EE 2209

Electronics-II
Operational Amplifier
Dr. Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET

Basic Op-Amp

Operational amplifier or op-amp, is a very high gain differential

amplifier with a high input impedance (typically a few meg-Ohms)
and low output impedance (less than 100 W).
Note the op-amp has two inputs and one output.

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET

Op-Amp Gain
Op-Amps have a very high gain. They can be connected open-loop or
closed-loop.
Open-loop refers to a configuration where there is no feedback
from output back to the input. In the open-loop configuration
the gain can exceed 10,000.
Closed-loop configuration reduces the gain. In order to control
the gain of an op-amp it must have feedback. This feedback is a
negative feedback. A negative feedback reduces the gain and
improves many characteristics of the op-amp.

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Inverting Op-Amp

The signal input is applied to the inverting () input

The non-inverting input (+) is grounded
The resistor Rf is the feedback resistor. It is connected from the output to
the negative (inverting) input. This is negative feedback.

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Inverting Op-Amp Gain

Gain can be determined from
external resistors: Rf and R1
Av =

Vo R f
=
V i R1

Unity gainvoltage gain is 1

R f = R1
Av =

- Rf
= -1
R1

The negative sign denotes a 180

phase shift between input and
output.

Constant GainRf is a multiple of R1

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Virtual Ground
An understanding of the
concept of virtual ground
provides a better
understanding of how an opamp operates.
The non-inverting input pin is
at ground. The inverting input
pin is also at 0 V for an AC
signal.

The op-amp has such high input impedance

that even with a high gain there is no
current from inverting input pin, therefore
there is no voltage from inverting pin to
groundall of the current is through Rf.

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Practical Op-Amp Circuits

Inverting amplifier
Noninverting amplifier
Unity follower
Summing amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator

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Inverting/Noninverting Op-Amps
Inverting Amplifier

Vo =

- Rf
V1
R1

Noninverting Amplifier

Rf
Vo = (1 +
)V1
R1

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Unity Follower

Vo = V1

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Summing Amplifier
Because the op-amp has a
high input impedance, the
multiple inputs are
treated as separate inputs.
R

R
R
Vo = - f V1 + f V2 + f V3
R2
R3
R1

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Integrator
The output is the integral
of the input. Integration
is the operation of
summing the area under
a waveform or curve over
a period of time. This
circuit is useful in lowpass filter circuits and
sensor conditioning
circuits.

1
v o (t) = v 1 (t)dt

RC

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Differentiator
The differentiator
takes the derivative of
the input. This circuit
is useful in high-pass
filter circuits.

dv 1 (t)
v o (t) = - RC
dt

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Op-Amp SpecificationsDC Offset Parameters

Even when the input voltage is zero, there can be an

output offset. The following can cause this offset:

Input offset voltage

Input offset current
Input offset voltage and input offset current
Input bias current

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Input Offset Voltage (VIO)

The specification sheet for an op-amp indicate an
input offset voltage (VIO).
The effect of this input offset voltage on the output
can be calculated with

Vo(offset) = VIO

R1 + R f
R1

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Output Offset Voltage Due to Input Offset Current (IIO)

If there is a difference between the dc bias currents for the same

applied input, then this also causes an output offset voltage:
The input offset Current (IIO) is specified in the specifications
for the op-amp.
The effect on the output can be calculated using:

Vo(offset due to I IO ) = I IO R f

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Total Offset Due to VIO and IIO

Op-amps may have an output offset voltage due to both
factors VIO and IIO. The total output offset voltage will be
the sum of the effects of both:
Vo (offset) = Vo (offset due to VIO ) + Vo (offset due to I IO )

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Input Bias Current (IIB)

A parameter that is related to input offset current (IIO) is called
input bias current (IIB)
The separate input bias currents are:
I IB
= I IB -

I IO
2

+
I IB
= I IB +

I IO
2

The total input bias current is the average:

+
I IB
+ I IB
I IB =
2

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Frequency Parameters
An op-amp is a wide-bandwidth amplifier. The following
affect the bandwidth of the op-amp:
Gain
Slew rate

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Gain and Bandwidth

The op-amps high frequency
response is limited by
internal circuitry. The plot
shown is for an open loop
gain (AOL or AVD). This means
that the op-amp is operating
at the highest possible gain
with no feedback resistor.
In the open loop, the op-amp
has a narrow bandwidth. The
bandwidth widens in closedloop operation, but then the
gain is lower.

