel liaisons

Ex: Go a way
Go (w) away
I also need the other one
I(y) also need the (y) other one
She isn't
[she
Who is
[who
1. Go anywhere
(w]
(y)
isn't]
is]
__________ so honest __________
2. Through out __________ you are
__________
3. He is
__________
__________ do I
4. I asked
__________ to open
__________
5. She always
__________ too often __________
4. T, D, S, or Z + U/ Y liaisons
T + U/ Y = CH
What's your name?
[wacher name]
Can't you do it?
[knt chew do (w)it]
Actually
[k chully]
Don't you like it?
*dont chew lye kit +
Wouldn't you?
[wooden chew]
Haven't you? No, not yet.
[hven chew? Nou, n chet]
I'll let you know.
*Ill letcha know+
Can I get you a drink?
*k ni getchewdrink ]
We thought you weren't coming.
[we th chew wrnt kming]
I'll bet you ten bucks he forgot.
[l betcha ten buxee frgt]
Is that your final answer?
*is thchr finln sr +
Natural
[nchrl]
78
Perpetual
[perpechu(w)l]
Virtual
[vrchu(w) l]
D + U/ Y = J
Did you see it?
[di jiu si:jit]
How did you like it?
[ho jlye kit]
Could you tell?
[kud jtell]
Where did you send your check?
*wrjsenjer check]
What did your family think?
[wt jer fmlee think]
Did you find your keys?
[di jiu fine jer keez]
We followed your instructions.
[fllow jerin strctionz]
Education
[edjucation]
Individual
[indi viju (w)l]
Graduation
[grju (w)ation]
Gradual
[grju (w)l]
S + U/ Y = SH
Yes, you are.
[yeshu are]
Insurance
[inshurance]
Bless you!
[blesshu]
Press your hands together.
*pressure hanz d gethr+
Can you dress yourself?
*cnew dreshier self+
You can pass your exams this year.
*yukn psher egzmz thisheer+
I'll try to guess your age.
[ail trydgeshierage]
Let him gas your car for you
[leddim gshier cr fr you]
Z + U/ Y = ZH
How's your family?
*ho zhier fmlee+
How was your trip?
[ho wzhier trip]
Who's your friend?
[hoozhier friend]
79
Where's your mom?
[wrzh r mm+
When's your birthday?
[wnzh r brthday+
She says you're OK.
[she szhierou kay]
Who does your hair?
[hoo dzhier hr+
Casual
[kz zhy (w)l+
Visual
[vi zhy (w)l]
Usual
[yu zhy (w)l]
Version
[Vrzh n+
Vision
[Vizhn+
B. INTONATION (pick up some news from englishdaily626 to practice both reading and listening)
80

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NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

AN INTRODUCTION TO SOUNDS IN ENGLISH

To pronounce long vowels:

To pronounce short vowels:

I. Keep your tongue tight.

1. Keep your tongue relaxed.

2. Hold the sound of the vowel.

2. Keep the sound short.

3. Make your voice go up and then glide down at

3. Do not let your voice glide down at the end.

/i:/: he, knee, key, seat

/i/: is, sip, kid, history

/u:/: blue, drew, pursue, tube

/u/: could, put, cook, brook

/ai/: hi, try, tube, mike

/e/: debt, jet, test, ted

/ei/: hay, lay, mate, waste

/ /: cat, last, mac, attitude

/oi/: boy, coy, poi, voyage

//: hop, lock, shop, operate

/eu/: hoe, joe, oh, pope

//: saw, taught, off, dawn

/au/: now, rout, slouch, down

//: hut, pun, fun, lump

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LIAISONS (WORD LINKING)

T/D, S(CE)/Z, CH/J(GE), SH, X, L, N

From the throat

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

voyage Freud loiter

choice oyster poison cloister void

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

Common Spellings: oo, u, ough, ue, ew, u + consonant + e

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES

The following words have a Y sound before OO:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

Common Spellings: a (always followed by a consonant)

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

Sand/send land/lend band/

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON

COMPARISON: AW / SHORT O (REGIONAL PRONUNCIATION): 27

LISTEN AND PRACTICE WITH THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES:

NATURAL ENGLISH SCHOOL- PRONUNCIATION LESSON