ENERGY DISSIPATORS: TYPE HYDRAULIC JUMP

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL
Energy dissipators are structures that are designed to generate
“PEDRO RUIZ GALLO” important hydraulic losses in high speed flow s. The objective is to
Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Civil reduce speed and passing flow regime supercritical to subcritical.
The energy losses may be caused by the formation of a hydraulic
boss in tank sinks.
Asignatura:
HIDRÁULICA APLICADA. BOSS HYDRAULIC:
Tema: General: The hydraulic jump is the violent transition from a
1. DISIPADORES DE ENERGIA supercritical regime to one subcritico w ith large energy dissipation.

Fecha:
13/01/17
Integrantes:
 ALVITEZ CARHUATANTA Elíseo.
 CUBAS PEREZ Carlos.
 DAM IAN BALDERA Anselmo.
 GRANDA SARMIENTO Carlos.
 JAUREGUI ALARCÓN Juan Manuel.
 SANCHEZ CAICEDO Segundo.
Figure 1. Transition flow

𝑉
Froude num ber : (𝐹 = ) It is very significant in the kind of
√𝑔𝑑
INDEX flow s:
Heatsinks............................................................1 If the Froude number is greater than the unit (F > 1), the flow
- Type of impact................................................ 1 is called SUPERCRITICAL.
If the Froude number is equal to the unit (F = 1), the flow is
Output drops with shock plate............1
called CRITIC
Exit drops with dissipating sink..........1 If the Froude number is less than the unit (F < 1), the flow is
Shock absorber located at called SUBCRITICAL.
the foot of a fast...................................1
Shock absorber in a
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HYDRAULIC BOSS:
vertical fall............................................2
Damping well located at the a) Pow er loss:
( 𝑦2 − 𝑦1) 3
foot of a tipped landfill.........................2 Δ𝐸 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 =
4. 𝑦1. 𝑦2
- Hydraulic overhang........................................3
- basic features of the ledge Hydraulic...........3 b) Efficiency:
- Hydraulic overhang as
energy dissipator.............................................3
- Types of Hydraulic Boom............................. 4
Cushioning ponds.............................. 4 c) Heigth of the boss:
Dimensioning of a hydraulic It is the difference between the depths before and after the
mattress............................................... 5 boss.
Intubated fall........................................5 ℎ = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Toothed collapse.................................6
Cushioning ponds of u.s.b.r.............. 6
Ski or ski jump.................................... 8
- Hydraulic design........................................... 9
- Bibliography................................................... 10

BOSS HYDRAULIC AS ENERGY ABSORBER:

From a practical point of view the hydraulic boss is a useful means
to dissipate excess energy in a supercritical flow , its merit in
preventing possible erosion dow nstream because it quickly reduces
the speed of the flow on a floor protected until a point w here the flow
loses its ability to undermine the natural channel bed dow nstream
Dissipate the energy of the w ater that flow s on hydraulic
structures,
Prevent this w ay the scour dow nstream structures
Retrieve height or increase the w ater level on the side of
w ater under a gutter of measurement
Maintain a high level of w ater in the canal of irrigation or
any structure for distribution of w ater

1
 Increase the flow rate below a sliding gate keeping aw ay  If at the end of the fast reaches the uniform diet, in the
the depth of w ater below, since the effective height w ill be calculation of the pozo is not necessary to iterate.
reduced if the dow nstream depth chokes the boss
 If by the contrary the diet of circulation at the end of the fast
does not result to be uniform, then to the hour to calculate the
shock w ell, w ill have to have present that in the measure in that
it varies the background height of said pozo is necessary the
prolongation of the fast, reason w hereby the strut then varies.

