Timeline of the Libyan Civil War

(2014present)
The following is the timeline of the Libyan Civil War son, Colonel Mohammad Hejazi, spoke of Libyan mili(2014present), which began in May 2014 and is cur- tary forces ghting terrorist formations in the Benghazi
rently ongoing.
districts of Sidi Ferej and Hawari. Hejazi also claimed
that Libyan army forces were now in control of a camp
at Rafallah Al-Sahati. Libya Herald also claimed that an
eyewitness had claimed to have seen tanks belonging to
1 2014
the Saiqa Brigade stationed on the road in front of its
camp at Buatni. The Brigade called for Benghazi resi1.1 1617 May 2014: Operation Dignity dents to avoid districts witnessing the clashes.[4]

oensive in Benghazi
1.1.1

As a result of the ghting the streets of Benghazi were

largely empty and roads into Benghazi were eectively
closed.[4] The ghting also resulted in the closure of
Benina International Airport, near Benghazi.[5]

Fighting

Hostilities rst broke out early in the morning of Friday 16 May 2014 when Gen. Haftars forces assaulted
the bases of certain Benghazi Islamist militia groups, including the one blamed for the 2012 assassination of US
ambassador Christopher Stevens. Helicopters, jets and
ground forces took part in the assault, killing at least 70,
and injuring at least 250. Haftar has vowed to not stop
until the extremists groups are purged.[1][2] Shortly before
the assault Haftar reportedly asked a close friend, Am I
committing suicide?"[3]

The following day, ghters from Rafallah al-Sahati and

the 17 February Brigade also returned to their bases, from
which they had been driven o the previous day.[6]

1.1.2 Haftars subsequent press release

On 17 May, Haftar held a press conference in which
he proclaimed that the current GNC was no longer representing the Libyan people and was illegitimate. He
claimed to have uncovered evidence that the GNC had
opened Libyas borders to avowed terrorists and had invited numerous international Islamist ghters to come to
Libya, oering them Libyan passports. He explained that
his primary aim was to purge Islamist militants from
Libya, specically the terrorist Muslim Brotherhood.[7]

The operation, codenamed Operation Dignity by Haftar, began when forces loyal to General Haftar attacked
units of the February 17th Martyrs Brigade, the Libya
Shield No. 1 Brigade (also known as Deraa No. 1
Brigade), and Ansar al-Sharia. Fighting was largely conned to the south western Benghazi districts of Hawari
and Sidi Ferej. In particular the ghting focused on the
area between the south-western gate checkpoint and the
cement factory; an area controlled by Ansar al-Sharia. As
part of the ghting helicopters were seen over Hawari.
Fighting was also reported in the port area between
marines and the Libya Shield No. 1 (Deraa No. 1)
Brigade.[4]

1.1.3 Government reaction

At a government press conference held as a response

to the Benghazi assault, acting Prime Minister Abdullah
Al-Thinni condemned the move by Haftar as illegal and
Haftars forces seemingly moved on Benghazi from the claimed that the move undermined attempts to confront
al-Sharia a terrorist
east, with some units originating from Marj. Included terrorism. Thinni had called Ansar
[4]
organisation
earlier
in
May
2014.
within these forces were various tribal units. Elements of
the Libyan military in Benghazi then seemingly joined Thinni claimed that only 1 Libyan Air Force plane had
them. There were also unconrmed reports of forces taken part in the clashes, alongside 120 army vehicles,
loyal to Ibrahim Jadhrans Cyrenaica federalist forces although eyewitnesses reported to CNN as having seen
ghting alongside units loyal to Haftar.[4]
multiple aircraft involved in the assault.[8]
Although the Libyan Air Force and marines have close
links with the Saiqa Special Forces Brigade, neither the
Brigade, nor the Benghazi Joint Security Room (BJSR),
were seemingly involved. The BJSR former spokesper-

Major General Abdulsalam Jad Allah Al-Salheen AlObaidi, the Chief of Sta of the Libyan National Army,
also condemned the attack by Haftar, and called forces
loyal to him intruders into Benghazi. Instead Obaidi
1

1 2014

1.3 1920 May 2014: Military commanders endorse Operation Dignity moveThe next day, Libyas army responded to Haftars
ment, some militias oppose it
airstrikes by proclaiming a no-y zone over Benghazi
urged revolutionaries in Benghazi to resist them.[4]

banning all ights over the city in a direct challenge

to Haftar in order to prevent the paramilitary force
On Monday 19 May Col. Wanis Abu Khamada, the
from using air power against Islamist militias in the
commander of Libyas Special Forces, announced that
[9][10][11]
region.
his forces would be joining Haftars operation against Islamist militant groups in Benghazi. Khamadas Special
Forces had previously come under attack from Islamist
1.1.4 Casualties
militants in Benghazi, with dozens of members of the
unit being killed. In his declaration Khamada announced
By the end of the rst day Haftars LNA had seem- that his unit would join Haftars Libyan National Army
ingly suered 4 dead and 24 wounded. LNA dead and with all our men and weapons.[16] Khamada argued that
wounded were taken to a hospital in Marj. The number the operation was the work of the people.[17] By Monof dead and wounded from the Islamist groups was made day the death toll for Fridays clashes had reached 79.[16]
dicult due to Ansar al-Sharias policy of not releasing However, the Tripoli-based Al-Qaeda-inspired Lions of
casualty reports. The 17th February Brigade similarly re- Monotheism group announced that it would ght forces
leased no gures.[4] Overall, the resulting battle claimed loyal to Gen. Haftar.[18]
between 70 and 75 lives.[1]
Forty members of parliament,[19] and the heads of the

