Economy of California

population gains and the large amount of gold being exported east gave California enough clout to choose its own
extensive boundaries, elect its representatives and senators, write its Constitution, and be admitted to the Union
as a free state in 1850 without going through territorial
status as required for most other new states.
Soon after statehood in 1850 the state required and paid
through taxes for nearly universal elementary school education. Other private schools were founded and are still
doing well. In the 1930s the California was a leader in
the high school movement to educate students beyond elementary school. State-subsidized college educations have
a long history in California as well as many private elementary, middle, high schools, colleges and universities.
There are three public funded higher education systems in
the state: the California State University (CSU) (founded
1857), the University of California (UC) system (founded
1868), and the California Community College System
(CCCS) founded in 1967. CSU is the largest university system in the United States.[9] CSU has 23 campuses
and eight o-campus centers enrolling 437,000 students
with 44,000 faculty members and sta,[10] The University
of California was founded in 1868 in Berkeley as a state
supported university. As of fall 2011, the University of
California has 10 campuses, a combined student body
of 234,464 students, 18,896 faculty members, 189,116
sta members, and over 1,600,000 living alumni.[11] The
California Community College System consisting of 112
community colleges in 72 community college districts in
California has over 1,800,000 students. California also
has an extensive private college system of over 133 colleges and universities including California Institute of
Technology and Stanford University.(See: List of colleges and universities in California)

California compared to other countries GDP is in the same range

as China, Spain, and Italy (corresponding with the Department
of Finance gures in 2005)

The economy of California is the largest in the United

States. As of 2015, Californias gross state product (GSP)
is about $2.496 trillion. The states GSP grew 4.1% in
2015.[7]

History

See also: Maritime history of California and History of

California
California has experienced waves of migration. Once the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848 with
Mexico that acquired and paid for the thinly settled future states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New
Mexico as well as the independent territory of Texas the
newly acquired territories underwent rapid and extensive
development. In 1847, California was controlled (with
much diculty due to deserters leaving to look for gold)
by a U.S. Army-appointed military governor and an inadequate force of a little over 600 troops. After the nding of extensive gold deposits in California the California
gold rush started in 1848. Commerce and economic activity in California initially centered around the vastly expanded cities of San Francisco, San Jose and Sacramento
as they scrambled to supply the hordes of gold miners. Los Angeles initially remained a sleepy backwater
of less than 5,000 residents. Before 1850 government
was judged inadequate and poorly run and statehood status was sought to start trying to remedy this problem.
Due to the California Gold Rush, by 1850 California had
grown to have a non-Indian and non-Californio population (about 7,000 Californios were residing in California
in 1850) of over 110,000.[8] Despite a major conict in
the U.S. Congress on the number of slave versus nonslave states, the large, rapid and continuing California

About half the settlers coming to California after 1846

came by the wagon trains on the California Trail (a trip
of about 140160 days). The other half came by sea via
paddle steamers going to and from the Isthmus of Panama
or Nicaragua (about a 40+ day trip). The building of
the Panama Railroad in 1855 made this a much more
used route especially for passengers. The other main
sailing ship route was going around Cape Horn, about a
120-day (via Clippers) or 200 day trip by regular sailing
ship. Nearly all freight to California till 1869 took this
long route around South Americashipping by ship has
nearly always been relatively slow but cheap. Overland
shipping was too dicult and took too long for nearly
all cargo. The First Transcontinental Telegraph replaced
the Pony Express in 1861 and established the rst rapid

