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Titanium

Titanium uses

Titanium:historyanddevelopment
Titanium:reservesandproduction

Titaniumhasbeentraditionallyusedasalightweight,extremelystrongandexceedinglycorrosionresistant

Titanium:processing

materialinaircraft,electricpowerplants,seawaterdesalinationplants,andheatexchangers.Morerecently,it

Titanium:uses

hasfoundincreasingapplicationsinconsumerproducts,sportinggoodsandinformationtechnology(IT)

Titanium:industrystandards

equipmentbymakinguseofitsaestheticsurfaceappearanceandluxuriousfeel.
Thousandsoftitaniumalloyshavebeendevelopedandthesecanbegroupedinto

Ti:associationsandcompanies
Titanium:industrynews

fourmaincategories.Theirpropertiesdependontheirbasicchemicalstructureand

Titaniumdioxide

thewaytheyaremanipulatedduringmanufacture.Someelementsusedformaking

Titaniumsponge

alloysincludealuminum,molybdenum,cobalt,zirconium,tinandvanadium.Alpha
phasealloyshavetheloweststrengthbutareformableandweldable.Alphaplusbeta
alloyshavehighstrength.Nearalphaalloyshavemediumstrengthbuthavegood
creepresistance.Betaphasealloyshavethehigheststrengthofanytitaniumalloysbuttheyalsolackductility.
Thereisadifferencebetweencountriesontitaniumapplications.Whileaerospaceaccountsforhalfofthe
titaniumdemandintheUS,EuropeandRussia,industrialapplications,particularlyinchemicalplants,dominate
inAsia.Thesedifferentiatedmarketswillcontinuetobethemaindemanddriversbehindagrowthof4.6%py(in
thepastyear)throughto2018.

Aerospace
Theaerospaceindustryisthelargestuseroftitaniumproducts.Itisa
usefulmaterialforthisindustrybecauseofitshighstrengthtoweightratio
andhightemperatureproperties.Titaniumistypicallyusedforairplaneparts
andfasteners.Thesesamepropertiesmaketitaniumusefulforthe
productionofgasturbineengineswhileitisalsousedforotherpartssuchas
thecompressorblades,casings,enginecowlingsandheatshields.
Theexpansioninuseoftitaniumwithintheaerospacemarketcanbeattributedtoseveralfactors,including
thedemandforneweraircraftdesignswithincreasedCFRP(carbonfiberreinforcedpolymer[orplastic])
composition.Bysharingthesamethermalexpansionratesasmanypopularcompositematerials,titaniumis
highlyfavoredasacompositeinterfacematerial.
ThenewBoeing787Dreamlinerisestimatedtouse15percenttitaniumbyweight,5percentmorethan
steelandissurelytheexemplarfortheincreaseduseoftitaniumincommercialaircraftmanufacturing.
Increasedtitaniumuseinthisaircraftdirectlycorrespondswiththatofcompositecomponentsbasedonthe
materialscompatibility.Theriseincompositedesign,constructionanduseisastrongindicatorofadditional
increasesintitaniumpartproduction.

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Currentindustryprojectionsfortitaniumindicatea40percentincreaseindemandby2015.Anticipatingthis
growth,manymajorproducersoftitaniumhaveannouncedplanstoincreasetheirproductioncapacities.
Militaryaircraft
Titaniumhasbeenusedinaircraftfornearly60yearsnow,especiallyin
militaryaircraft.FortytwopercentofthestructuralweightoftheLockheed
MartinF22Raptor,whichenteredserviceintheUSattheendof2005,
consistsoftitanium.Andevenbackinthe60s,some93percentofthe
LockheedSR71Blackbirdsstructuralweightconsistedoftitaniumalloys.Itis
alsousedintheLockheedMartinJSF(accountingforaroundathirdoftheaircraftbyweight),andintheAirbus
A350andA380commercialairliners.
Theimportanceoftitaniumintheaerospaceindustrycannotbeoverstated.Accordingtothelatestfigures
fromtheUSGeologicalSurvey,in2012,some72percentoftitaniummetalconsumedintheUSwasusedin
aerospaceapplications,withtheremaining28percentbeingusedinarmor,chemicalprocessing,marine,
medical,powergeneration,sportinggoods,andothernonaerospaceapplications.
Globally,astheEnglishmetalresearchhouseRoskillInformationServicessaysinanoverviewofits
forthcomingreportonthemetal(TitaniumMetal:MarketOutlookto2018),withtheincreaseduseof
composites,particularlycarboncompatiblereinforcedpolymers(CFRP)inthemanufactureoflargepassenger
aircraft:titaniumspositionasakeymaterialintheaerospaceindustryisassuredandgrowing.