1.2

18 May: Operation Dignity oensive in

Tripoli

navy,[20] the air-force,[21] and much of the army have endorsed Haftar. On the evening of 21 May the National
Forces Alliance issued a statement of support of Haftar,
proclaiming that Libyans have found themselves drowning in swamp of terrorism, darkness, killing and destruction. The following day the ocial Libyan news agency
claimed that the Interior Ministry had announced its support for Haftars operation, in direct contrast to the governments denunciation of the operation as a coup.[22]

Gen. Haftars militia allies backed by truck-mounted

anti-aircraft guns, mortars and rocket re attacked parliament, sending lawmakers eeing for their lives as gunmen
ransacked the legislature, declaring the body suspended.
A commander in the military police in Libya read a state- The Libyan Revolutionaries Operations Room issued a
ment announcing the bodys suspension on behalf of a call for serving military personnel to desert, claiming that
group led by Haftar.[12]
they did not need the support of Haftar. The group called
The clashes began on the evening of Sunday 18 May, be- on its forces to temporarily withdraw from the Army, and
ginning rst at the GNC building, before then spreading to disclose to their commanders the names of anyone into Hay Al-Akwakh, particularly in the area of the steel volved in attempting to kill either ocials or members
bridge on the Airport road. Missiles were also reported of the security forces. It would seek the prosecution of
named individuals through the Attorney Generals oce.
to have fallen close to the TV station on Ennasr Street.
Heavy ring was also heard in the Corniche area on the In their announcement LROR claimed that they would
lead the ght against criminals in Libya, and would carry
way to Mitiga airbase. The clashes however died down
on without Haftar or his operation.[23]
[13]
by the late evening.
Later on Sunday evening a group of 5 ocers, who
identied themselves as the Leaders of the Libyan
Army, announced the suspension of the General National
Congress. The ocers, under the lead of the Zintani
former head of Military Intelligence, Col. Muktar Fernana, instead announced that the Constitutional Committee would carry out the work of the GNC. Under
the plan al-Thinnis government was to remain in oce,
and would oversee the formation of military and security
forces. The statement therefore blocked Ahmed Maiteeq
from assuming the position of Prime Minister. Col. Fernana also proclaimed that the Libyan people would never
accept to be controlled by a group or organization which
initiates terror and chaos.[14] Col. Fernana claimed that
Gen. Haftar had assigned a 60-member assembly to take
over from the GNC, with the current government acting
only on an emergency basis.[15]

In a televised statement late Wednesday Haftar appeared

in a military uniform surrounded by military ocers and
accused the current Islamist-led parliament of turning
Libya to a state sponsoring terrorism and a hideout to
terrorists who inltrated the joints of the state, wasted
its resources and controlled its decision making. He asserted that the military wants the continuation of political life and stressed that the new council is a civilian one
in an apparent attempt to defuse fears of militarizing the
state.[24]
Tripoli residents reported several loud explosions earlier that day near the al-Yarmouk air defense barracks.
This came after the air defense top commander Juma
al-Abani released a video message saying he was joining Haftars campaign against Islamists. Heavy ghting
involving anti-aircraft machine guns mounted on trucks
also broke out overnight near an army camp in Tajoura,

1.5

June 2014

an eastern suburb. The city was quiet by dawn. The health ployed in the capital amid a stando with forces loyal to
ministry reported that at least two people from Mali died Haftar.[30] They are under the command of the countrys
in the ghting.[25]
chief of sta who answers to the GNC.[31] This followed
Ansar al-Sharia issued a statement denouncing Haftars calls by the head of the now boycotted GNC and the army
the interests of the
operation as a war against the religious Muslim youth. chief on the Islamist militias to defend[30][32][33]
Islamist
backed
position
of
the
GNC.
The group instead claimed that they had been the subject
of a hate campaign by those against Islam and Sharia, and
that their opponents were the real terrorists. The group instead claimed that they wished to safeguard Muslim blood
and had not hindered the building of Libyas security organisations. The group claimed that the campaign against
them was being conducted by evil television channels
and were led by ex-regime sympathisers and secularists
supported by their masters in the west. The group also
asked tribes to prevent their sons from joining Haftars
forces.[26]

Meanwhile, within the Libyan government itself, an intense power struggle has emerged between Maiteeq and
Thinni for leadership of the Libyan government, including conicting orders and statements.[34] On May 28,
Operation Dignity forces carried out airstrikes on the
February 17th Martyrs Brigade, one of the biggest and
best-trained Islamist militias in eastern Libya. The Islamists allegedly responded with anti-aircraft re.[35][36]

1.5 June 2014

1.4

2231 May 2014: Weekly pro-Haftar On 2 June, ghting re-erupts in Benghazi when Ansar
demonstrations, political and military al-Sharia militants attacked Haftars forces, the latter responding with combat helicopter strikes in the west of the
developments

On both 23 May and 30 May after Friday prayers, tens

of thousands of demonstrators rallied in various cities including Tripoli and Benghazi in support of Gen. Haftar
and his campaign against Islamist militias and also in support of Haftars calls to suspend parliament. In Benghazi,
thousands of pro-Haftar demonstrators gathered outside
Tibesti Hotel and in the citys Tahreer Square, as well as
others in the city of Bayda further east. No to militias, Libya will not become another Afghanistan and
Yes to the army, yes to the police, their banners read.
Meanwhile, crowds in Tripolis Martyrs Square chanted
against the parliament and in support of a national army
and police force to replace the militias that run rampant in the country. They sang the national anthem as
they waved the ag and carried banners that read Yes
to Dignity. They called for an ocial response to the
militias. Libya is in trouble, we want police, we want
army, they chanted. While some Libyans don't back
Haftar and don't want military rule, they support what
he is doing.[27][28][29] The protest, dubbed the Friday of
Dignity, took its name from the oensive launched by
Haftar, one week ago in the eastern city of Benghazi. The
demonstrations were some of the largest the country has
seen since the uprising three years ago and were the rst
since then to be held simultaneously in cities across Libya,
which put more pressure on the embattled Islamist-led
parliament to oer concessions. The interim government
issued a statement in support of Fridays protests and reasserted its proposal this week to suspend parliament.
The participation of tens of thousands [in the protests]
requires all to answer to the demands of the people who
represent legitimacy that can't be ignored, the statement
said.[29]