2
communication with the east coast. The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed across the future states of
Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah and the new states of Nevada
(est. 1864) and California in 1869 and cut this trip to
about 7 days. This rail link tied California and the rest
of the Pacic states rmly into the union and led to much
more rapid and protable commerce between the states.
In 1886 the rst refrigerated cars on the Southern Pacic
Railroad entered operation. The loading of such cars with
oranges, at Los Angeles on February 14, 1886, started an
economic boom in the citrus industry of Southern California, by making deliveries of perishable fruits and vegetables to the eastern United States possible.
Early farming in the state was primarily concentrated near
the coast, and the SacramentoSan Joaquin River Delta
in the Central Valley. Winter wheat was an early crop
that grew well without irrigation if planted in the fall and
harvested in the spring. By the 1880s extensive grape
elds for producing wine were being planted in many areas in California. Many of the vine stock originally came
from France and other parts of Europe. Starting in the
late 1880s, Chinese workers and other laborers were used
to construct hundreds of miles of levees throughout the
SacramentoSan Joaquin River Delta's waterways in an
eort to control ooding, reclaim and preserve ooded
land that could be converted into farmland. This area now
often grows extensive rice crops. Subsequent irrigation
projects have brought many more parts of the Central Valley into productive agriculture use. The Central Valley
Project, formed in 1935 to redistribute water from northern California to the Central valley and Southern California helped develop more of the Central Valley. Water
for agricultural and municipal purposes was captured in
the spring from snow melt in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
and stored for later irrigation use with an extensive system of dams and canals. The even larger California State
Water Project was formed in the 1950s, consisting of the
California Aqueduct and its ancillary dams. The California Aqueduct, developed at the cost of several billion
dollars, helps store and transport water from the Feather
River Basin to agricultural and municipal users statewide.
The Colorado River Aqueduct delivers water from the
Colorado River to the Imperial Valley of California area
and since 1905 the Los Angeles Aqueduct delivers water
over from the Owens Valley to the city of Los Angeles.
One of the states most acute problems is its appetite for
water. In the extensive elds of the Imperial Valley, irrigation is facilitated in part by the All-American Canal
part of the Colorado River Aqueduct project. Cutbacks
in federally funded water projects in the 1970s and 80s
led many cities to begin buying water from areas with
a surplus; but political problems associated with water
distribution continue. Ongoing challenges to develop a
long-term plan to end surplus water withdrawals from the
Colorado led the federal government to stop the release
of surplus river water to the state in 2003.

HISTORY

Orange Grove outside of Santa Paula

economy: California leads the nation in the production

of fruits, vegetables, wines and nuts. The states most
valuable crops are cannabis,[12] nuts, grapes, cotton, owers, and oranges. California produces the major share of
U.S. domestic wine. Dairy products contribute the single largest share of farm income. Californias farms are
highly productive as a result of good soil, a long growing season, the use of modern agricultural methods and
extensive irrigation. Irrigation is critical since the long
dry summers would not allow most crops to grow here-California Indians had almost no agriculture because of
this. Extensive and expensive irrigation systems including
furrow gravity irrigation, sprinkler and drip irrigation
systems have been developed to supply the extensive irrigation needs of California.[13] Illegal immigration to the
United States has been traditionally drawn to the state, in
part, because corporations face intense pressure to control
labor costs by using illegal means to harvest Californias
extensive crops.

Californias location along the Pacic coast and its rapidly

growing population initially led to the constructions of
major seaports at San Francisco in the San Francisco Bay
area and inland ports at Sacramento, etc. The rst paddle
steamer, the SS California, arrived in the port of San
Francisco on February 29, 1849, with over 400 passengers trying to get to the gold rush territory. She left New
York City October 6, 1848, before the gold discoveries
were veried and the gold rush truly stated. Shipment of
passengers and freight to Sacramento was accomplished
by o-loading the cargoes and passengers onto paddle
steamers for transit up the Sacramento River to Sacramento, Stockton, etc. As the population spread out and
grew ports were established up and down the California
coast with other major ports in Long Beach, Los Angeles and San Diego. The largest U.S. Naval base on the
west coast is now in San Diego. (See: Maritime history
of California for more information). The states shipping
industry evolved to handle cargoes to and from California to Europe and the eastern United States and help support the growing international trade with South America,
Agriculture is one of the prominent elements of the states Asia and Oceania. During World War II, numerous military bases and various wartime industries were quickly

