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Exponential Distribution
Most widely used probability distribution in reliability assessment.
Requirements:
-Events must be random
-Hazard rate must be constant
R(t) = e
Q(t) = 1 -
e t
E(x) = x.f(x)dx
dR(t)
dt
f(t)
Q(t)
But, f(t) =
-t
dQ(t) d(1 - e )
t
=
= e
dt
dt
R(t)
0.37
0
0
1/
time
11
1.0
0.8
Rt)
0.6
0.4
0.2f/yr
0.2
1f/yr
2f/yr
0.0
0
12
10
e t
A Priori Probability:
probability calculated by logically examining existing information
A Posteriori Probability:
conditional probability that is assigned after relevant information
is taken into account.
The probability of failure in the next interval t actually depends conditionally
upon its behavior preceding that interval.
e.g. it cannot fail in that interval if it already failed prior to that interval
It is, therefore, required to determine (a posteriori) probability of a
component failing in an interval t given that it has survived prior to that
interval.
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A Posteriori Probability
Probability of component failing during t given that
it has survived up to T, Qc(t)
T+t
P(A B)
P(A|B) =
=
P(B)
f(t)dt
f(t)dt
T
But, f(t) = e
T+t
Q (t) =
Event
A: failure during t (shaded area)
B: surviving up to T (colored area)
e- t dt
e - t dt
e - T e - (T+ t)
= 1 - e t = a priori probability Q(t)
- T
e
14
Parallel Systems
Qs(t) = [1 - e
R s = R 1R 2
R S = e 1t + e 2t e -( 1 + 2 )t
n
it
= e
R s = R1 + R 2 R1R 2
= e - ( 1 + 2 )t
t
=e i
Rs(t) = e
it
i =1
= e 1t e 2 t
it
i =1
= e
et
i =1
[R(t) +
Q(t)] n
and Q(t) = 1 - e t
16
Example:
A simple electronic circuit consists of 6 transitors each having a failure rate of
10-6 f/hr, 4 diodes each having a failure rate of 0.5 x 10-6 f/hr, 3 capacitors each
having a failure rate of 0.2 x 10-6 f/hr, 10 resistors each having a failure rate of
5 x 10-6 f/hr and 2 switches each having a failure rate of 2 x 10-6 f/hr. Assuming
connectors and wiring are 100% reliable, evaluate the equivalent failure rate
of the system and the probability of the system surviving 1000 and 10000 hours
if all components must operate for system success.
n
6(10-6 )
+ 4(0.5 x
10-6 )
+ 3(0.2 x
t
6.26 x 10
Rs(1000 hr) = e e = e
10-6 )
6
i =1
x1000
t
6.26 x 10
Rs(10,000 hr) = e e = e
= i
= 0.9393
x10000
= 0.5347
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Example:
Consider a system comprising of 4 identical units each having a failure rate of
0.1 f/yr. Evaluate the probability of the system surviving 0.5 years and 5 years
if at least two units must operate successfully.
Using Binomial Expansion,
[R(t) + Q(t)] 4 = R4(t) + 4 R3(t)Q(t) + 6 R2(t)Q2(t) + 4 R(t)Q3(t) + Q4(t)
where, R(t) = e
and Q(t) = 1 - e
t = 0.1 x 5 = 0.5
Rs(0.5) = 0.9996
Rs(5) = 0.8282
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