city. At least 22 people were killed and 70 wounded, with

both sides accusing one another of indiscriminate ring
on residential areas. It started the previous day, when
aircraft pounded one of the militants compounds in region. The education ministry closed schools and postponed exams until the violence is quelled and hospitals
called for blood donations. Residents in south Benghazi
set up checkpoints to avoid being taken by cross-re in
case rival ghters decided to take shelter in their homes.
There was also ghting in the eastern town of Al-Marj
where dozens were wounded.[37][38][39]

The next day, Libyas new prime minister Ahmed

Maiteeq took oce following his previous election by
Libyas Islamist-dominated parliament in a contested
vote. This was during a power struggle between him
and outgoing PM Abdullah al-Thani. Maiteeq was surrounded by an Islamist militia, the Libyan Central Shield,
who escorted him to the cabinet building to assume his
new post and hold his rst cabinet meeting after Al-Thani
ordered his forces guarding the building to stand down in
order to avoid bloodshed. Al-Thani called on the General
National Congress to wait until the countrys Supreme
Constitutional Court decides whether the Maiteeqs election is legal or not, while Islamist lawmakers who back the
new prime minister blamed Al-Thani for Benghazis violence and accused him of failing to restore security and of
preventing the transition of power in favor of Maiteeq.[38]

On 4 June, four people were killed and several others

were wounded, among them was air division chief Gen.
Saghr al-Jerushi, in an assassination attempt on Gen.
Haftar in his home in the town of Abyar east of Benghazi.
Haftar himself survived the attack which took place when
a vehicle exploded in a farmhouse where the general held
his meetings. His spokesman accused Islamist militias of
In opposition to Haftar, Islamist militias from Misrata, being behind the attempt.[40][41] The same day, Michael
known collectively as the Libyan Central Shield, have de- Greub, a 42-year-old Swiss national who was head of the

4
International Committee of the Red Cross sub-delegation
in Misrata, was killed in the city of Sirte when his vehicle was ambushed by masked gunmen right after he left a
meeting with two other colleagues. The attackers opened
re on the car, killing him, while his driver and escort
managed to escape unharmed. Yves Daccord, the ICRCs
director-general condemned the attack and said that the
organization was devastated and outraged.[42]
The Supreme Constitutional Court of Libya said on June
5 that Ahmed Maiteeqs election was illegal. The election of Ahmed Maitiq took place without a majority
of votes and his appointment was unconstitutional, the
court stated. Al Arabiya reported that Abdullah al-Thani
and his interim government left the capital for Bayda
after being threatened by militia groups that support
Maiteeq.[43] The following day, Libyas intelligence chief
Salem al-Hassi submitted his resignation, expressing disapproval over the parliaments insistence on appointing
Maiteeq in contested circumstances.[44] Tarek Mitri, head
of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya, announced an initiative for dialogue bringing together the
countrys political forces, expressing concern over the violence in Benghazi.[45] On the same day, Haftars forces
launched air raids on Islamist bases in Benghazis Sidi
Faraj and al-Qawarsheh and destroyed an ammunition
warehouse in Derna.[46]
On 9 June, the Supreme Constitutional Court gave its nal
ruling on Maiteeqs contested vote, declaring that it was
unconstitutional and invalid without citing a legal basis
for the decision. The GNC accepted the ruling via a statement by the parliaments second deputy speaker. Maiteeq
stepped down shortly after, saying that he would be the
rst to comply with the judiciarys ruling. Abdullah alThani is the caretaker prime minister until congress learns
the courts reasons for deciding Maiteeqs election was
unconstitutional, he said.[47] The next day, Haftar announced that he had agreed to a ceasere deal brokered
by the Crisis Committee appointed by the government
which also includes dialogue with other warring parties.
The deal was attempted to allow Libyans to vote during GNC elections that were to be held on June 25 after
parliament agreed to dissolve itself following a ruling by
the countrys elections commission.[48][49][50] Meanwhile,
Ansar al-Sharia denied reports that it would hold talks
with Haftar. We have not reached agreement with the
Crisis Committee, and we did not even agree to negotiate
with this dictator [Haftar], the group said in a statement.
This came after the body of one of Ansar al-Sharias leaders, Al-Mahdi Saad Abu al-Abyad, was found south of
Derna. However, the militia group added that it would
welcome any talks with tribal leaders instead.[49] On June
11, a suicide car bomber targeted a checkpoint manned
by ghters loyal to Gen. Haftar in Benghazi.[51] The lorry
exploded upon arriving at the post, killing the perpetrator
and injuring ve soldiers, one losing his leg.[52]

1 2014
oensive consisted of tanks and rocket launchers and explosions were heard throughout the city. The generals
spokesman said that the forces managed to capture several senior Islamists, among them were ve militant leaders. An electricity plant near the citys airport was hit by
rockets, causing power outages. The number of casualties
was unclear but hospital sources indicated that 12 people
were killed during the clashes, among them ve soldiers
and three civilians.[53][54]
On 17 June, American special forces and FBI personnel captured Ahmed Abu Khattala, whom they suspect
to have a connection with the 2012 attack in Benghazi
that killed US ambassador Christopher Stevens and three
other American nationals. President Barack Obama said
that Abu Khattalah will face the full weight of the American justice system.[55]
On 22 June, Gen. Haftar gave a 48-hour ultimatum
for Turkish and Qatari nationals to leave eastern Libya,
accusing both countries of supporting terrorism in the
country.[56]
On 26 June, shortly after the elections, Salwa Bughaighis,
a human rights lawyer in Benghazi, who was a critic
of both Muammar Gadda and several of the Islamist
militias which overthrew him, was assassinated in her
home.[57]
Libya Body Count claimed June saw 43 people killed in
ghting.[58]