TYPE HIT:

1. FALLS OF EXIT WITH PLATE OF CRASH General diagram of a Lake Type III
The Bureau of Reclamation, has developed for small jumps, a type
of fall w ith obstacles where bumps the w ater of the plate slope and B) Hydraulic design of a pozo amortiguador to the foot of a fast
has obtained a good dissipation of energy. Step 1. Calculation of the strut conjugada
From the superficial curve of the fast knows the final strut of the fast
that it w ill be the same strut to the entrance of the pozo
amortiguador, then proceeds to calculate the strut conjugado w ith
the follow ing equation:
𝑌2 1
= (√8 𝐹𝑟12 + 1 − 1)
𝑌1 2
Where:
𝑉1 𝑄
𝐹𝑟1 = 𝑉1 =
√𝑔𝑌1 𝑏. 𝑌1
b Is the w idth of the fast

Step 2. It com pares 𝒀𝟐 w ith 𝒀𝟑 to value if necessary or no the

Vertical falls w ith obstacles for the crash use of the pozo
 If 𝑌2 ≤ 𝑌3 no w ell it is required.
Width and espaciamiento of the obstacles = 0.4 Yc
Minimum length of the cubeta = Ld + 2.55 Yc  If 𝑌2 ≥ 𝑌3 w ell if required.
𝐿𝑑 = 4.30𝐷 0.27 𝐻
𝑞2 Step 3. In case to require pozo am ortiguador
𝐷= 3  I calculate of the height of the stair pairto case 1: 𝑌2 = 𝑌3
𝑔ℎ
𝑄
𝑞=
𝐵
With lateral contractions:
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿𝐻3/2

Without lateral contractions:

2 1 ℎ
𝑄 = 𝐵ℎ3/2 (0.605 + + 0.08 √2𝑔)
3 1050ℎ − 3 𝑝
The w idth and espaciamiento betw een the obstacles will be roughly
0.4Yc.
2. FALLS OF EXIT WITH SHOCK WELL. Hydraulic jump to the exit of the fast
In a shock w ell the w ater flows from the short stretch of slope Where the diet that have w as uniform, has to follow the
pronounced to a greater speed that the critical speed. The rugged
follow ing steps:
change in the slope, w here the soft slope of the flat of the poza
 The strut 𝑌1 does not vary independently of the height to
disipadora joins w ith the short stretch of slope pronounced, forces w hich situate the bottom of the pozo amortiguador
the w ater to a hydraulic jump and the energy is dissipated in the
resultant turbulence.  The strut 𝑌2 is the same that it calculated in the step 1

 The difference of height Δz is:

2
2
𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜
∆𝑧 = 2 −
2𝑔∅𝑝 2𝑔𝜂 2
𝑄 𝑄
𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 = =
𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑉 . 𝑌3
𝑄 𝑄
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜 = =
𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜 𝑏𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜 . 𝑌2
With the data 𝑌1, 𝑌2, Δ𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂 proceeds to calculate the height of
the pozo hp=hcal
ℎ𝑝 = ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝜂.𝑌2 − (𝑌3 + Δ𝑧)

 I calculate of the height of the stair for case 2 and 3.

Shock w ell and terminal threshold
Case 2: When 𝑌3 < 𝑌2
2.1. SHOCK WELL LOCATED AT THE FOOT OF A FAST
A) Description
Sand have tw o cases, related w ith the diet of circulation quand have
at the end of the same.

2
 B) Hydraulic design of a shock well in a vertical fall
The vertical falls are described by functions that present to
continuation and depend of the number of fall.
𝑞2
𝐷=
𝑔.ℎ3
 Dim ensioning of the shock w ell and length of the highlight
𝐿𝑑 = 4.3 ℎ. 𝐷 0.27
Hydraulic jump in a point more under the exit of the fast. 𝑌2 = 1.66 ℎ. 𝐷 0.27
 Depth of the m attress
Case 3: When 𝑌3 > 𝑌2 𝐿
𝐶=
6
The exit of the mattress can be vertical or bent, this last case
talud in contrapendiente of 4:1 or of 2:1.
 Length of highlight
The parameters to determine are:
𝑉1 𝐿
𝐹𝑟1 = 𝑣𝑠
√𝑔𝑌1 𝑌2

Hydraulic jump in a point more under the exit of the fast.