Ocean engineering
Peoplehavebeendevelopingusingtheoceanresourcesincethetechnologyallowsustodoitandtheland
resourceisgettingexhausted.Titaniumisappealingforoceanengineeringapplicationsbecauseofitsexcellent
corrosionresistancefeature.Thereforeagreatmanyoftitaniumproductshavebeenappliedtothedesalination
ofseawater,aswellasforvesselsandexplorationofoceanresources.

Asearlyasthe1960s,Chinahadbeguncarryingoutapplicationresearchintotheuseoftitaniumin
vessels.Withmucheffort,asoundsystemofvesselgradetitaniumwasestablished.Titaniumenjoysunique
advantageswhenappliedtovesselsandthemarineindustry.Submarines,bathyvessels,atomicicebreakers,
hydrofoils,hovercrafts,minesweepersandpropellersallhavetitaniuminthem.

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ThoughChinahasasoundsystemforvesselgradetitaniumandthetitaniumusedonvesselsisgrowing,
manykeytechnologieshaventyetbeengraspedduetothelackofcooperationbetweenresearch
organizations,materialresearchinstitutionsandvesselcompanies.
InRussia,titaniumconsumptiononvesselshasreached15%20%,meaningthetitaniummarketwillbe
boosteddramatically,reachinghundredsofbillionsofdollarsinmarketvalue.Oilexplorationandexploitationwill
bethenextpotentialmarketfortitanium.Justoneoffshoreoildrillingplatformrequires1,5002,000tonnesof
titanium.Chinaplanstoconstruct70platformsinthenext35years,andconsumptionoftitaniumwillreach140
thousandtonnes.Inaddition,Chinahasagreatneedfordesalinationandcoastalpowerstations,andifcost
reductionsandqualityimprovementscanbeachieved,thetitaniummarketsprospectswillbeverybright.

Medical
Thelistoftitaniumsbenefitsislengthy.Thismakesitincredibly
usefulforanumberofdifferentindustries,includingtheautomotive,
aerospaceandarchitecturalworlds.Butbecausetitaniumresists
corrosion,isbiocompatibleandhasaninnateabilitytojoinwithhuman
bone,ithasbecomeastapleofthemedicalfield,aswell.Fromsurgical
titaniuminstrumentstoorthopedictitaniumrods,pinsandplates,
medicalanddentaltitaniumhastrulybecomethefundamentalmaterial
usedinmedicine.
Commontitaniumapplicationsintermsofmedicalindustry:
Hipandkneejoints
Bonescrews
Boneplates
Dentalimplants
Surgicaldevices
Pacemakercases
Spectacleframes
Heartvalves
Pharmaceuticalequipment
Wheelchairs
Itisexpectedthatusesfortitaniumwithinthebiomedicalindustrywill
onlycontinuetogrowinthecomingyears.Withthebabyboomer
demographiccontinuingtoageandourhealthindustrypushingpeopleto
livemoreactivelives,itsonlylogicalthatthemedicalindustrywillcontinue
researchingnewandinnovativeusesforthispopularmetalalloy.Andwith
healthcarereformacurrentmajorissue,titaniumscostefficiencyaddsevenmoreappealtothoselookingtocut
healthcarecosts.