1.6 July 2014: Operation Dawn and fall of

Benghazi to Anti-Haftar forces
Operation Dawn (2014) redirects to here
See: Battle of Tripoli Airport
Islamist extremists are reported to have killed some
270 lawyers, judges, activists, military ocers, and
policemenactivists in civil societyin the course of
taking over Benghazi in the summer of 2014.[59]

On 13 July, a coalition of military entities and militias,

including the Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room
(LROR) and some brigades from the Misrata Union of
Revolutionaries, such as Hatten, Mercer, and Haraka,[60]
launched an oensive codenamed Operation Dawn
on Tripoli International Airport,[61] thus beginning the
Battle of Tripoli Airport. They were later joined by other
militias from Misrata, Tripoli, and Zawiya, as well as
by Islamist militias, the Knights of Janzour, Amazigh
units, and some militias associated with cities of the Jebel
Nafusa.[62] The following day, the United Nations Support Mission in Libya evacuated its sta after 13 people
were killed in clashes in Tripoli and Benghazi. The ghting, between government forces and rival militia groups,
also forced Tripolis airport to close. A militia, includOn 15 June, Haftars forces launched a new assault on ing members of the LROR, tried to seize control of the
a number of jihadist camps in western Benghazi. The airport from the Qaaqaa & Sawaiq Brigades[63] of the

1.6

July 2014: Operation Dawn and fall of Benghazi to Anti-Haftar forces

Zintani militia, which has controlled it since Gadda

was toppled. Both the attacking and defending militias are believed to be on the ocial payroll.[64][65] In
addition Misrata Airport was closed, due to its dependence on Tripoli International Airport for its operations.
Government spokesman, Ahmed Lamine, stated that approximately 90% of the planes stationed at Tripoli International Airport were destroyed or made inoperable in
the attack, and that the government may make an appeal for international forces to assist in reestablishing
security.[65][66] A week of prolonged ghting between rival militias in Tripoli airport resulted in at least 47 deaths:
the battle involved use of artillery and Grad rockets.[67]

next President of the House of Representatives, was

kidnapped from his Tripoli home in the late afternoon
of the 29 July by an armed group in an ambulance.[76] He
was released several hours later, at 3am in the morning
of the 30 July, without any ransom having been paid.[77]
Abushagur later held a conference on the 1 August in
Tripoli, where he claimed to have been kidnapped by The
Zintani Barq Al-Nasr militia, although he stressed he did
not believe the group to have been acting on behalf of
their city.[78]

MiG crashed into waste ground in Kuwaiya, although

the pilot however managed to eject. Operation Dignity
Spokesperson Mohamed Hejazi claimed that the aircraft
had suered a technical malfunction, and insisted it had
not been shot down.[72] Following the fall of the base,
video footage emerged of Mohamed al-Zahawi, the head
of Ansar al-Sharia, as well as Wissam Ben Hamid, the
leader of Libya Shield 1, standing outside the base.[73]
Saiqa initially denied the loss of the base, although Saiqa
Commander Wani Bukhamada acknowledged the loss by
the afternoon of the 29th.[74] A senior Saiqa ocial later
claimed to the Libya Herald that Saiqa losses in Benghazi
between the 21 and 30 July totaled some 63 dead and 200
wounded. Whilst the ocial was unsure of the number
of Islamist dead, he claimed that it was in the dozens.
The ghting, having involved indiscriminate shelling and
bombing in and around the predominantly residential area
of Buatni, also resulted in dozens of civilians being killed
in crossre.[75]

Aircraft under the command of Brigadier-General Saqr

Geroushi, the commander of Operation Dignity Air
Force units, later launched nighttime air strikes on what
they claimed to be an Ansar al-Sharia base in Ajdabiya,
which had recently been taken by Ansar al-Sharia. Geroushi claimed the target; the compound of a Chinese
construction company, had been being used by Ansar alSharia as an arms depot and a support base for its operations in Benghazi. In response to questions over reported
deaths resulting from exploding arms in the depot, Geroushi claimed he did not know if anyone had been killed
or injured in the raid. Geroushi claimed however that the
assault would continue until Ansar al-Sharia was forced
out of the town. Geroushi also claimed that Ansar alSharia had been taking their wounded from the ghting
in Benghazi to the hospital in Ajdabiya, which he claimed
had been taken over by Islamists. He also claimed the
more severely wounded were being transported to Misrata, and then on to Turkey for treatment.[83]

