Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrmms
Abstract
Determination of the strength of closely jointed rock masses is dicult since the size of representative specimens is too large
for laboratory testing. This diculty can be overcome by using the HoekBrown failure criterion. Since its introduction in 1980,
the criterion has been rened and expanded over the years, particularly due to some limitations in its application to poor quality
rock masses. In the latest version, the geological strength index (GSI) was introduced into the criterion by its originators.
However, the GSI classication scheme, in its existing form, leads to rough estimates of the GSI values. Another particular issue
is the use of undisturbed and disturbed rock mass categories for determining the parameters in the criterion, for which clear
guidelines are lacking. Furthermore, the data supporting some of these revisions, particularly the latest one, have not been
published, making it dicult to judge their validity. In this study, in order to provide a more quantitative basis for evaluating
GSI values, some modications are suggested by introducing easily measurable parameters with their ratings and/or intervals
which dene the blockiness and surface condition of discontinuities. In addition, a method is proposed to assess the inuence of
disturbance on rock mass constants due to the method of excavation. The modications to the GSI and the suggested method
have been applied to slope instability case histories selected from Turkey by performing back analysis, to discuss the validity of
the criterion and the methodology of parameter estimation. It was shown that the failure conditions in each case were
conrmed, i.e. the analysed failure surfaces satised factors of safety of unity, when the suggested modications and disturbed
rock mass condition are considered. On the basis of the results, a chart to assess the eect of disturbance in terms of method of
excavation was also suggested. The back analysis of a spoil instability indicated that spoil pile materials consisting of blocky and
angular rock pieces could be categorized as a disintegrated rock mass in the GSI classication and the criterion seemed to be
applied to such materials. The method suggested herein must, however, be veried by additional data from slope failures before
more precise guidelines can be formulated. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The standard method for assessing the strength of a
geotechnical material is to recover representative
samples and test them in the laboratory. In the case of
a closely jointed rock mass it is clearly not possible to
recover a sample that is large enough to represent the
joint system. In order to overcome the diculties in
laboratory determination of the shear strength of
jointed rock masses, the empirical HoekBrown failure
* Corresponding author. Tel.:+90-29-777-62.
E-mail address: resat@hacettepe.edu.tr (R. Ulusay)
0148-9062/99/$ - see front matter # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 1 4 8 - 9 0 6 2 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 4 3 - 1
744
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
Fig. 1. Characterization of rock masses on the basis of interlocking and surface condition of discontinuities: GSI classication (rearranged from
Tables 3 and 4 given by Hoek and Brown [8]).
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
745
Table 1
Historical development of the HoekBrown criterion (rearranged from Hoek and Brown [8])
Publication
Coverage
original criterion for heavily jointed rock masses with no nes; Mohr
envelope was obtained by statistical curve tting to a number of (sn '
t ) pairs calculated by the method published by Balmer [28]. s1 ', s3 '
are major and minor eective principal stresses at failure,
respectively; s1 is the tensile strength of the rock mass, m and s are
material constants; sn ', t are eective normal and shear stresses,
respectively
original criterion for heavily jointed rock masses with no nes with a
discussion on anisotropic failure and solution for the Mohr envelope
by Dr. J.W. Bray
Hoek [3]
Equations
modied criterion for account for the fact the heavily jointed rock
masses have zero tensile strength; Balmers technique for calculating
shear and normal stress pairs was utilised
p
ms30 =sci s;
s1
s10 s30 sp
ci
t Asci sn0
sci =2m m2 4s;
st =sci B ;
0
sn0 sp
s10 s30 =1 @ s10 =@ s30 ;
t sn0
3
@ s10 =@ s30 msci =2s10 s30
s30 @ s10 @ s30 ;
p
s10 s30 sci ms30 =sci s;
tp
cot fi0
0
0
2
cos fi msci =8;
f
arctan1= 4hcos y 1;
pi
y 90 arctan1= h3
1=3;
h 1 16msn0 ssci =3m2 sci
disturbed rock masses:
mb/mi=exp((RMR100)/14);
s = exp((RMR100)/6); undisturbed or
interlocking rock masses:
mb/mi=exp((RMR100)/28);
s = exp((RMR100)/9); E = 10((RMR10)/40);
mb, mi are for broken and intact rock, respectively
s10 s30 sci mb s30 =sci a ;
sn0 s30 s10
0
;
s30 =1 @ s10 =@ps
3
746
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
For GSI < 25, i.e. rock masses of very poor quality,
the criterion applies with
s0
a 0:65
4
GSI
200
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
747
748
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
N1 N2
Nn
...