3
established in the state to support the Pacic Ocean and
Atlantic ocean eetsships could use the Panama Canal
to get from ocean to ocean. California led in the number of merchant ships built at the Kaiser shipyards in
Richmond and the Los Angeles areas. Mare Island Naval
Shipyard (now closed) in the San Francisco Bay built
submarines as well as repaired many of the ships used
by the U.S. Navy Pacic Fleet in World War II. The
rapidly growing California aircraft industries was greatly
expanded. Since then these defense connected industries
have largely closed down or moved to cheaper areas in the
U.S.
With Thomas Edisons invention of the Kinetoscope
(early movie camera) in 1894, California would become
a leader when talkies were introduced in the sound lm
movie industry. The idea of combining motion pictures
with recorded sound is nearly as old as lm itself, but because of the technical challenges involved, synchronized
dialogue was only made practical in the late 1920s with
the perfection of the Audion amplier tube and the introduction of the Vitaphone system. After the release of
The Jazz Singer in 1927, "talkies" became more and more
commonplace. Within a decade, popular widespread production of silent lms had ceased. Cheap land, good
year-round climate and large natural spaces prompted the
growing lm industry to begin migrating to Southern California in the early part of the 20th century. The lm
patent wars of the early 20th century actually led to the
spread of lm companies across the U.S. Many worked
with equipment for which they did not own the patent
rights, and thus lming in New York was dangerous"; it
was too close to Edisons company headquarters, and to
his agents which the company sent out to seize illegal
cameras. By 1912, most major lm companies had set
up movie production facilities in Southern California near
or in Los Angeles because of the regions favorable yearround weather and the rapidly growing supply of talent
both before and behind the cameras.[15] Since the 1920s
California continues to be a major U.S. center for motionpicture shows, television shows, cartoons, and related entertainment industries, especially in Hollywood and Burbank areas.
Since 1945, manufacturing of electronic equipment,
computers, machinery, transportation equipment, and
metal products, has increased rapidly while aircraft and
naval construction has largely ceased. Stanford University, its aliates, and graduates played a major role in
the development of Californias electronics and high-tech
industry.[16] From the 1890s, Stanford Universitys leaders saw its mission as leading the development of the West
and shaped the school accordingly. Regionalism helped
align Stanfords interests with those of the Stanford areas
high-tech rms for the rst fty years of Silicon Valleys
development.[17] During the 1940s and 1950s, Frederick
Terman, as Stanfords dean of engineering and provost,
encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. He is credited with nurturing Hewlett-Packard,

Varian Associates, and other high-tech rms such as

Apple Inc., Google, etc. in what would become Silicon
Valley that grew up around the Stanford campus. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon
Valley continues to be a leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for one-third (1/3)
of all of the venture capital investment in the United
States.[18] Geographically, Silicon Valley encompasses all
of the Santa Clara Valley, the southern Peninsula, and the
southern East Bay. A number of high-tech companies
and small low-tech, often low-wage, companies are also
located in Southern California.
Tourism is also an important part of Californias economy. Yosemite National Park was established in 1890,
followed by nine other national parks and seashores,[19]
as well as various other protected areas across California.
Disneyland, established in 1955, and other theme parks
draw millions of visitors each year.
California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century, particularly fast
food restaurants and credit cards. Nationwide fast food
chains A&W Restaurants (1919), McDonalds (1940),
Taco Bell (1961), and Panda Express (1983) were all
founded in California. Visa Inc. (originally BankAmericard) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of
America in Fresno, while MasterCard (originally Master
Charge) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in
1966 by a group of California banks to compete against
BankAmericard.
California has a large productive economy. The state now
ranks as the sixth largest economy in the world, behind
The U.S., China, Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis reported
that Californias GDP was $2.5 trillion in 2015, up 4.1
percent from a year earlier. (See: ).