On 30 July Mohamed Sowan, the leader of the Justice

and Construction Party; the Libyan wing of the Muslim
Brotherhood, voiced support for the ongoing oensive
On 26 July, the United States evacuated its embassy in Tripoli by Islamist militias against Zintani Militias at
in Tripoli, moving all State Department employees to Tripoli International Airport. Sawan claimed the oenTunisia.[68]
sive was a legitimate response to the anti-Islamist Opera[79]
On 27 July, (last day of the fasting month of Ramadan in tion Dignity being led by General Haftar.
Libya) an oil depot near Tripoli International Airport was The same day the leader of Ansar al-Sharia declared that
hit by rocket re, igniting a large blaze. The oil depot has Benghazi is an Islamic Emirate. Protesters opposed to
a capacity of 6 million liters, and nearby liquid gas storage the militia group marched to the al-Jalaa hospital that the
facilities were at risk of being ignited by the blaze. Libyan militants were guarding and temporarily seized it. The
TV stations urged residents to evacuate the area.[69] By 28 protesters also rallied to the special forces base that Ansar
July (Eid al-Fitr day in Libya), reghters had withdrawn al-Sharia captured, but were dispersed when militants
from the site due to ghting in the area, though the re red upon them.[80] By 31 July, Islamist forces aliated
was not yet under control.[70]
with the newly formed Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries, which includes Ansar al-Sharia, was reported
On 29 July, Islamist groups including Ansar al-Sharia
seized a military base in Benghazi that served as the head- to have captured most of Benghazi. Forces loyal to General Haftar appeared to have had the territory under its
quarters of the Saiqa Special Forces Brigade; a unit that
in the region reduced to Benina International Airsupports General Khalifa Haftar.[71] Saiqa Special Forces control
[81]
port.
Speaking to al-Arabiya News, Haftar denied that
ocer Fadel Al-Hassi claimed that Saiqa abandoned the
Benghazi
was under the control of militias, and instead
base, which included both Camp 36 in the Bu Attni disclaimed
that
his National Libyan Army was in control of
trict as well as the special forces school, after coming unthe
city,
claiming
instead that his LNA forces had only
der heavy shelling. The battle for the base involved the
withdrawn
from
certain
positions, and had done so for
use of rockets and warplanes, and resulted in the deaths
[82]
tactical
reasons.
of at least 30 people. During the ghting a pro-Haftar

Mustafa A.G. Abushagur, a politician elected in the July

elections, and who was widely tipped to become the

1.7

1 2014

August 2014

tives decision No. 3, which had been issued on the same

day, and which ordered all sides to commit to an imme[92]
On 1 August, the Libyan Health Ministry announced that diate cease re.
the recent ghting in the greater Tripoli and Benghazi
areas had, up to Wednesday 30 July, resulted in a total of 214 deaths and 981 injuries recorded at hospitals. 1.7.1 Operation Dignity tries to close Benghazi Port
Libya Body Count, an independent NGO, claimed that
July alone had seen over 400 deaths, with 253 recorded On 11 August Brig. Gen. Saqr Adam Geroushi, Command of Operation Dignitys Air Force Units, stated that
in Benghazi, and 130 in Tripoli.[84]
Operation Dignity units would attack any ships attemptOn 2 August, twenty-two people were killed and more ing to enter Benghazi port, despite any orders from Bengthan 70 wounded when a battle broke out in Tripoli Inter- hazi Municipal Council or the Libyan government.[93]
national Airport, during which the government claimed Geroushi claimed that the port was being used by Isthat heavily armed groups attacked civilians, displacing lamist ghters to reinforce and resupply their positions
hundreds of families.[85] Over the next couple of days, in Benghazi, and that reinforcements were being shipped
several missiles landed randomly on the citys airport road to Benghazi form the ports of Mirsata, Ras Lanuf and
and in nearby districts such as Abu Sleem, Seraj and Derna.[93] Operation Dignity Air Units reportedly proKrimea among others. Rocket attacks in Hadba killed ceeded to bomb the port of Derna on August 11.[93]
several people, including a 59-year-old Indian worker. In
Tripolis western suburb of Janzour, the local Fursan Jan- Operation Dignity forces had previously ordered the port
zour militia as well as the National Mobile Forces camp, to close, although the Benghazi council had announced
[93]
The
which is part of the Misrata-led Operation Dawn and al- on 9 August that the port would remain open.
same
day
Operation
Dignity
spokesperson
Mohamed
Helied to the militia, came under attack and were overrun
jazi
claimed
all
shipping
to
or
from
the
ports
of
Misrata
by Zintans Barq al-Nasr Brigade, backed by Warshefana
[93]
Instead all shipforces. The number of fatalities during the ghting is un- or Derna would also be red upon.
ping
was
ordered
to
redirect
to
the
Operation
Dignity
known. Libyas Red Crescent estimated that 2,500 fami[93]
[86]
stronghold
of
Tobruk.
lies were forced to ee during the violence.
On 5 August, Warshefana forces captured Camp 27, an
important military barracks, in an overnight joint operation with the Zintanis from Libya Shield 1, an Islamist militia.[87] On 6 August 2014, the Benghazi Revolutionary Shura Council announced that they had seized
three additional army bases in Benghazi, seizing a large
number of heavy weapons and armored vehicles in the
process.[88] On 7 August 2014, Camp 27 was reported to
have been retaken by forces aliated with the Operation
Libya Dawn coalition.[89]
On Sunday 10 August Maj. Gen. Abdulsalam Al-Obaidi,
the Chief of Sta of the Libyan National Army, gave evidence in a three-hour session before the newly elected
House of Representatives in Tobruk.[90] During the session Obaidi claimed he had no control over the various government funded rebel groups.[91] Speaking about
the Libya Shield Force, Obaidi claimed he had no way to
nd out how many soldiers were ghting under the Force,
and also claimed to have no way to either reform the
group or change its leadership.[91] Mohammed el-Jarh,
a Libyan analyst based in Tripoli, claimed that members of the House of Representatives were determined
to hold Obaidi accountable after his comments.[91] Benghazi representative Salih al-Shawihidi denied that there
were plans to replace Obaidi with Saad al-Qatrani.[91]
The following day a letter that had been sent by Obaidi
to numerous militias on the 6 August was leaked on the
internet. In the letter Obaidi instructed all groups, including the Libya Shield Forces which are ocially under his
command, and which he had assigned to Tripoli, to stop
ghting. The letter reected the House of Representa-