Ploughs the calculation of the height of the stair of the pozo,
recommends use the follow ing table. 2.3. SHOCK WELL LOCATED AT THE FOOT OF A LANDFILL
hsup Δx And1 And2 Δz Hcalc Relative CORNICE
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) error
A) Description
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The calculation of a shock w ell bases in the obtaining of the height
(h) of the stair of the pozo able to guarantee, that the conjugada of
1) Suppose a value of height of the pozo (hsup)
the strut that has to the start of the pozo coincide w ith the strut that
2) Calculate the prolongation of the fast
ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 it has w aters under east, for of this way attain the occurrence of the
Δ𝑥 = hydraulic jump to the foot of cimacio.
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝛼
3) Calculate the depth of circulation in the initial section of the
jump 𝑌1
4) Calculate the prof. Of circulation after the jump:
𝑌2 1
= (√8 𝐹𝑟12 + 1 − 1)
𝑌1 2
5) I calculate of Δz:
2
𝑉2 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜
∆𝑧 = 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙2 −
2𝑔∅𝑝 2𝑔𝜂 2
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 = = 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜 = =
𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑉 . 𝑌3 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜 𝑏𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜 . 𝑌2
6) Calculation of the height of the pozo calculated:
ℎ𝑝 = ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝜂.𝑌2 − (𝑌3 + Δ𝑧)
7) Calculation of the relative error:
ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 − ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | < 1%
ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑙
If Relative Error≥1%, proceeds to suppose a new value of
ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 .It results advisable to assume as new value of ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 , the Adimensional relation for the length of the highlight hydraulic
value of 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 obtained in (7). It repeats the process.
The fundamental condition 𝐴𝑛𝑑3 > 𝐴𝑛𝑑2 .
Criterio of selection:
Step 4. Calculation of the length of the pozo (L P) and of the  For 𝐹𝑟1 < 4.5 assumes 𝜂 = 1.1
length of the risberma (L R).  For 𝐹𝑟1 > 4.5 assumes 𝜂 = (1.0 − 1.05)
 The length of the pozo w ill obtain of:
𝐿𝑃 = 3. 𝑌2 𝑖𝑓 𝑞 ≤ 5𝑚3/𝑠/𝑚
𝐿𝑃 = 𝐿𝑆 𝑖𝑓 > 𝑞 5𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚
 The total length of the pozo:𝐿𝑇 = 9. (𝑌2 − 𝑌1)
 The length of the risberma: 𝐿𝑅 = 𝐿𝑇 − 𝐿𝑃
2.2. WELL IN A VERTICAL DROP SHOCK

A) Description
In a fall the w ater precipitates freely forming a mattress of
amortiguación and w aters down produces a highlight hydraulic in
w here it dissipates part of the energy that carries the w ater.

Diagram of the pozo amortiguador

B) Hydraulic design of a shock w ell situated to the foot of a

dum p of cim acio

Step 1. Calculation of the strut contracted to the foot of the

cimacio 𝒀𝟏
𝐸0 𝜃
𝑌1 = ( ) . [1 − 2. cos( 60°) + ]
3 3
Being:
𝜃° = 𝐴𝑅𝐶𝑂𝑆(1− 0.73 𝑞2. 𝑌0− 3)
𝑄
𝑞= 𝑌0 = 𝑃∗ + 𝐻0
𝐿

Diagram of a vertical fall Step 2. Calculation of the strut conjugada 𝒀𝟐 .

3
The depth of circulation after the jump (𝑌2), calculates w ith: the boss, but the surface of the w ater to w ater dow n
𝑌2 1 remains
= (√8 𝐹𝑟12 + 1 − 1) uniform..
𝑌1 2
Where:
𝑉1 𝑄
𝐹𝑟1 = 𝑉1 =
√𝑔𝑌1 𝑏. 𝑌1

Step 3. Compare 𝒀𝟐 with 𝒀𝟑 .