2 Sectors
In 2002, the U.S government began to use the North
American Industry Classication System (NAICS) system of classifying economic activities, to better reect
todays economy.[20]
Government is Californias largest industry, like most
states, with about 2.5 million employees. The second
largest industry, according to the Census, is Healthcare
and Social Assistance.[21]

2.1 International trade and tourism

California has historically derived signicant revenue
from international trade and tourism. However, the states
share of Americas merchandise export trade has been
steadily shrinking since 2000, from 15.4% to 11.1% in

2008.[22] The exports of goods made in California totaled $134 billion in 2007. $48 billion of that total
was computers and electronics, followed by transportation, non-electrical machinery, agriculture, and chemicals. California trade and exports translate into highpaying jobs for over one million Californians. According to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), in
2005, foreign-controlled companies employed 542,600
California workers, the most of any state. Major sources
of foreign investment in California in 2005 were Japan,
the United Kingdom, Switzerland, France, and Germany.
Foreign investment in California was responsible for 4.6
percent of the states total private-industry employment
in 2009.[23] Total direct travel spending in California
reached $96.7 billion in 2008, a 0.8% increase over the
preceding year.[24] Los Angeles County receives the most
tourism in the state.[24]

Government
12%

PERSONAL INCOME

ated $47 billion in economic activity in 2004 and employed over 400,000 people.[29]

2.3 Energy
Oil drilling has played a signicant role in the development of the state. There have been major strikes in the
Bakerseld, Long Beach, Los Angeles areas and o the
California coast.
Solar power in California is also a large employer in the
state. There are over 43,000[31] Californians working in
the solar industry, primarily around the San Francisco
Bay Area, Los Angeles, San Diego, and the Central Valley

3 Personal income

Agriculture and Mining

2%
Construction
4%
Trade, Transportation,
and Utilities
16%

Education, Health,
and Other Services
18%

Manufacturing
10%
Professional and
Technical Services
9%
Real estate and
Rental and Leasing
17%

Information
6%
Finance and Insu rance
6%

Gross Domestic Product of California by sector for 2008[25]

2.2

Agriculture

Agriculture (including fruit, vegetables, dairy, and wine

production) is a major California industry, but at 2% of
GSP it makes a minor contribution to the states overall economy. Airborne exports of perishable fruits and
vegetables amounted to approximately $579 million in
2007.[26] By way of comparison, California exported Economic regions of California
more agricultural products by air that year than 23 other
Per capita income was $38,956 as of 2006, ranking 11th
states did by all modes of transport.[26]
in the nation, but varies widely by geographic region
According to the California Department of Food and and profession.[32] Some coastal cities include some of
Agriculture, California agriculture is a $42.6 billion dol- the wealthiest per-capita areas in the U.S., notably La
lar industry that generates at least $100 billion in related Jolla in San Diego, Beverly Hills in Los Angeles County,
economic activity.[27] The states agricultural sales rst Newport Beach in Orange County, and Santa Barbara in
exceeded $30 billion in 2004,[28] making it more than Southern California, San Francisco, Silicon Valley and
twice the size of any other states agriculture industry.
Marin County. The most expensive and largest housCalifornia is the leading dairy state.[29] Milk is Califor- ing markets in the U.S. are in the state of California, so
nias number one farm commodity.[28] Exports of al- there are a number of communities where average housmonds continued to be the top commodity from Califor- ing prices hover between US$12 million. Generally, the
nia, with a value of $2.83 billion in foreign sales. Dairy Central Valley in northern California is the least expenand dairy products ranked second to almonds with a Cal- sive area, as is the Inland Empire in Southern California,
ifornia total export value of $1.42 billion, a 24 percent though prices in these regions are still much more expenincrease over 2010.[30] Californias dairy industry gener- sive than most other areas of the country, to the point that

3.1

California

there are also communities in these areas where housing

prices average around the $1 million mark. The agricultural central counties have some of the highest poverty
rates in the state. The high-technology sectors in Northern California, specically Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara
and San Mateo counties, are currently emerging from the
economic downturn caused by the dot-com bust, which
caused the loss of over 250,000 jobs in Northern California alone. As of spring 2005, data from UCLA Anderson
indicates that economic growth has resumed in California, although still slightly below the national annualized
forecast of 3.9%.[33]