1.7.2 Assassination in Tripoli

On 12 August, masked gunmen shot dead Col. Muhammad Swaysi, head of Tripolis police department, when
his car was ambushed by two other vehicles after he left a
meeting with local authorities in the Tajoura suburb. Two
of his colleagues were kidnapped when they attempted to
leave the car.[94] Suways was a supporter of Haftars Operation Dignity, and had come out against the Misrata-led
Operation Libya Dawn. Earlier in the week Suways, who
was in charge of security in Tripoli, had ordered Tripolis
police ocers to return to work, as Tripolis police ocers had not been in active service since the Civil War. A
group calling itself the Ocial Operations Room, said to
be linked with the LROR, claimed on its Facebook page
that Misratan militias, with the help of others from Suq
al-Huma, had arrested four individuals who it accused of
planning to take over a camp in Tajoura. The group described the four as Gadda supporters, and claimed two,
including Suways, had been killed.[95]

1.7.3 House votes to disband militias & calls for UN

support
On 13 August the House of Representatives passed a
law disbanding all ocially recognized and funded militias formed after the 2011 February revolution, including Joint Operations Rooms[96] in an eort to strip the
various groups of the legitimacy they claim to have been

1.7

August 2014

bestowed on them by the GNC & various government blamed Gen. Khalifa Haftars forces. Operation Dignity
ministries.[97]
forces initially denied any involvement, adding that they
[100]
However, Haftars air
Out of the 104 Representatives present 102 voted in only provided the coordinates.
chief,
Gen.
Saqr
Geroushi,
later
conrmed
his forces in[96]
favour of the motion.
A deadline of 31 December
volvement
in
a
statement
to
Reuters.
We,
the
Operation
[96]
2014 was given for implementing the law. The House
Dignity,
ocially
conrm
to
have
conducted
air strikes
had tried to pass the law the previous day although had
on
some
militias
locations
belonging
to
Misrata
militias,
[98]
failed to agree on the laws wording. In spite of the law
[102]
Geroushi
also
added
that
a
munitions
base at
he
said.
[97]
it was unclear how it would be enforced.
Sdada, south of Misrata, had also been bombed.[100]
A Libyan lawmaker speaking to Reuters claimed the law
to cover all armed brigades, including all the Shields
and Qaqaa and Sawaiq.[97] Ali Saedy, Representative for 1.7.5 Towns reject House of Representatives
Wadi Shatti, in live comments on Libyan TV, claimed
that the law had been passed by a large majority of the The same weekend delegations from the cities of Misrata,
House. He claimed that some of those opposed to the Khoms, Zliten and Emsalata travelled to Sebha to in an
law felt that the time was not right to dissolve all Libyan attempt to try and persuade the local council and civil somilitias, whilst others were opposed due to having dier- ciety organisations to order the areas nine representatives
[103]
ent opinions or ideologies.[96] Ali Tekbali, a Representa- in the new House of Representatives to withdraw.
tive for Tripoli, claimed that the reason only 104 of the Several days later the Sebha Municipal Council building
Houses 200 members took part was because many Rep- was stormed by armed men who prevented council oresentatives were unable to attend the vote in Tobruk due cials from reading a joint statement on Operation Dawn.
One ocial claimed those responsible were members of
to being busy with various business.[96]
the Awlad Sulaiman tribe, which is opposed to Operation
The same day the House also called for the United NaDawn.[104]
tions & the Security Council to intervene in Libya in order
to protect civilians & government institutions.[97] Repre- On 19 August, the Amazigh towns of Nalut and Kabaw
sentative Saedy claimed that the House had been forced in the Nafusa Mountains announced a boycott of the
into calling for international support after the House' calls House of Representatives, which they claimed was
unconstitutional.[103] The Nalut Municipal Council, along
for a ceasere were ignored.[96]
with Naluts revolutionary brigades and civil society organisations called on Salem Ignan, the towns representa1.7.4 Clashes in Benghazi and airstrikes in Tripoli tive, to withdraw from the parliament, which they claimed
had an obvious bias towards Haftars Operation Dignity,
On 17 August, the Al-Saiqa special forces abandoned as seen in the fact that it was based in Tobruk. The Kabaw
their last stronghold in the city, Benina Airport. They town leadership claimed that they would not recognise
were pushed out through Gwarsha into Benghazis Bu- any decisions made by the new parliament, and also that
atni district where Operation Dignity forces had asked the towns representative, Ali Al-Asawi, did not, and had
the residents to leave the area for their safety. The head never, represented the town. Both towns in particular reof Al-Saiqa said that the unit took over the airport road jected the Houses call for foreign intervention in Libya
which was held by Ansar al-Sharia, adding that the Is- in response to the upsurge in violence. Despite the timlamist group had been ring shells into Buatnis surround- ing of the announcements, the boycotts were seen as havings and that heavy clashes took place in Ard Bayera.[99] ing more to do with long standing Amazigh boycott of
Later that day, unidentied warplanes bombarded a the parliament over the issue of Amazigh representation,
number of positions in Tripoli, including the Islamist- and less to do with the opposition to the parliament from
held Wadi Rabie camp and an ammunition store owned Misrata and Islamist groups. It was immediately unclear
from the towns would boycott
by Misratas Hattin Brigate in the town of Qasr bin whether the representatives
[103]
the
parliament.
Ghashir near the citys international airport. Five people were killed and more than 30 were wounded during the overnight operation. The government conrmed
the incident and the Libyan armed forces chief of sta,
Gen. Abdulsalam Al-Obaidi, said that the attack involved two unidentied aircraft powered by laser-guided
smart bombs and missiles red from a 7 to 8 kilometers
altitude.[100] He also said that the governments air force
was not equipped with such weaponry and did not have
the required technology nor the capacity to carry out the
raids.[101] Furthermore, none of the countrys militias are
known to have warplanes. The Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room (LROR) allied to the Misratan brigades

