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Titanium
Titanium uses
Titanium:historyanddevelopment
Titanium:reservesandproduction
Titaniumhasbeentraditionallyusedasalightweight,extremelystrongandexceedinglycorrosionresistant
Titanium:processing
materialinaircraft,electricpowerplants,seawaterdesalinationplants,andheatexchangers.Morerecently,it
Titanium:uses
hasfoundincreasingapplicationsinconsumerproducts,sportinggoodsandinformationtechnology(IT)
Titanium:industrystandards
equipmentbymakinguseofitsaestheticsurfaceappearanceandluxuriousfeel.
Thousandsoftitaniumalloyshavebeendevelopedandthesecanbegroupedinto
Ti:associationsandcompanies
Titanium:industrynews
fourmaincategories.Theirpropertiesdependontheirbasicchemicalstructureand
Titaniumdioxide
thewaytheyaremanipulatedduringmanufacture.Someelementsusedformaking
Titaniumsponge
alloysincludealuminum,molybdenum,cobalt,zirconium,tinandvanadium.Alpha
phasealloyshavetheloweststrengthbutareformableandweldable.Alphaplusbeta
alloyshavehighstrength.Nearalphaalloyshavemediumstrengthbuthavegood
creepresistance.Betaphasealloyshavethehigheststrengthofanytitaniumalloysbuttheyalsolackductility.
Thereisadifferencebetweencountriesontitaniumapplications.Whileaerospaceaccountsforhalfofthe
titaniumdemandintheUS,EuropeandRussia,industrialapplications,particularlyinchemicalplants,dominate
inAsia.Thesedifferentiatedmarketswillcontinuetobethemaindemanddriversbehindagrowthof4.6%py(in
thepastyear)throughto2018.
Aerospace
Theaerospaceindustryisthelargestuseroftitaniumproducts.Itisa
usefulmaterialforthisindustrybecauseofitshighstrengthtoweightratio
andhightemperatureproperties.Titaniumistypicallyusedforairplaneparts
andfasteners.Thesesamepropertiesmaketitaniumusefulforthe
productionofgasturbineengineswhileitisalsousedforotherpartssuchas
thecompressorblades,casings,enginecowlingsandheatshields.
Theexpansioninuseoftitaniumwithintheaerospacemarketcanbeattributedtoseveralfactors,including
thedemandforneweraircraftdesignswithincreasedCFRP(carbonfiberreinforcedpolymer[orplastic])
composition.Bysharingthesamethermalexpansionratesasmanypopularcompositematerials,titaniumis
highlyfavoredasacompositeinterfacematerial.
ThenewBoeing787Dreamlinerisestimatedtouse15percenttitaniumbyweight,5percentmorethan
steelandissurelytheexemplarfortheincreaseduseoftitaniumincommercialaircraftmanufacturing.
Increasedtitaniumuseinthisaircraftdirectlycorrespondswiththatofcompositecomponentsbasedonthe
materialscompatibility.Theriseincompositedesign,constructionanduseisastrongindicatorofadditional
increasesintitaniumpartproduction.
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Currentindustryprojectionsfortitaniumindicatea40percentincreaseindemandby2015.Anticipatingthis
growth,manymajorproducersoftitaniumhaveannouncedplanstoincreasetheirproductioncapacities.
Militaryaircraft
Titaniumhasbeenusedinaircraftfornearly60yearsnow,especiallyin
militaryaircraft.FortytwopercentofthestructuralweightoftheLockheed
MartinF22Raptor,whichenteredserviceintheUSattheendof2005,
consistsoftitanium.Andevenbackinthe60s,some93percentofthe
LockheedSR71Blackbirdsstructuralweightconsistedoftitaniumalloys.Itis
alsousedintheLockheedMartinJSF(accountingforaroundathirdoftheaircraftbyweight),andintheAirbus
A350andA380commercialairliners.
Theimportanceoftitaniumintheaerospaceindustrycannotbeoverstated.Accordingtothelatestfigures
fromtheUSGeologicalSurvey,in2012,some72percentoftitaniummetalconsumedintheUSwasusedin
aerospaceapplications,withtheremaining28percentbeingusedinarmor,chemicalprocessing,marine,
medical,powergeneration,sportinggoods,andothernonaerospaceapplications.
Globally,astheEnglishmetalresearchhouseRoskillInformationServicessaysinanoverviewofits
forthcomingreportonthemetal(TitaniumMetal:MarketOutlookto2018),withtheincreaseduseof
composites,particularlycarboncompatiblereinforcedpolymers(CFRP)inthemanufactureoflargepassenger
aircraft:titaniumspositionasakeymaterialintheaerospaceindustryisassuredandgrowing.
Ocean engineering
Peoplehavebeendevelopingusingtheoceanresourcesincethetechnologyallowsustodoitandtheland
resourceisgettingexhausted.Titaniumisappealingforoceanengineeringapplicationsbecauseofitsexcellent
corrosionresistancefeature.Thereforeagreatmanyoftitaniumproductshavebeenappliedtothedesalination
ofseawater,aswellasforvesselsandexplorationofoceanresources.
Asearlyasthe1960s,Chinahadbeguncarryingoutapplicationresearchintotheuseoftitaniumin
vessels.Withmucheffort,asoundsystemofvesselgradetitaniumwasestablished.Titaniumenjoysunique
advantageswhenappliedtovesselsandthemarineindustry.Submarines,bathyvessels,atomicicebreakers,
hydrofoils,hovercrafts,minesweepersandpropellersallhavetitaniuminthem.