3.1

California

California is divided into counties which are legal subdivisions of the state.[35] There are 58 California counties,[36] 480 California cities,[37] and about 3,400 special
districts and school districts.[38] Special districts deliver
specic public programs and public facilities to constituents, and are dened as any agency of the state
for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries.[39] Much of
the government of California is in practice the responsibility of city, county and school governments. All these
dierent governments have their own sources of tax revenue and fees; making a complicated mix of taxes, fees,
transfers and responsibilities. Most taxes are collected by
the state and then redistributed to the dierent government branches. Many fees are collected at the city and
county level.
According to the U.S. Census the federal Internal Revenue Service collected in California in 2012 $292.563
billion.
This included federal income & payroll
($193.489 bn), excise ($3.227 bn), corporate income
($37.181 bn), gift $0.288 bn), estate ($2.590 bn), unemployment ($0.838 bn), and trust ($1.091 bn) taxes.[40]
State and local tax and fee collections in California (2011)
were $268.224 billion plus another $75.875 billion in federal transfers were spent by state and local government
agencies.[41]

5
all income over $610,200. All income over $1,017,000
has a tax of 13.3%. The standard deduction for a married couple is now $212.00. This means a married couple
earning less than $18,182.00 pays no income tax. Rates
for single persons are the same but the bracket amounts
are halved.[43]
The 8.4 percent average sales tax assessed by the state
and local governments of California is one of the highest
in the nation and varies by city and county from a low of
7.5% to 10.0%. Food, prescription drugs and services are
exempt from sales taxabout 1/3 of all purchases have
sales tax applied to them. Sales taxes are collected by the
state who re-allocates them to the various counties, cities,
districts etc.. The basic statewide sales and use tax rate
is 7.50% and is divided as follows: 6.50% State, 0.75%
plus a 0.25% local transportation fund to city or county of
place of sale (distributed quarterly). All taxes above 7.5%
are so called District Taxes which are imposed locally,
after an area wide vote, under the Transactions and Use
Tax Law. Local, voter approved, sales tax rate increases
have resulted in higher sales tax rates in various California
locations. Sales taxes imposed for general governmental
purposes are subject to simple majority approval. Sales
taxes imposed for specic purposes like transportation are
subject to two-thirds voter approval.[44]
Used cars have a 7.5% to 10.0% sales tax applied to the
used car purchase price. This sales tax is applied to all
new and used car, planes, boats, etc. purchased even
if they are purchased out of state. In addition to having a clear title, a passed smog and emission inspection
on the vehicle plus proof of insurance are needed before a car can be registered. New residents to California
are required to register their vehicle(s) within 20 days of
establishing residency. A department of motor vehicle
(DMV) employee will perform a physical inspection of
the vehicle and verify the vehicle identication number
(VIN) number before you receive a California registration certicate, license plates and correct yearly registration stickers for your vehicle. State and local government
vehicles are exempt from paying fees and are issued exempt license plates.

California vehicle license fees are 0.65% of depreciated

California in 2010, when measured as a percentage of vehicles value. These fees are applied annually. Licenses
GDP, had the 4th highest tax burden of all the fty states are renewed in the month the vehicle was originally regisat 13.4% of the state GDP.[42]
tered and have a yearly sticker applied to them after payThe maximum 13.3% state personal income tax rate is ing the registration fee to show fee payment.
the highest in the nation, but only applies to incomes over
$1 million.[42] For a married couple the rst $15,164 has
an income tax rate of 1.0% on taxable income (all income
minus allowable deductions). The rate on taxable income
between $15,164 and $35,952 is 2.0%; from $35,952 to
$56,742 it is 4.0%; from $56,742 to $78,768 it is 6.0%;
from $78,768 to $99,548 income has an 8.0% rate. On
taxable income from $99,548 to $508,500 the rate is
9.3%. Taxable income from $508,500 to $610,200 the
tax is 10.30% (of all income over $508,500). Taxable income from $610,200 to $1,017,000 the tax is 11.30% of