The following day leaders in Tarhuna released a statement

announcing their opposition to the House of Representatives and their support for Operation Dawn. The town
released a joint statement from the towns revolutionaries,
Local Council, Military Council, Elders, Shura Council
and a number of civil society organisations, in which they
announced that the towns four representatives in the parliament did not represent the town, and represented only
themselves. The town leaders also rejected all decisions
made by the parliament, especially its recent call for a foreign intervention in Libya. The statement denounced the
call as a agrant violation of the sovereignty of Libya

1 2014

and a betrayal of the will of the Libyan people, and

claimed that the airstrikes conducted several days prior
against Operation Dawn were the result of the decision.
The groups also declared that they had set up a Revolutionary Shura Council of Tarhuna, which they claimed
would assume full responsibility for correcting the path of
the nation and implementing the principles of and goals
of the Libyan Revolution.[105]

1.9 October 2014

1.7.6

A Libya Dawn source reported that clashes had erupted

along the al-Kassarat road and in the Wadi al-Hai
region.[119][120] The ghting was primarily between a
coalition of Misratan and Gharyianian militiamen and
other Libyan Dawn forces on one side and an alliance of
the Zintani-oriented Qa'qa' milita and forces aligned with
Warshafana and the Noble Tribes on the other. Libyan
Dawn forces claim to have captured the Wadi al-Hai region as a result of these battles.[120]

Splits emerge in Benghazi

Splits between Islamist groups in Benghazi also began to

emerge in mid-August. On 16 August, a Muslim Brotherhood group made up of more moderate Islamists announced a new group to deal with problems in the city,
called the Shura Council of Benghazi. In response, the
Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries, a jihadist
group, denounced the new group and claimed that they
would not recognize it. The Shura Council of Benghazi
Revolutionaries also claimed that the new rival group was
attempting to grab power and capitalize on the gains made
by the jihadists.[106][107]

1.7.7

Fall of Tripoli Airport

On 23 August, after more than a month of ghting,

Tripoli International Airport nally fell to ghters from
Libyan Central Shield, a coalition of Islamist and Misrata forces.[108][109] The following day, Operation Dawn
forces announced that they have consolidated the whole
city and adjacent towns after driving out rival Zintan militias 90 kilometers south of the capital.[110] Libyas newly
elected parliament condemned the oensive and called
the militants now in control of Tripoli terrorist organizations. Operation Dawn spokesman later called for
the re-assembly of the previous Islamist-dominated GNC
and said that the taking over of the airport was necessary
to save the countrys sovereignty.[111] The Los Angeles
Times reported that at least 90% of the airports facilities,
and 20 airplanes, were destroyed in the ghting.[112]

Military confrontation between factions in western Libya,

particularly since the beginning of October, has increasingly been waged between groups supportive of the Zintani brigades and opponents of those forces. The spread
of combat zones beyond Tripoli as well as the intensication of ghting in the Nafusa Mountains has accelerated
this trend.[117][118]

Heavy ghting commenced in the city of Kikla and

the surrounding vicinity on October 11 when Zintani
brigades initiated an oensive to gain control over various
towns and routes in the Nafusa Mountains.[121] Many residents wounded in the ghting are being treated at medical facilities in Gharyan.[121] The escalating strife in the
Nafusa Mountains has raised fears of the prospect for
broader tribal and ethnic warfare.[121]
On October 15, units associated with Khalifa Haftar and
Operation Dignity staged ground and air attacks against
the Ansar al-Sharia and February 17 Martyrs Brigade
organizations in Benghazi.[122] Haftar claimed that this
was the concluding stage of Operation Dignity and that
he would retire from his position upon the termination of the operation.[122] There were conicting reports
about possible Egyptian involvement or assistance in the
oensive.[122][123]
Also, on October 15, the Libya Herald quoted a Zintani
commander as stating the clashes were ongoing between
Zintani militias and the Saraya Gharian force in the vicinity of Gwalish.[124] The Libya Herald also reported that
ocials in Gharyan have requested military assistance
from the cities of Jadu and Nalut in ghting the Zintani
brigades.[124]

The Tripoli-based political authority has announced

its own set of oil policies, drawing criticism and
denunciation from Prime Minister Thinni of the
Islamist armed groups extended their control over central Bayda/Tobruk-based government.[125][126] The rival oil
Tripoli. The Council of Deputies parliament set up oper- minister, Mashallah al-Zawie, has urged the resumption
ations on a Greek car ferry in Tobruk. A rival General of stalled investments.[125][126]
National Congress parliament continued to operate in Clashes between Tuareg and Tebu tribal militias have
Tripoli.[110][113]
repeatedly ared in Ubari at various times during

1.8

September 2014

On 15 September, targets in the predominantly Amazigh October.[127]

city of Gharyian were subjected to airstrikes. Khalifa On 5 October 2014, radical militants in control of the
Haftar claimed to have ordered these attacks.[114]
Libyan city of Derna pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr
On 21 September 2014, a rival oil minister, Mashallah al- al-Baghdadi, thus making Derna the rst city outside SyrZawie, gave a speech at the oil ministry in Tripoli.[115][116] ian and Iraq to become part of the Islamic State of Iraq

9
and the Levant caliphate.[128]

cars.[142]