L1
L2
Ln
7a
Jv
1
1
1
...
S1 S2
Sn
7b
Nx Ny Nz
Lx
Ly
Lz
7c
counted along the scanlines (Lx, Ly and Lz ) perpendicular to each other. However, in some cases it can
be dicult to nd exposures along which three scanline surveys in perpendicular directions can be carried
out. In such circumstances, by assuming the rock mass
is homogeneous (i.e. the terms appearing in Eq. (7c)
are equal to each other), Eq. (7c) can be rewritten in
the following form.
Jv
N
L
3
7d
<1
13
310
1030
3060
>60
BLOCKY (B)
BLOCKY (B)
VERY BLOCKY (VB)
BLOCKY/DISTURBED (B/D)
DISINTIGRATED (D)
DISINTIGRATED (D)
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
749
GSI 100
mb mi exp
bm
s exp
GSI 100
bs
bm 14 28
bs 6 9
Fig. 3. Location map of the back analysed case study sites and views from the investigated slope instabilities: (a) initiation of the instability in the highwall externally loaded by a spoil pile in
Eskihisar strip coal mine; (b) a view from the heavily broken schist rock mass at Baskoyak barite mine; (c) a view from the jointed rock mass in Kisrakdere open pit coal mine; (d) bench failure
in a closely jointed marly rock mass in Himmetoglu lignite open pit mine and (e) a view from the slope instability in a spoil pile at Eskihisar strip coal mine.
750
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
751
Fig. 5. The model with the parameters for the slope under the inuence of a symmetrical vertical triangular spoil loading in the back
analysis of the failed slope in case 1.
Condition of
discontinuities
and ratings
Jv
SR
SCR
GSIb
df d
S1=0.75, S2=1.07,
S3=0.13, Sb=0.4
smooth surfaces, (1),
slightly weathered (5),
soft coating < 5 mm (2)
12.5
42
8
37
0.90
S1=0.71, S2=0.82,
S3=1.26, Sb=0.65
smooth surfaces (1),
slightly weathered (5),
soft coating < 5 mm (2)
6.14
63
8
43
0.94
Spacinga (m)
Sx,y,z=0.04
Case 4
Case 3
Case 2
Case 1
Parameters
Table 3
The parameters employed in the GSI classication for ve cases considered in this study
Fig. 6. Slope proles, and the predicted and calculated failure surfaces employed in the back analysis of the externally loaded highwall
slope in case 1.
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
Case 5
752
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
753
754
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
755
Fig. 10. (a) Plan of the shallow-seated spoil instability along the haul road and (b) cross-sections of the spoil pile showing the failure surfaces
and pile geometries (case 5; after Ulusay et al. [21]).
756
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
Table 4
The results of the back analysis of the failed slopes based on dierent approaches to assess the eect of disturbance. The values in parentheses indicate the average values for three sections
df b
Case No.
Case 1:
Section
Section
Section
Case 2:
Case 3:
Case 4:
Case 5:
Section
Section
Section
Section
b
a
1-1'/1
1-1'/2
2-2'
1-1'
2-2'
3-3'
4-4'
0.94
0.97
0.90
0.97
0.80
approach 2
approach 3
bm
bs
1.48
1.48
1.45
1.70
1.41
1.32
1.44
1.43
1.40
1.62
1.34
1.23
1.42
1.41
1.39
1.59
1.28
1.19
18.9 (18.55)
18.2 (18.55)
18.55 (18.55)
20.28
17.15
20.3
7.05 (6.98)
6.90 (6.98)
6.98 (6.98)
7.34
6.68
7.35
2.71
2.64
2.64
2.69
1.93
1.80
1.84
1.84
2.10
2.03
2.04
2.07
14
14
14
6
6
6
mb mi
s exp
GSI df 100
exp
28
GSI df 100
9
a 0:65
GSI df
200
10a
10b
10c
GSI 100
s exp
9 df
11b
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
757
Fig. 11. A view from the spoil material taken for image processing, and the scaling factor (case 5).
mate the pairs of bmbs satisfying the limit equilibrium condition. Since the disintegrated material
forming the spoil piles were the mixture of excavated, blasted, hauled and dumped overburden, a
lower bound adjustment factor of 0.8 was assigned
for this material. Besides, the values of 14 and 6,
which were suggested as the lower bounds in the
original HoekBrown equations [4], were employed.