The 8.84% state corporate income at tax rate is the highest in the west and one of the highest in the nation. Banks
and nancials have a 10.84% at tax applied to their profits. S corporation rate is 1.5% while S corporation bank
and nancial rate is 3.5%.[45]
California property tax rates are ranked 17th highest in
the nation[46] having been capped by the Proposition 13
overwhelmingly passed in 1978. Property taxes in California amounted to over $54.0 billion (2011) and are one
of the largest taxes in California of which about $12.0 bil-

6
lion of the $54.0 billion collected was for voter approved
extras.[47] The property tax, despite being used primarily to nance local governments, has a signicant eect
on the state budget. The states convoluted education nance system attempts to equalize school district property tax revenue for K14 districts by using the states general funds collected mostly from income and sales taxes.
The state has changed the laws regarding property tax allocation many times to attempt to limit its extensive education costs.
Property in California, when sold, is assessed at 100%
of full cash value. Under Proposition 13, the maximum
amount of tax on real estate in California is limited to
1.0% plus local voter approved surcharges for extras.
Revenue from these extra taxes are used primarily to
repay general obligation bonds issued for local infrastructure projects such as school district surcharges for rehabilitation of school facilities or building new buildings.
These extras may also include: water districts, sidewalk
maintenance, ood control, street lighting, etc.. The state
also has statewide property taxes collected and used by
the state on privately owned railroad cars and timber.
The statewide average property tax is about 1.26% of assessed value but can range from about 1.03% to nearly
2.0% in some cities and counties. Proposition 13 limits property tax assessment increases to 2.0% of previously assessed value or the ination rate over the previous year, whichever is lower. Because property prices
have increased in California faster than 2.0%, on average, older properties are taxed at lower eective rates
then newly sold properties. This feature was part in the
Proposition 13 language to encourage people to stay put
in their residences longerthey do. Property taxes were
allocated as follows: counties 17%, cities 10%, schools
(school districts and community colleges) 54%, and special districts 19%. In 2013 the state legislature abolished special districts. Intangible personal property, personal eects, business inventory property held for resale
are exempt from property taxes. A principal residence
qualies for a $7,000 homestead reduction in the taxable
value of their property. Property owned by governments,
non-prot hospitals, religious institutions, and charitable
organizationsare exempt from the 1.0% property tax
rate.
In California gasoline is taxed at $0.719/gallon and diesel
at $0.749/gallonthese are the highest gas and diesel
taxes in the nation. The state legislature switched its gas
taxation system in 2010 so it could re-appropriate some
of the gas and diesel tax money from road maintenance
to other areas of the state budget which was in decit.[48]
Since they re-purposed much of the state and federal fuel
taxes there are now complaints that there is not enough
money in the transportation funds to do all the required
highway upgrades and maintenance.
Cigarette excise taxes in California are $0.87/pack. The
federal excise tax on cigarettes is an additional $1.01
making the total excise taxes on a package of cigarettes

5 SEE ALSO
$1.88/pack. Because excise taxes are hidden (not listed
separately) the price of the cigarettes plus the excise tax
have a 7.5% to 10.0% sales tax added to the purchase
pricea tax on a tax.
California alcoholic beverage taxes varies by beverage,
from 20 per gallon of wine or beer to $6.60 per gallon
of spirits (over 100 proof).
The unemployment insurance rate, paid by the employer,
is experienced based and averages about 1.0%6.0% of
the rst $7,000 of workers incomeemployers with high
turnovers pay more. The federal unemployment insurance rate (now) is 6.2% of the rst $7,000 of workers
income. The Great Recession resulted in a high unemployment rate, causing California to borrow about $10
billion from the federal government.
The Employment Training Tax (ETT) rate for 2014 is
0.1 percent on the rst $7,000 per employee per calendar
year.
The State Disability Insurance (SDI) withholding rate for
2014 is 1.0 percent up to a salary limit of $101,636
incomemaximum disability tax for each employee is
$1,016.36.[49]