 If 𝑌2 ≤ 𝑌3 it does not require pozo Figura 4. Resalto hidráulico débil
 If 𝑌2 ≥ 𝑌3 if it requires pozo
 F= 2.5 a 4.5:
Step 4. In case to require shock well There is an oscillating Jet w hich enters from the bottom of the
It proceeds to the calculation of the height of the stair of the pozo shoulder up to the surface and is returned w ithout any
h=hcalc . periodicity. Each sw ing produces a large period irregular, very
Ploughs the calculation of the height of the stair of the pozo, common on channels w ave, w hich can travel long distances
recommends use: causing different damage
hsup 𝐴𝑛𝑑0 And1 And2 Δz hcalc Relative
𝜃°
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) error
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1) Suppose a value of height of the pozo (hsup)

2) Calculate the kinetical energy 𝑌0 = 𝐻0 + (𝑃∗ + ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 ) Figura 5. Resalto hidráulico oscilante
3) Calculate the angle of inclination
𝜃° = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(1− 0.73 𝑞2. 𝑌0− 3)  F = 4.5 a 9.0
4) Calculate the depth of circulation in the initial section of the Dow nstream surface sw irl tip and the point on w hich the
jump high speed Jet tends to let the flow take place in the same
𝐸0 𝜃
𝑌1 = ( ) . [1 − 2. cos (60° + )] vertical section. The boss is w ell balanced, w ith greater
3 3 stability and performance is better. Pow er dissipation
5) Calculate the prof. Of circulation after the jump: varies from 45% to 70%.
𝑌2 1
= (√8 𝐹𝑟12 + 1 − 1)
𝑌1 2
6) I calculate of Δz:
2
𝑉2 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜
∆𝑧 = 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙2 −
2𝑔∅𝑝 2𝑔𝜂 2
Figura 6. Resalto Hidráulico Estable
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 = = 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜 = =
𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑉 . 𝑌3 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜 𝑏𝑝𝑜𝑧𝑜 . 𝑌2  F1 ≥ 9
7) Calculation of the height of the pozo calculated: The high speed Jet collides w ith packets of w ater that run
ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝜂. 𝑌2 − (𝑌3 + Δ𝑧) dow n along the front face of the boss, generating w aves to
8) Calculation of the relative error: w ater down. There is a great undulation of the
ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 − ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 surface. The action of the boss is rough but effective
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | < 1%
ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑙 because pow er dissipation can reach 85%

Step 5. Calculation of the length of the pozo (L P ) and of the

length of the risberma (L R).
 The length of the pozo w ill obtain :
𝐿𝑃 = 3. 𝑌2 𝑖𝑓 𝑞 ≤ 5𝑚3/𝑠/𝑚
𝐿𝑃 = 𝐿𝑆 𝑖𝑓 > 𝑞 5𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚
 The total length of the pozo: 𝐿𝑇 = 9. (𝑌2 − 𝑌1)
 The length of the risberma: 𝐿𝑅 = 𝐿𝑇 − 𝐿𝑃
TYPES OF SHOULDER HYDRAULIC
Different types of hydraulic boss, whose basis of classification is the
Froude number there are w aters above (before the boss occurs):
 F=1
The flow is critical, so it is not formed boss.
Figura 7. Resalto Hidráulico Fuerte
SHOCK ABSORBERS PONDS:
They are built in order to dissipate the kinetic energy of the
supercritical flow at the foot of the quick dow nload.
Pneumatic mattresses should be covered w ith good quality
concrete to prevent the dangers of erosion, the length of the
boss must fall w ithin the mattress.
The slopes of the mattresses must be vertical since the
hydraulic boss is less stable in the trapezoidal, this forms
only in the central portion of the pond w hile that side w ill be
occupied by currents that come from the low er end of the
pond, and disrupting the boss, but sometimes the
construction of a trapezoidal tank is being justified by the
economy.