Automotive
Inthefieldofautomobiles,titaniumfounditsfirstapplicationwithintheenginepartsofracingcarsearlyin
the1980s.Sincethen,therangeofapplicationsfortitaniumhasexpandedtoincludeitsapplicationinthe
mufflersystemsofsupershorttypebikesandlimitedmodelsofhighperformancecars.
Becauseofitsgreatstrengthandlowdensity,combinedwithvirtualimmunitytocorrosionintheautomotive
environment,titaniumoffersmanyattractionsforuseinautomobileapplications.Despiteitsadvantages,

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however,titaniumhasntyetfoundawidespreadusebecausetheautomotiveindustryisverypricesensitive.
Thecostoftitaniumisrelativelyhigherthanthatforsteeloraluminumalloys.However,forsomeapplications
titaniumisattractinggreatinterest.
Productionpassengerautomobilecomponentswhichcouldbenefitfrom
usingoftitaniumincludeenginevalves,connectingrodsandvalvespring
retainers,aswellasvalvesprings.However,untilrecentlytheuseoftitaniumin
thefamilyautomobilehadnotprogressedbeyondtheprototypedstagebecause
ofthehighcostoftitaniumcomparedtocompetingmaterials.Therearetwo
majorobstaclesthatmustbeovercomeiftitaniumistobeusedinhighvolume
production.

Chemical
Accordingtoasurvey,inChina,titaniumisprimarilyusedinchemicalapplicationssuchasheatexchanger
(57%),titaniumanode(20%),titaniumcontainer(16%)andothers(7%).Inthechemicalindustry,chloralkali
andsodiumcarbonatearemajorconsumersoftitanium.

Recreational uses
Titaniumdistributorsarequicklyfindingmorewidespreadusesfortitaniumtubinginrecreationalproducts,
includingsportsequipmentsuchasbicycles,golfclubsandtennisracquets.Titaniumsheetandwireisnowan
attractivealternativetootherspecialmetalsusedinthejewelryindustry,particularlyinweddingjewelry.
In2008,titaniumconsumptiononsportsequipmentaccountedfor13%ofthetotalinChina,withgolfheads
andgolfclubsaloneconsumingover1,000tonnes.Bicyclesmadewithtitaniumalloyframesarealsocatching
on,andtherearenearly50companiescurrentlydoingbusinessinthetitaniumbicyclesfield.Foralongtimethe
UShasbeenthebiggesttitaniumbicycleproducerandconsumer.Spectacleframesareanotherfamous
applicationoftitaniumduetoitsextraordinarylightnessandlesstendencytobelessallergenictoskin.Besides,
afteranodictreatment,titaniumcanbecolorfulwhichmakesitevenmorepopularasaframematerial.

Witheveradvancingtechnologies,applicationsfortitaniumindailylifeareexpandingrapidly,butstill,
AmericaandJapanaretheleadersinthisfield.

Summary

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Major titanium products


TitaniummetalandTiO2pigmentarethetwomainproductsmadefrom
titaniumminerals,anduponthemlargeindustriesdepend.Firstbyfarintermsof
volumeproducedismicrocrystallineTiO2forwhitepigment.Becauseofthe
extremelyhighrefractiveindexofTiO2asrutile(2.6to2.9,orhigherthan
diamond),itisthechiefopacifyingpigmentusedinpaintandotherproductssuch
asplasticsandpaper,notonlyforwhitecolorbutforquitearangeofcolors.
Titaniumdioxidepigmentcommonlyformsmorethan20percentbyweightofsomepaints.Thepigment
industryconsumesmorethan90percentofalltitaniummineralsmined.
Theproductrankedsecondbyvolume,thoughperhapsnotinimportance,is
titaniummetal.Thehighstrengthtoweightratiosandresistancetocorrosionand
hightemperaturesoftitaniummetalandtitaniumbasedalloysmakethemimportant
ingredientsinmanyindustries.Mostimportantistheaircraftindustry,wheretheuse
oftitaniumhasbeengrowingformorethan30years,tothepointthatthecurrent
generationofcommercialairlinerscancontain30percenttitaniumbyweight.
Anothertrendduringrecenttimeshasbeenadiversificationoftitaniummetalusesinotherindustries.Many
industriestakeadvantageoftitaniumscorrosionresistance,asinheatexchangersanddesalinationplants.
1.Titaniumsponge
2.Titaniumdioxidepigment

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