4 Housing
The international boom in housing prices has been most
pronounced in California, with the median property price
in the state rising to about the half-million dollar mark in
April 2005. Orange County, Ventura County and the San
Francisco Bay Area have the highest median prices, each
approaching $650,000.[50] The least expensive region is
the Central Valley, with a median price of $290,000.[50]
Various real estate markets in California experienced
sharp increases in value in the early 2000s, followed by
declines in 2007 and 2008, as a housing bubble burst.
However, beginning in 2007 with the credit crunch in
the banking system, thousands of homes have been foreclosed statewide, thereby leading to plummeting home
prices. As of 2014 California was found to be the most
expensive state in which to lease a home.[51]

5 See also
California locations by per capita income
California unemployment statistics
200810 California budget crisis
Comparison between U.S. states and countries by
GDP (PPP)
Comparison between U.S. states and countries by
GDP (nominal)

7
List of country subdivisions by GDP over USD 100
billions
List of US state economies

References

[1] STATE PERSONAL INCOME 2013 (PDF). Bureau of

Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Labor. March 25,
2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
[2] http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=261

[17] Stephen B. Adams, Regionalism in Stanfords Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley, Enterprise & Society
2003 4(3): 521-543
[18] from PriceWaterhouseCoopers.com
[19] accessed 15 Dec 2013
[20] NAICS - North American Industry Classication System Main Page. US Census Bureau. January 14, 2010.
Retrieved January 29, 2010.
[21] http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1995/11/
in-the-strawberry-fields/5754/?single_page=true

[22] Origin of Movement of U S Exports of Goods by State

[3] http://www.businessinsider.com/
by NAICS-Based Product (PDF). US Census Bureau.
new-census-data-on-poverty-rates-yields-some-pretty-shocking-results-2012-11
February 9, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
[4] http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/CALFN.txt
[5] Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical
Highs/Lows. bls.gov. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
[6] State and local taxes in California are 11.2% of state GDP
as determined by the Tax Fiundation. Trying to unscramble the state & local taxes and tax transfers between the
state, local and school districts is dicult; but the Tax
foundation has been doing it for over 20 years. accessed
16 Dec 2013
[7] Widespread But Slower Growth in 2013 (PDF). Bureau
of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Labor. June
11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
[8] U.S. 1850 California Census counts 92,597 residents but
omits the residents of San Francisco (estimated at about
21,000) whose census records were destroyed by re.
Contra Costa County (estimated at about 2,000 residents)
and Santa Clara County (estimated at about 4,000 residents) 1850 records were lost and also not included. The
total non-Indian (Indians were not counted) population
was over 120,000. See: Historical Statistical Abstracts
- U.S. Census Bureau"; [www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/
statab.html]
[9] CSU Facts 2013 (PDF). The California State University.
[10] The California State University homepage. The California State University. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
[11] About the University of California.
[12] Marijuana Production in the United States (2006)".
[13] California Irrigation accessed 15 Dec 2013
[14] Fortune 500 companies - California.CNN Money. Retrieved on February 26, 2012.
[15] Jacobs, Lewis; Rise of the American lm, The; Harcourt
Brace, New York, 1930; p. 85
[16] Marko, John (2009-04-17). Searching for Silicon Valley. New York Times. The New York Times Company.
Retrieved 2009-04-17.

