Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Practical Workbook
PE-302: RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES
Name:
Year:
Roll No:
Batch:
Discipline:
CERTIFICATE
It is Certified that Mr. / Miss __________________,
student of class ___________, batch_____________,
and bearing roll no. __________________ has
completed his/her course work in the subject of PE302: RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES as prescribed
and approved by Department of Petroleum
Engineering.
_____________
Course Teacher
CONTENTS
LAB
SESSION
01
OBJECT
Introduction to PVT Lab
PAGE
NO.
02
03
04
05
06
11
07
14
Lab Session 01
Introduction to PVT Lab
Lab Session 02
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the relative density OR specific gravity of a liquid sample by
hydrometer
INTRODUCTION:
A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative
density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of
water.
A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a
bulb weighted withmercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The liquid to be
tested is poured into a tall container, often a graduated cylinder, and the
hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid
touches the stem of the hydrometer is noted. Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the stem, so that
the specific gravity can be read directly.
PRINCIPLE:
Operation of the hydrometer is based on Archimedes' principle that a solid suspended in a fluid will be
buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the submerged part of the suspended
solid. Thus, the lower the density of the substance, the farther the hydrometer will sink.
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the suitable hydrometer, which do not completely sinks in the graduated cylinder.
2. Immerse it properly, do not put it in such a way that it strikes hard on the base of graduated
cylinder.
3. Give it some time to stabilize.
4. Note down the meniscus reading.
RESULTS:
Relative density OR Specific gravity of the given samples are found to be
Lab Session 03
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the relative density of a liquid sample by Pycnometer
INTRODUCTION
First we fill pycnometer with distilled water. According to equation, thevolume of water that is
filling the pycnometer and the stopper is
We repeat the procedure for the liquid with unknown density and determine itsweight (measured
weight minus weight of empty pycnometer). Volume V obtained inthis measurement is the same
as the volume of water determined from
equation.
Combining above equation yield
RESULTS
Lab Session 04
6
Effusion meter works on the principle of Grahams law of effusion, which states that rate of
effusion of gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.
METHODOLOGY& PROCEDURE:
In effusion meter, first liquid such as water is filled through the glass tube in to the container
such that water reaches up to the mark. Now air is injected by connecting the compressor pipe to
the inlet nozzle valve, the air with high pressure when enter through the orifice above the glass
tube, it displaces the water in the tube and we will continue injecting gas in the tube until the
water level reaches to the bottom mark. Now the inlet valve is closed and the outlet valve is
opened and the air will flow out as water is applying pressure on it, as air start to remove, the
water level start rising. We will continue to note the time such that how much time the gas or air
in the tube will take to evacuate fully. The full evacuation of gas can be identified when the water
level reaches to its initial level. We take three time readings. Similarly we repeat the process for
the gas whose specific gravity is to be determined and take three readings for it.
Diagram showing constant volume effusion of air or gas between the two marks
CALCULATION:
RESULTS:
Lab Session 05
OBJECTIVE:
(mm2/sec)
(mm2/sec)/sec
(sec)
2. If there is a possibility of lint, dust, or other solid material in the liquid sample, filters the
sample through a fritted glass filter or fine mesh screen.
3. To charge the sample into the viscometer, invert the instrument and apply suction to tube
arm L, immersing tube N in the liquid sample, and draw liquid to mark G. Wipe clean
arm N, and turn the instrument to its normal vertical position.
4. Place the viscometer into the holder, and insert it into the constant temperature bath.
Align the viscometer vertically in the bath.
5. Allow sample to flow through capillary tube R and approximately half-fill bulb A,
stopping the meniscus in bulb A by placing a rubber stopper in tube N (you may prefer to
stopper tube L for larger size tubes).
6. Allow approximately 10 minutes for the sample to come to bath temperature at 40C and
15 minutes at 100C. Make sure the meniscus in bulb A does not reach line E.
7. Remove the rubber stopper and allow the meniscus to travel upwards into bulb C,
measuring the efflux time for the meniscus to pass from mark E to mark F.
9
8. Calculate the kinematic viscosity of the sample by multiplying the efflux time in seconds
by the viscometer constant for bulb C.
9. The same procedure will follow for Upper bulb (J)
CALCULATION:
RESULTS:
Lab Session 06
OBJECTIVE:
10
The mathematical interpretation of the force measurements depends on the shape of the probe
used. Two types of probes are commonly used, the Du Noy ring and the Wilhelmy plate. A
metal rod can also be used to limit the liquid sample volume.
THEORY:
What is surface tension?
Surface tension is a measurement of the cohesive energy present at an interface. The molecules
of a liquid attract each other. The interactions of a molecule in the bulk of a liquid are balanced
by an equal attractive force in all directions. Molecules on the surface of a liquid experience an
imbalance of forces as indicated below.
11
This method utilizes the interaction of a platinum ring with the surface being tested. The ring is
submerged below the interface and subsequently raised upwards. As the ring moves upwards it
raises a meniscus of the liquid. Eventually this meniscus tears from the ring and returns to its
original position. Prior to this event, the volume, and thus the force exerted, of the meniscus
passes through a maximum value and begins to diminish prior to the actually tearing event. The
process is shown in the diagram below:
12
13
RESULTS:
Lab Session 07
14