TYPES:
Figura 2 Resalto hidráulico critico
 F= 1 a 1.7:
The surface of water ripples and is show s the undulating
hydraulic boss,
Figura 3. Resalto hidráulico ondulante
 F= 1.7 a 2.5:
The ondulamiento of the surface in the stretch of mixture
is greater, presents a series of eddies on the surface of
a) Mattresses, cushions for Froude numbers less than 1.7:
As the flow is critical is not required the construction of
Pneumatic mattresses, how ever in practice is usually build
a mattress w ith depth of 0.30 m.
b) Mattresses, cushions for Froude numbers between 1.7
and 2.5:
In this case the current does not have an active turbulence
and even though don't need shock absorbers is projected
a mattress w ith a depth:
𝑃 = 1.15(𝑌2 − 𝑌𝑛 )
Donde:
𝑌𝑛 = normal tie rod into the channel w aters under 𝑌2
𝑌2= Greater conjugate tie rod
The length of the mattress can be estimated in 4𝑌2 or 𝑌2 −
4
 𝑌1
c) Mattresses, cushions for Froude numbers between 2.5 a
4.5
A true hydraulic boss is not formed, mattresses for this
type of regime do not produce an effective dissipation,
since the w aves propagated by oscillating flow , can not
fully cushioned and comes out of the mattress. It is
preferable to choose the necessary dimensions and
change the conditions of the current regime..
𝑞
𝑦1 =
𝑉1
 Verification. The value obtained for y1 must be approximately
equal to that proposed in point 2; if not, proposes another taut y1
and recalculates until indicated equality.
 Setting the number of Froude. This brace is review ed by the
calculation of the Froude number according to equation (10) and
must be a value betw een 4.5 and 9.0; if not, proposes another
depth of cushion tank or increases the value of (a) and repeat the
process until the number of specified Froude (Figure 10).

𝑉1
𝐹𝑟1 =
√𝑔𝑦1

 More conjugate brace (y2). Accepted y1 value is calculated the

value of the more conjugated Draw String (y2) w ith the equation:
𝑉2 𝑦2 𝑦1
𝑦2 = 2𝑦1 1 + 1 −
𝑔 𝑔 2
d) Mattresses, cushions for Froude numbers between 4.5 a Donde:
9.0 Y2 = conjugate Rod mayor, m.
In this case forms a true boss hydraulic to existing security
due to the devices of the mattress so the boss w ill not
endure more beyond the length of the use of this bed is
limited to speeds less than 15.24 m/s

 The length of the shock absorber tank. Shock absorber

tank length (LT) is obtained by applying the relation:
𝐿𝑇 = 5(𝑦2 − 𝑦1)

e) Mattresses, cushions for Froude numbers between 4.5 a  Depth of the shock absorber tank with regime even in the
9.0 discharge chute. Cushion tank depth (p) is given by the
These mattresses are used for higher to 15.24 m/sspeeds follow ing expression:
𝑝 = 1.15𝑦2 − 𝑦0
In w hich:
p = Depth of the tank, m.
y 0 = brace normal runoff into the channel of discharge, m
(tie-rod of the river) if there is no w ith and0 is used the and
critic of the River, w hich is calculated as follow s:
𝑄2
𝑦𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = √ 2
𝐿 .𝑔

A HYDRAULIC MATTRESS SIZING:

To obtain the dimensions of the buffer tank (type hydraulic
mattress) applies the follow ing procedure
 Unit expenditure (q). Values for design (Q) Avenue and the length of
Crest (L), gets the unit expenditure per metre of length of Crest w ith
the follow ing relation:
𝑄
𝑞=
𝐿
 Conjugate lower brace. Proposed a value for less conjugated brace
(y1), same that occurs w ithin calculations.
1. FALL TUBED:
 Total height of fall (Z).Proposes the elevation of the floor of the In these w orks, the w ater enters a chamber from w hich a pipe that
discharge chute and the depth is defined w ith the height of the goes dow n the slope that is to be saved. The energy gained by the
Cyma from the crest to the floor of the tank cushion, and is w ater in the pipe is dissipated in the output product of the clash that
calculated: occurs against a screen located in the terminal chamber of the w ork.
𝑧 = 𝐻𝑑 + 𝑎 − 𝑦1
In w hich:
Z = total fall height, m.
a = height of the Cyma from its crest to the floor cushion tank, m.
Y1 = proposed less conjugated brace, m.m.

 Speed at the foot of the cyma:Speed (V1) of the w ater of the

section of the conjugate low er brace (y1), is calculated as follow s:
𝑉1 = √2𝑔𝑍

 The taut conjugate minor (y1) is given by the follow ing equation:

5
 Figure 4. baffles Pillars in the delivery channel.
3. PONDS CUSHIONS U.S.B.R.
According to the classification of the US Bureau of Reclamation,
there are five types of dampers ponds:
 TYPE I: For channels w ith moderate slope.
 TYPE II: Ponds shocks dumps large dams and land w ith
extensive channels.
 TYPE III: Small buffers ponds channel structures, output
structures smaller and smaller landfills.
 TYPE IV: Used in channel structures and diversion dams.
This design reduces excessive waves created in imperfect
projections.
2. GEAR FALL:  TYPE V: Ponds dampers w ith steep slopes. The main
Toothed channels are provided w ith special accessories, including objective in the design of a hydraulic damper pond is
blocks, and baffles pillars thresholds. The channel can be designed determining the w idth and elevation of the pond to form a
to discharge up to 5.5 m3 / s per meter w idth and fall can be as large stable hydraulic jump. This is achieved w hen the w ater
as structurally feasible. level of the conjugate height is equal to the depth
dow nstream level.
2.1.- CHANNEL WITH BLOCKS
The blocks used in rapid to form a toothed structure to the delivery
channel input. Its function is to divide the input stream and raising a
3.1.- Cushion Pond type I:
part of it from the floor, producing a hop length shorter than w ould be
The ponds type I should be used w hen the Froude number is less
possible w ithout them.
than 1.7 Fr1, how ever in practice this limit can be extended to 2.5.
These blocks also tend to stabilize the shoulder and thus to improve
When the Froude number is 1.7 strap y2 conjugate is about tw ice
their behavior (Figure 2).
arrival strap, or about 40% greater than the critical tie. The output
speed v2 is about half the arrival rate, or 30% low er than the critical
speed.
The channel lengths beyond the point w here the strap starts to
change should not be less than about 4Y2. The length of the pond
can be approximated by the length Lj in the figure, w hile Equation 3
can be used to calculate the height of the pond.

Figure 2 blocks the entry of hydraulic mattress.

2.2.- CHANNEL WITH TOP GEAR

Jagged thresholds are often placed at the end of the delivery
channel (Figure 3). Its function is to further reduce the length of the
projection and scour control.

Figure 3. Thresholds to the channel output delivery.

2.3.- CHANNEL WITH PILLARS DEFLECTORS

They are blocks in intermediate positions on the floor of the delivery
channel (Figure 4). Its function is to dissipate energy mainly by
impact action. Baffles pillars are very useful in small structures w ith
low input speeds.

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 Figure 6. Pond buffer for Froude numbers above 4.5
a) Dimensions Type II pond; b) minimum Strap; c)
Length of the projection (Mays, 2000)

3.3.- Shock Absorber Type III pond:

Type III ponds cushions are shorter than type II, and have a
threshold given departure and dow nstream dampers blocks fall. The
arrival rate for this type of sink should be limited to prevent the
possibility of low pressure in the dampers dice can cause cavitation.
The behavior of this sink indicates that its length and the shoulder
can be reduced about 60%, w ith accessories compared with 80% for
the SAF sink. The type III ponds are used in smaller landfills, outlet
structures, and small structures w here v1 channel does not exceed
15 to 18 m / s Froude number Fr1> 4.5.