Therefore, for dierent values of bm and bs for the
spoil pile instabilities mentioned in case 5 the trial
and error method was not used. The back analysis
of these instabilities yielded values of factor of safety
equal to unity, indicating that the suggested
approach seemed to be satisfactory.
The results of the back analysis are presented in
FOSbm and FOSbs forms (Fig. 12) to obtain the
pairs of bm and bs satisfying limiting equilibrium condition. Considering that an adjustment factor (df ) of 1
corresponds to bm and bs values of 28 and 9, respectively, for undisturbed rock masses and, similarly,
values of 14 (bm)and 6 (bs) correspond to a df value of
0.8 for highly disturbed rock mass and using the combinations of df bm and df bs which lead a factor of
safety of unity, the plots given in Fig. 13 are established. It is now possible to estimate bm and bs values
for closely jointed rock masses, depending on the disturbance eect, when the following expressions derived
from the curve shown in Fig. 13 are used.
bm 3:14 ln
df
df 3401 df
28
12
bs 0:67 ln
df
df 3401 df
9
13
The results of the back analysis of the slope instabilities in closely jointed rock masses and in the spoil
piles with high proportion of disturbed rock pieces
indicated that the disturbance eect due to the inuence of the method of excavation could not be
ignored. In other words, the equations of the criterion
based on the undisturbed rock mass condition did not
work well if an adjustment factor was not considered.
For this purpose, it is advised that, in the estimation
of the rock mass constants, determination of the values
of bm and bs of any particular rock mass determined
from the curves (Fig. 13) or from Eqs. (12) and (13)
for a given df value seems to be better. The rock mass
constants then should be estimated by using Eqs. (8)
and (9) proposed in this study.
4. Conclusions
Due to the limitations in the RMR classication
scheme, particularly for very poor quality rock masses,
the geological strength index (GSI) has been introduced into the HoekBrown failure criterion.
However, there are no published case histories on the
back analysis of slopes or underground openings in
heavily jointed rock masses which conrm that the
current GSI methodology yields satisfactory results.
In this study, an attempt has been made to provide
a more quantitative numerical basis for evaluating the
GSI and to suggest quantities which make more sense
758
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
Fig. 12. Variation in bm and bs values with factor of safety (FOS) for the case studies from the slope failures in closely jointed rock masses.
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
759
Acknowledgements
Fig. 13. Relationship between bm and bs and adjustment (disturbance) factor df derived from the back analysis of the investigated
slope instabilities.
than that of the RMR System when used for the estimation of rock mass strength. For the purpose, two
terms, `structure rating, SR', and `surface condition
rating, SCR', have been introduced into the existing
GSI classication scheme. In order to assign the ratings to these terms, the use of some easily measurable
input parameters such as, roughness, weathering, inlling and volumetric joint count have been suggested.
According to the selected rating intervals, the GSI
chart has been modied to estimate more precise
values of GSI.
Five well documented slope instability examples
have been given to illustrate the application of the proposed method in practical geotechnical engineering.
The application of the suggested method and the
approaches indicated that the use of GSI value determined from the suggested modied chart and consideration of disturbance eect conrmed the limit
equilibrium condition for the failed slopes.
The other issues concluded in the study were that
the spoil pile materials consisting of angular and
rounded rock pieces with low proportion of nes could
be categorized as disintegrated rock masses in the GSI
classication and it seemed possible to estimate their
shear strength parameters from the modied Hoek
Brown equations presented herein.
Some engineering geologists feel that the visual
descriptions upon which the GSI system is based are
preferable to the numbers of Bieniawski's classication. On the other hand, some engineers may be
unhappy with the largely descriptive nature of the GSI
system and the comments oered by the authors.