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Slew Rate (SR)

Slew rate (SR) is the
maximum rate at which an
op-amp can change output
without distortion.

Vo
SR =
t

(in V/ms)
The SR rating is given in
the specification sheets as
V/ms rating.

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Maximum Signal Frequency

The slew rate determines the highest frequency of
the op-amp without distortion.

SR
2 Vp

where VP is the peak voltage

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General Op-Amp Specifications

Other ratings for op-amp found on specification sheets
are:
Absolute Ratings
Electrical Characteristics
Performance

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Absolute Ratings

These are common

maximum ratings
for the op-amp.

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Electrical Characteristics

Note: These ratings are for specific circuit conditions, and they often
include minimum, maximum and typical values.

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CMRR
One rating that is unique to op-amps is CMRR or common-mode
rejection ratio.
Because the op-amp has two inputs that are opposite in phase
(inverting input and the non-inverting input) any signal that is common
to both inputs will be cancelled.
Op-amp CMRR is a measure of the ability to cancel out common-mode
signals.

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Op-Amp Performance

The specification sheets will also

include graphs that indicate the
performance of the op-amp over
a wide range of conditions.

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Op-Amp Applications
Constant-gain multiplier
Voltage summing
Voltage buffer
Controlled sources
Instrumentation circuits
Active filters

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Constant-Gain Amplifier
Inverting Version

more
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Constant-Gain Amplifier
Noninverting Version

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Multiple-Stage Gains
The total gain (3-stages) is given by:

A = A1 A 2 A 3
or

R f R f R f
A = 1 +

R 1 R2 R3

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Voltage Summing

The output is the sum

of individual signals
times the gain:
R

R
R
Vo = - f V1 + f V2 + f V3
R2
R3
R1

[Formula 14.3]
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Voltage Buffer
Any amplifier with no gain or loss is called a unity gain
amplifier.
The advantages of using a unity gain amplifier:
Very high input impedance
Very low output impedance
Realistically these circuits
are designed using equal
resistors (R1 = Rf) to avoid
problems with offset
voltages.

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Controlled Sources
Voltage-controlled voltage source
Voltage-controlled current source
Current-controlled voltage source
Current-controlled current source

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Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source

The output voltage
is the gain times the
input voltage. What
makes an op-amp
different from other
amplifiers is its
impedance
characteristics and
gain calculations
that depend solely
on external
resistors.

Noninverting Amplifier Version

more

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Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source

The output voltage
is the gain times the
input voltage. What
makes an op-amp
different from other
amplifiers is its
impedance
characteristics and
gain calculations
that depend solely
on external
resistors.

Inverting Amplifier Version

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Voltage-Controlled Current Source

The output current

is:

Io =

V1
= kV1
R1

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Current-Controlled Voltage Source

This is simply another way
of applying the op-amp
operation. Whether the
input is a current
determined by Vin/R1 or as
I1 :
Vout =

- Rf
Vin
R1

or

Vout = -I 1 R L

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Current-Controlled Current Source

This circuit may appear
more complicated than
the others but it is really
the same thing.

R
Vout = - f Vin
R in
Vout
Vin
=Rf
R 1 || R 2
Vout
V
= - in
Rf
R in

Io = -

Vin
R 1 || R 2

R + R2

I o = - Vin 1
R

R
2
1
V R + R2

I o = - in 1
R 1 R 2

R
I o = - I 1 + 1 = kI
R2

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Instrumentation Circuits
Some examples of instrumentation circuits using opamps:
Display driver
Instrumentation amplifier

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Display Driver

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Instrumentation Amplifier

For all Rs at the same value (except Rp):

2R
(V1 - V2 ) = k (V1 - V2 )
Vo = 1 +
RP

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Active Filters
Adding capacitors to op-amp circuits provides external control of the
cutoff frequencies. The op-amp active filter provides controllable
cutoff frequencies and controllable gain.
Low-pass filter
High-pass filter
Bandpass filter

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Low-Pass FilterFirst-Order

The upper cutoff frequency

and voltage gain are given
by:

f OH =

1
2 R 1C1

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Av = 1 +

Rf
R1

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Low-Pass FilterSecond-Order

The roll-off can be made steeper by adding more RC networks.

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High-Pass Filter

The cutoff frequency is determined by:

f OL =

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1
2 R 1C1

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Bandpass Filter
There are two cutoff
frequencies: upper and
lower. They can be
calculated using the same
low-pass cutoff and highpass cutoff frequency
formulas in the
appropriate sections.

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