[23] California: Exports, Jobs, and Foreign Investment

(PDF). International Trade Administration. Retrieved
May 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
[24] California Statistics & Trends: Economic Impact of
Travel in California. California Travel Impacts by
County, 1992-2007. California Travel & Tourism Commission. April 2009. p. 3. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
[25] Regional Economic Accounts (interactive tables)". Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
[26] O'Connell, Jack. The Role of Air Cargo in Californias Agricultural Export Trade: A 2007 Update (PDF).
Center for Agricultural Business, California State University Fresno. Retrieved May 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date= (help)
[27] CDFA History. California Department of Food and
Agriculture. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
[28] Agricultural Statistical Review, 2006 Overview (PDF).
California Department of Food and Agriculture. p. 17.
Retrieved January 30, 2010.
[29] Real California Milk Facts. California Milk Advisory
Board. June 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
[30] California Agricultural Export Values, 2002-2012
(PDF). California Department of Food and Agriculture.
Retrieved November 20, 2015.
[31] http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/
California-Has-More-Solar-Jobs-Than-Movie-Actors
[32] State Personal Income 2006. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
[33] The UCLA Anderson Forecast. UCLA Anderson Forecast.
[34] Gross Collections Federal taxes by tax and state. US Census Summary Alabama- Mississippi (Excel spreadsheet)
accessed 23 Dec 2013
[35] Constitution of California, article 11, section 1
[36] State of California, Counties Archived May 27, 2010, at
the Wayback Machine.

EXTERNAL LINKS

[37] State of California, Cities Archived April 28, 2012, at the

Wayback Machine.

California Commission for Jobs and Economic

Growth

[38] A Citizens Guide to Special Districts in California

Rancho de Los Arcos about agriculture & economy

[39] (Government Code 16271 [d])

[40] Gross Collections Federal taxes by tax and state, Table 5
accessed 23 Dec 2013
[41] Gross Collections Federal taxes by tax and state. US Summary Alabama- Mississippi (Excel spreadsheet) accessed
23 Dec 2013
[42] http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2012/12/
high-income-californians-may-pay-nations-highest-tax-rate.
html
[43] California tax rates accessed 23 Dec 2013
[44] California Sales tax allocations accessed 26 Dec 2013
[45] California business tax rates accessed 23 Dec 2013
[46] Property tax rank accessed 23 Dec 2013
[47] California Property taxes accessed 29 Dec 2013
[48] State gas and diesel taxes accessed 23 Dec 2013
[49] California withholding schedules accessed 29 Dec 2013
[50] Cal Facts 2004 State Economy. Legislative Analysts
Oce of California. December 3, 2004. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
[51] EZ Landlord Forms. Cost To Rent A Home. ezlandlordforms.com. Retrieved 2014-08-21.

External links
Californias homepage
California Department of Finance
Financial & Economic Data
Latest California Economic Data
California Legislative Analysts Oce Californias Nonpartisan Fiscal and Policy Advisor
Cal Facts: Californias Economy and Budget
in Perspective
Californias Fiscal Outlook: LAO Projections,
2004-05 Through 2009-10
Bureau of Economic Analysis an agency of the
U.S. Department of Commerce
Californias Commerce & Economic Development
Program
Analyses of Californias International Trade
California Tourism

California state budget

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Economy of California Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_California?oldid=756141859 Contributors: Minesweeper,

Docu, Jiang, Cncs wikipedia, Popageorgio, Jepace, BigBen212, Jrc, Simulcra, J3, GrantHenninger, ESkog, Coolcaesar, Rory77, Stesmo,
Reinyday, Viriditas, Johnmarkos, Ceyockey, Vynce, Bkwillwm, Knuckles, Zzyzx11, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, President Rhapsody, Bgwhite, Wavelength, Madkayaker, Duracell~enwiki, Hydrargyrum, SEWilcoBot, Arturoramos, Pablomartinez, DeadEyeArrow, Evrik, Mike Dillon,
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CitrusEllipsis, InternetArchiveBot, GreenC bot, TheBD2000, Bender the Bot and Anonymous: 210

8.2

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File:California_Orange_Grove2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/California_Orange_Grove2.jpg

License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ricraider
File:California_economic_regions_map_(labeled_and_colored).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/
California_economic_regions_map_%28labeled_and_colored%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on
California Economic Strategy Panel Regions (PDF). California Labor Workforce and Development Agency (October 2006). Retrieved
on March 1, 2010. Original artist: Own work Based on File:California county map (labeled).svg by User:Thadius856
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8.3

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