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ThoughChinahasasoundsystemforvesselgradetitaniumandthetitaniumusedonvesselsisgrowing,
manykeytechnologieshaventyetbeengraspedduetothelackofcooperationbetweenresearch
organizations,materialresearchinstitutionsandvesselcompanies.
InRussia,titaniumconsumptiononvesselshasreached15%20%,meaningthetitaniummarketwillbe
boosteddramatically,reachinghundredsofbillionsofdollarsinmarketvalue.Oilexplorationandexploitationwill
bethenextpotentialmarketfortitanium.Justoneoffshoreoildrillingplatformrequires1,5002,000tonnesof
titanium.Chinaplanstoconstruct70platformsinthenext35years,andconsumptionoftitaniumwillreach140
thousandtonnes.Inaddition,Chinahasagreatneedfordesalinationandcoastalpowerstations,andifcost
reductionsandqualityimprovementscanbeachieved,thetitaniummarketsprospectswillbeverybright.
Medical
Thelistoftitaniumsbenefitsislengthy.Thismakesitincredibly
usefulforanumberofdifferentindustries,includingtheautomotive,
aerospaceandarchitecturalworlds.Butbecausetitaniumresists
corrosion,isbiocompatibleandhasaninnateabilitytojoinwithhuman
bone,ithasbecomeastapleofthemedicalfield,aswell.Fromsurgical
titaniuminstrumentstoorthopedictitaniumrods,pinsandplates,
medicalanddentaltitaniumhastrulybecomethefundamentalmaterial
usedinmedicine.
Commontitaniumapplicationsintermsofmedicalindustry:
Hipandkneejoints
Bonescrews
Boneplates
Dentalimplants
Surgicaldevices
Pacemakercases
Spectacleframes
Heartvalves
Pharmaceuticalequipment
Wheelchairs
Itisexpectedthatusesfortitaniumwithinthebiomedicalindustrywill
onlycontinuetogrowinthecomingyears.Withthebabyboomer
demographiccontinuingtoageandourhealthindustrypushingpeopleto
livemoreactivelives,itsonlylogicalthatthemedicalindustrywillcontinue
researchingnewandinnovativeusesforthispopularmetalalloy.Andwith
healthcarereformacurrentmajorissue,titaniumscostefficiencyaddsevenmoreappealtothoselookingtocut
healthcarecosts.
Automotive
Inthefieldofautomobiles,titaniumfounditsfirstapplicationwithintheenginepartsofracingcarsearlyin
the1980s.Sincethen,therangeofapplicationsfortitaniumhasexpandedtoincludeitsapplicationinthe
mufflersystemsofsupershorttypebikesandlimitedmodelsofhighperformancecars.
Becauseofitsgreatstrengthandlowdensity,combinedwithvirtualimmunitytocorrosionintheautomotive
environment,titaniumoffersmanyattractionsforuseinautomobileapplications.Despiteitsadvantages,
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however,titaniumhasntyetfoundawidespreadusebecausetheautomotiveindustryisverypricesensitive.
Thecostoftitaniumisrelativelyhigherthanthatforsteeloraluminumalloys.However,forsomeapplications
titaniumisattractinggreatinterest.
Productionpassengerautomobilecomponentswhichcouldbenefitfrom
usingoftitaniumincludeenginevalves,connectingrodsandvalvespring
retainers,aswellasvalvesprings.However,untilrecentlytheuseoftitaniumin
thefamilyautomobilehadnotprogressedbeyondtheprototypedstagebecause
ofthehighcostoftitaniumcomparedtocompetingmaterials.Therearetwo
majorobstaclesthatmustbeovercomeiftitaniumistobeusedinhighvolume
production.
Chemical
Accordingtoasurvey,inChina,titaniumisprimarilyusedinchemicalapplicationssuchasheatexchanger
(57%),titaniumanode(20%),titaniumcontainer(16%)andothers(7%).Inthechemicalindustry,chloralkali
andsodiumcarbonatearemajorconsumersoftitanium.
Recreational uses
Titaniumdistributorsarequicklyfindingmorewidespreadusesfortitaniumtubinginrecreationalproducts,
includingsportsequipmentsuchasbicycles,golfclubsandtennisracquets.Titaniumsheetandwireisnowan
attractivealternativetootherspecialmetalsusedinthejewelryindustry,particularlyinweddingjewelry.
In2008,titaniumconsumptiononsportsequipmentaccountedfor13%ofthetotalinChina,withgolfheads
andgolfclubsaloneconsumingover1,000tonnes.Bicyclesmadewithtitaniumalloyframesarealsocatching
on,andtherearenearly50companiescurrentlydoingbusinessinthetitaniumbicyclesfield.Foralongtimethe
UShasbeenthebiggesttitaniumbicycleproducerandconsumer.Spectacleframesareanotherfamous
applicationoftitaniumduetoitsextraordinarylightnessandlesstendencytobelessallergenictoskin.Besides,
afteranodictreatment,titaniumcanbecolorfulwhichmakesitevenmorepopularasaframematerial.
Witheveradvancingtechnologies,applicationsfortitaniumindailylifeareexpandingrapidly,butstill,
AmericaandJapanaretheleadersinthisfield.
Summary
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