Figure 5. Pond type damper I. a) length of the shoulder.; .

b) Relationship hab / y1;
c) L / Y2; d) Loss of energy in the shoulder (Mays, 2000)
3.2.- Shock Absorber Type II pond:
The buffer tank type II w as developed to bowls sinks commonly used
in landfills high dams, embankment dams and channels for large
structures. The pond containing blocks in rapid upstream end and a
toothed threshold near the dow nstream end. No impact blocks
because the relatively high speeds entering the projection may
cause cavitation in said blocks are used. In Figure 6.13 the
construction details and the necessary data for the calculation are
show n. Such coolers are used w hen the Froude number is above
4.5, or speeds above 15 m / s.

Figure 7. cushion pond for Froude numbers above 4.5 Arrival and
speed ≤ 18) Dimensions Type III pond; b) Heights given and the
threshold; c) minimum Strap (Mays, 2000)

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3.4.- Type IV cushion pond:

When the Froude number is betw een 2.5 and 4.5, there w ill be a
shoulder oscillating in the buffer tank, w hich generates a wave that is
difficult to attenuate. Type IV cushion pond is designed to combat
this problem by eliminating the w ave source. This is accomplished
by enhancing the sw irl, w hich appears at the top of the shoulder,
w ith directional jets deflected in large blocks using fast w hose
minimum number required for this purpose is show n in Figure 6.13.
for better hydraulic performance, it is convenient to construct these
narrow er blocks than indicated, preferably with a w idth equal to 0.75 SKY JUM P TYPE
y1, and set the depth output, so that is 5% to 10% greater than the
depth of the recount projection. COMPONENTS OF THE SKY JUMP:
The length of the tank can be determined by the curve c.) Figure (a) Approximation in the spillway flow.
6.13. The type IV tank used in rectangular cross sections. (b) Deviation and takeoff of flow.
(c) Water in the air dispersion.
(d) Impact of a Jet area.
(e) Water under the impact of a Jet area.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

ADVANTAGES
Simplicity in design
When the Foundation is hard, is
an economic alternative to
energy dissipation
Space-saving (House of
machines can be placed under
Figure 8. Type IV cushion pond. a) Dimensions of the the bucket jump)
pond; b) minimum Strap; c) Length of the projection The w ater is projected at one
(Mays, 2000) long enough distance
DISADVANTAGES
When the Foundation material is
not hard enough, the vibration
that causes download of jump in
skiing, can cause settlement
important and thus failures in the
structure.
The disintegration of the Jet can
cause problems to the House of
machines, walls, etc.;

Profile of the path of the Jet in the ski jumping, depends on the speed of
approach flow and the exit of the spray angle.
SKY JUMP TYPE The ski jumping from flow is extremely turbulent during his career until
the impact zone. Existing in the Jet turbulence allow s the entry of a
large volume of air allow ing a part of the energy is dissipated by
DEFINICION: The ski jumping used as a component in the pow er
becoming part of this flow spray.
dissipation in the dumps of excesses of high dams, constitutes one Thus in the area of dispersion of the Jet from the ski jumping four
of the fundamental elements in order to ensure proper delivery of the
regions of the flow can be distinguished: splash of drops, rain,
flow in the river dow nstream, economic and safe. They have as main
atom ization by rain, w ind atom ization.
objectives: obtain higher pow er dissipation and get proper
addressing plant and/or stream profile.
The path of the Jet depends on discharge, your energy at the end
and angle that leaves the trampoline. Its operation is seen w ith tw o
w hirlpools one on the surface on the trampoline and the other
submerged dow nstream; the pow er dissipation is done through
these.
There are tw o models, dipped and grooved, both w ith same
hydraulic performance and w ith the same characteristics, w hich
differ only in the w ay out of the w ater.