However, the attempt by the authors is to address the
discussion of the GSI chart and its perceived deciencies to improve the GSI and to suggest a method
for practitioners.
A better understanding of the mechanics of jointed
rock mass behaviour is a problem of major signicance
in geotechnical engineering. The authors believe that
the HoekBrown failure criterion provides a good estimate for the shear strength of closely jointed rock
References
[1] Hoek E, Brown ET. Underground excavations in rock. London:
Inst. Min. Metall. Stephen Austin and Sons, 1980.
[2] Bieniawski ZT. Engineering rock mass classications. John
Wiley and Sons, 1989.
[3] Hoek E. Strength of jointed rock masses, 1983 Rankine
Lecture. Geotechnique 1983;33(3):187223.
[4] Hoek E, Brown ET. The HoekBrown failure criterion: a 1988
update. In: Jurran JC, editor. Rock Engineering for
Underground Excavations, Proc. 15th Canadian Rock Mech.
Symp. University of Toronto, 1988. p. 318.
[5] Hoek E, Wood D, Shah S. A modied HoekBrown criterion
for jointed rock masses. In: Hudson JA, editor. Proc. Eurock
'92. Thomas Telford, 1992. p. 20913.
[6] Hoek E. Strength of rock and rock masses. ISRM News J
1994;2(2):416.
[7] Hoek E, Kaiser PK, Bawden WF. Support of underground excavations in hard rock. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1995.
[8] Hoek E, Brown ET. Practical estimates of rock mass strength.
Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 1997;34(8):116586.
[9] Hoek E, Marinos P, Benissi M. Applicability of the goelogical
strength index (GSI) classication for very weak and sheared
rock masses: the case of the Athens schist formation. Bull Eng
Geol Environ 1998;57:15160.
[10] Sonmez H, Ulusay R, Gokc eoglu C. A practical procedure for
back analysis of slope failures in closely jointed rock masses.
IntJ Rock Mech Min Sci 1997;35(2):21933.
[11] Hoek E. Reliability of the HoekBrown estimates of rock mass
properties and their impact on design. Int J Rock Mech Min
Sci 1998;35(1):638.
[12] Laubscher DH. A geomechanics classication system for the
rating of rock mass in mine design. J South Afr Inst Miner
Metall 1990;90(10):25773.
[13] Romana MA. Geomechanical classication for slopes: slope
mass rating. In: Hudson JA, editor. Comprehensive rock engineering, Vol. 3. London: Pergamon Press, 1993. p. 57599 [ch.
22].
[14] Kendorski FS, Cumming RA, Bieniawski ZT, Skinner EH.
Rock mass classication for block caving mine drift support. In:
Proc. 5th Int. Cong. Rock Mech. ISRM., Melbourne, 1983. p.
B51B63.
[15] ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). In: Brown
ET, editor. ISRM suggested methods: rock characterization,
testing and monitoring. London: Pergamon Press, 1981.
[16] Terzaghi K. Rock defects and loads on tunnel supports. In:
760
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
H. Sonmez, R. Ulusay / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 743760
Proctor RV, White TL, editors. Rock tunnelling with stell suppots, vol. 1. Youngstown, OH: Commercial Shearing and
Stamping Company, 1946. p. 1799.
Ulusay R. Geotechnical evaluations and deterministic design
cosiderations for pitwall slopes at Eskihisar (Yatagan-Mugla)
strip coal mine. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 1991.
Ulusay R, Yucel Z. An example for the stability of slopes excavated in weak rocks: Baskoyak Barite Open Pit. Earthsciences
(Bull of Earth Sciences Application and Research Center of
Hacettepe University) 1989;15(2):1527 [in Turkish].
Ulusay R, Ekmekci M, Gokceoglu C, Sonmez H, Tuncay E,
Erdogan S. Slope stability investigation for Himmetoglu lignite
open pit mine. Hacettepe University Report, Project No.: 970058, 1998. [In Turkish].
Janbu N. Slope stability computations. In: Hirscheld RC,
Paulos SJ, editors. Embankment dam engineering: Cassagrande
volume. New York: Wiley, 1973. p. 4787.
Ulusay R, Arikan F, Yoleri MF, Caglan D. Engineering geo-
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]