TREATMENT MODALITIES

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
Is a method of bringing about change in a person by exploring his/her
feelings, attitudes, thinking, and behavior
People generally seek this kind of therapy based on their desire:
To understand themselves and their behavior
To make personal changes
To improve interpersonal relationships
To get relief from emotional pain or unhappiness
GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY
Is a number of persons who gather in a face to face setting to accomplish
tasks that requires cooperation, collaboration, or working together
Group content refers to what is said in the context of a group, including
educational material, feelings and emotions, or discussions of the project
to be completed

STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT

Beginning/Initial Stage
Working stage
Final stage/Termination
Beginning/Initial Stage
Member introduce themselves
Purpose of the group is discussed
Rules and expectations are reviewed
Working stage
Members begin to focus on the purpose/task the develop group need to
accomplished.
Cohesiveness must be develop for the members to feel free to share
opinions positive/negative.
COHESIVENESS is evidenced when members value one anothers
contribution to the group, members thinks of themselves as we and
share responsibility for the work of the group.
Final stage
Focuses on group accomplishments and growth of each members.
Group Leadership
Designated to lead a group
Formal /Informal focuses on group process and group content.
Task: giving feedback, suggestions, encourage participation from all
members, eliciting responses from those quiet members, setting limits
for those who want to monopolize etc.
Therapeutic Results of Group Therapy

Gaining new info/learning

Gaining inspiration or hope
Interacting with others
Feeling acceptance and belonging
Becoming aware that one is not alone, and that others share the same
problems
Gaining insight into ones problems and behaviors and how they affect
others
Giving of oneself for the benefit of others.

TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY GROUPS

FAMILY THERAPY focus on understanding:
How family dynamics contribute to the clients psychopathology
Mobilizing familys functional resources
Restructuring maladaptive family behavioural styles
Strengthening family problem-solving behaviour.
FAMILY EDUCATION
Includes discussion on the clinical tx of mental illness and teaches family
the knowledge and skills how to cope effectively
Use to family with family member suffering from schizophrenia, bipolar
disorders, clinical depression, panic disorder and obsessive compulsive
disorder
EDUCATION GROUP
Provide information to members on a specific issue.
Ex: stress management, medication management, Assertiveness training
SUPPORT GROUP
Are organized to help members who share a common problem to cope
with it. It provides a safe place for group members to express their
feelings of frustration, boredom or unhappiness, and to discuss problems
and potential solutions.
Ex: cancer or stroke victims, persons with AIDS, family members of
someone who has committed suicide
Self Help Groups
Members share a common experience
Locally/Nationally organized.
Ex. Alcoholic Anonymous
Parents without Partners
Gamblers Anonymous
Al-Anon
Rules: Confidentiality is observe and information must not be divulged
Complementary and Alternative therapies

Complementary Medicines includes therapies used with conventional

medicine practices (Medical Model)
Alternative Medicines includes therapies used in place of conventional
treatment Regulated by NCCAM
Ex. St. Johns wort
Integrative Medicine combination of conventional & CAM
Alternative medical systems Homeopathic &naturopathic medicines,
herbal and nutritional therapy, restorative physical exercises (Yoga, Tai-chi,)
meditation, acupuncture, remedial massage.
Mind Body Intervention
Includes : meditation, prayer, mental healing creative therapy using
art, music, dance.
Biologically Based Therapy
Substances found in nature ex. Herbs, food and vitamins, dietary
supplement, medicinal teas, aromatherapy etc.
Manipulative and Body Based Therapies
Based on manipulation or movement of one or more parts of the body
Ex. Massage, chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation.
Energy Therapies
2 types:
Biofield therapeutic touch, qi gong, Reiki
Bioelectric based therapy unconventional use of electromagnetic field

OPEN GROUPS
Are on-going and run immediately, allowing members to join or leave the
group as they need to.
CLOSED GROUPS
Are structured to keep the same members in the group for a specified
number of sessions
OTHER TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPIES
1. Psychoanalysis exploration of the unconscious, chiefly through free
association.
2. Patient Government improves morale and strengthen confidence and
cooperation between patients and administration.

3.Ward-Patient Staf provides opportunity for patients to talk and learn

about their situation in the hospital, the function of the staff, patients
relationship with staff members and to propose suggestions for improvement
in the ward living.
4. Occupational Therapy mental, physical activity prescribed to aid an
individuals recovery from disease or injury.
(painting, basketry, sewing, carpentry, sketching, weaving knitting,
needlework, ceramics, toy making, crocheting and flower making)
5. Recreation Therapy activities which revitalizes the patients interest
and helps him to relax and feel refreshed. Provide change from the patients
usual routine.
(radio, parties, singing, ballgames, television, orchestra, arts, indoor games,
dancing, programs, reading)
6. Music Therapy Music is an emotional stabilizer, a means of enriching
peoples lives. Adult patients may demonstrate childish behavior, childrens
dances and singing games must be avoided.
7. Bibliotherapy printed words may be a means of modifying or stimulating
emotions.
Lifts spirit of the depressed client, improves the attention span of the
individual, relieves insomnia, stimulates imagination, and fosters desirable
attitudes and ideals in patients.
Milieu Therapy A scientific manipulation of the environment aimed at
introducing changes in the personality of the patient.
Elements to Manage Environments:
1. Safety
2. Structure
3. Norms
4. Limit Setting
5. Balance
Innovative Psychological Therapies
a. Behavior Therapy determine stimulus for current behavior and then help
the person change that behavior by removing stimulus.
b. Client-Centered Therapy helps the person become self-aware to change
behavior and self concept.
c. Gestalt Therapy helps the person become more aware so he
completes experiences, accepts responsibilities for his life and solves
problems.

d. Rational Emotive Therapy helps the person achieve a more realistic

belief system and to know that he the ability to cope with events.
e. Transactional Analysis helps the person analyze his transactions with
others and have a positive feeling about himself and others.
Somatic Therapy :E.g. ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
- the only form of shock therapy in use
- makes patient more accessible psychotherapy
Psychosurgery
ASSESSMENT
Purpose:
Construct a clear picture of the clients emotional state
Mental capacity
Behavioral function
Factors Influencing Assessment
1. Patients Participation /Feedback
2. Clients Health status
3. Patients Previous experience/misconception re: health care
4. Clients ability to understand
5. Nurses attitude and approach
COMPONENTS OF A PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT
General Appearance Assessment
Hygiene
Grooming
Appropriate dress
Gait
Posture
Activity
Eye contact
Use of cosmetics
Facial expressions
Unusual movements or mannerisms