8
 This type of ski jumping has baffles w ith a radius of curvature less
than the jump in skiing and one angle greater than the spoon.
Baffles are located across the spoon and separated at a distance,
w hich allow s slots in the direction of the flow to separate stream,
making the w ater to circulate for about baffles and among them
SKY JUMP MODELS: above spoon.

 Type smooth dipped:

This type of sink hydraulic operation is manifested by the
formation of the hydraulic boss on the surface of the ski.
The use of sinks dipped skiing could be harmful because of the
w ear produced in the concrete surfaces, caused by material
that returns along the edge of the deflector due to sw irl in the
background.

JUMP WITH NARROWING WALLS GRADUAL:

It includes 2 side w alls straight, converging in flow direction, w hose
main objective is to raise the depth of w ater at the end of jump ski to
bring about a greater disintegration of the atmosphere w ith respect
to the conventional Jet.
Smooth dipped ski jump

 SPLINED ski jum p

This type of sink contains stretch marks on the deflector to
separate the w ater, high speed Jet out of the edge w ith one
angle less, and only part of the high speed Jet is giving to the
surface. This form occurs turbulence minor on the surface of
the landfill, thus avoiding its erosion. This type of sink is more
efficient than the heatsink smooth skiing, since the w ater flow is
divided by Striae accelerating the dispersal of pow er, heatsink
type ribbed ski may or not be submerged depending on the
depths of the runw ay.

JUMP WITH ONE SIDE ONLY GRADUAL NARROWING

It is characterized by having a side deflector in the ski jump
conventional w hich allow s guiding or directing the Jet w aters dow n
tow ard the center of the runw ay.

Splined Sky Jump

Both w ith equal hydraulic performance and w ith the same

characteristics, w hich differ only in the w ay out of the w ater.

TYPES OF SKY JUMP:

CONVENTIONAL JUMP:
It is the most common of this type of sink is basically defined by a
rectangular concave longitudinal bottom (spoon) channel defined by
a radius of curvature The output of this terminal structure can be
horizontal or can have an inclination in counterslope (departure
angle).
JUMP WITH VARIABLE HEIGHT THRESHOLD.
It consists of a ski jumping arranged Deflectors that fit across the
w idth of the bucket, w here each baffle has a different RADIUS of
curvature that causes the output of the ski has different launch angle
and height.

JUMP WITH DEFLECTORS:

HYDRAULIC DESIGN:

9
THE JET PATH:
The path of the discharge stream can be calculated w ith the
equation:

Where:
x, y = coordinates of a Cartesian system w ith origin at the
lip of the tray.
Α = angle that forms the lip of the bucket w ith the
horizontal.
d = the dump load.
h = height of the Weir.
v = velocity initial jump.
DEPARTURE ANGLE:
It is recommended that the exit angle does not exceed 30 °. The
greater the exit angle, the greater the distance of the spray and
scour depth w ill be greater.

ELEVATION OF THE SKI JUMPING:

According to Nuray Denli, the output of the jump jet ski lift must be
30 to 50% of the height of the dam and must be above the
dow nstream level to prevent abrasion of the ladle by bedding or
damage material input by cavitation due to the variation of the
immersion of the ladle.

RADIO TRAY:
In order to avoid pressure on the template, the radii of the tray
should be large; suggested the follow ing conditions:

Where:
R = radius of the Cuvette baffle, m.
d = tie rod out, m.
v = output speed, m/s.

DEPTH LIMIT SCOUR WELL:

The depth limit of the scour pit can be calculated w ith the equations
of Veronese, 1983:

Where:
DS = maximum depth of scour below the level of the
backw aters, m.
Ht= fall from the highest level of the Jet to the level of
haven, m.
q = unit expenditure, m3/s.

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