On December 18, the National Oil Corporation reiterated its commitment to political neutrality and indepen1.10 November 2014
dence from partisan aliation with either of the two rival
[143]
On November 1, Zintan militia captured the town of governments.
Kikla, killing 18 and wounding 84 Islamist ghters.[129]
On December 25, Libya Dawn militia launched an assault
On November 5, a Tuareg militia reportedly seized con- on a power plant inside Sirte killing at least 19 soldiers.
On the same day a rocket struck an oil export terminal in
trol of the El Sharara oil eld in Fezzan.[130]
the city of Sidra engulng it in ames.[144]
On November 11, Sudanese foreign minister Ali Karti
claimed that the rival Libyan governments had both ac- On December 27, a car bomb was detonated in Tripoli
cepted a peace initiative proposed by Sudan as a frame- near the General Directorate for the Protection of Diplowere reported. ISIL
work for resolving the division and conict permeating matic Missions, though no casualties [145]
claimed
responsibility
for
the
attack.
[131]
the country.
On November 12, car bombs were detonated in Tobruk On December 28, the Libyan air force struck Misrata
and al-Bayda. The Tobruk attack reportedly wounded at airport as a reprisal for attacks by Libya Dawn on oil
least 21 people.[132] On November 13, bombs targeted the terminals. A port facility, an air force academy, and a
steel plant were also targeted. Local security ocials
embassies of Egypt and the UAE in Tripoli.[133]
claimed that the airport sustained no damage and reOn November 24, warplanes aliated with Operation mained operational.[146]
Dignity forces attacked the Mitiga airport in Tripoli. The
attack led to a temporary shut down of the airport, though On December 30, the Libyan air force shot down a Libya
it reportedly failed to damage the airport facilities, as mu- Dawn helicopter around Al-Sidra oil terminal. Aircraft
had attacked
nitions instead struck and damaged nearby houses.[134] and at least one helicopter from the militia
[147]
government
forces
deployed
in
the
area.
On November 25, a second air raid against Mitiga was
conducted, although this attack also failed to incapacitate
the facilitys infrastructure.[135] In response to the attack
on Mitiga, a court in Tripoli issued an arrest warrant for
Khalifa Haftar.[136]

1.11 December 2014

2 2015

On December 2, local sources in the city of Zuwara re- 2.1 January 2015
ported that aircraft associated with Operation Dignity
struck a food supply storage area, a shing port, and a
chemical factory, damaging these facilities, as well as On 5 January, the Libyan air force bombed a Greekkilling eight and wounding twenty-four.[137][138]
owned tanker, chartered by Libyas National Oil CorporaA demonstration was held in Tripolis Algeria Square tion, o the coast of Darna that was believed to be acting
calling for the implementation of a constitutional monar- 'suspiciously', killing two crew members and wounding
last forchy as a means of resolving some of the countrys two. The bombing caused Turkish Airlines, the [148][149]
eign
airline
still
ying
to
Libya,
to
suspend
ights.
diculties.[139][140]
After amassing strength in Sirte, Misratan forces
launched on December 13 an oensive called Operation
Sunrise against the Petroleum Facilities Guard, led by
Ibrahim Jathran, and other pro-Tobruk forces for control
of Ras Lanuf and the Sidra oil terminal.[141] Several days
of clashes over the oil facilities have ensued, including the
deployment of airstrikes in the struggle.[142] Most of the
air assaults have been conducted by forces allied with the
Tobruk-based government, however, Libya Dawn forces
allegedly carried out an airstrike on December 16 in the
al-Hilal region. This attack reportedly caused no casualties or infrastructure damage.[142]

On January 9, assailants attacked the al-Nabaa News TV

Channels headquarters in Tripoli with rocket-propelled
grenades, inicting damage on the facility.[150] No casualties were reported.[150]
On 16 January, the Operation Dignity and Libya Dawn
factions declared a ceasere and agreed to form a unity
government and further political talks.[151]

On January 27, gunmen attacked the Corinthia Hotel,

a location frequently used by Libyan ocials and foreign diplomats, in Tripoli.[152][153] After detonating a car
bomb in the parking lot, the assailants stormed the building and opened re, killing at least ten individuals beOn December 16, a car bomb detonated in Tripoli near sides the attackers.[152][153] Libyan security forces have
the citys security headquarters, reportedly causing no ca- since reclaimed control over the hotel building. ISIL has
sualties but inicting damage on nearby buildings and claimed responsibility for the attack.[152][153]

10

2.2

2 2015

February 2015

On February 4, gunmen believed to be linked to the

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant stormed and seized
control of the Al-Mabrook oileld south of the city of
Sirte. A French diplomatic source in Paris said four local employees were believed to have been killed in the
raid.[154]

On February 23, the Battar brigade, one of the Islamic

States primary military hosts in Libya, issued a statement damning the composition of both governments
and a multitude of military bodies in the country as
indels.[173] On the same day, the internationally recognized Tobruks House of Representatives voted to suspend its participation in UN-brokered talks with the
Tripoli government.[174] In response, UNSMIL renewed
its call for dialogue.[175]

Divisions and recriminations among jihadists have reportedly surfaced and have been intensifying in January
and February 2015. There were conicting reports about
whether Ansar al-Sharia leader Mohamed Al-Zahawi
perished ghting against Operation Dignity forces or if
he was executed by members of the Islamic State of
Iraq and the Levant.[173] The Shura Council of Derna
On February 13, gunmen aliated with the IS seized
has condemned the Al-Qubbah bombings conducted by
government buildings and radio and television stations in
the Islamic State, triggering tension between the two
Sirte.[157][158] These force reportedly issued an ultimagroups.[176]
tum demanding other military entities evacuate the city
by the dawn of Sunday (15 February).[159] In response, Following the execution of Egyptian Christians by ISIL
the unrecognized rump GNC of the Tripoli-based gov- militants and the subsequent Egyptian intervention into
ernment announced a decision to form a joint force to Libya, the Egyptian government has allegedly opened
reclaim facilities in Sirte from IS militants. However this channels of communication with Misratan and Libya
joint force never did attempt to recapture the city from Dawn leaders.[177]
IS, this comes as a result of Misrata militias withdrawing
from Sirte when ISIS attacked their posts.[160]
On February 9, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
reportedly took over the town of Nofaliya in Sirte District,
after a convoy of 40 heavily armed vehicles arrived from
Sirte and ordered Nofaliyas residents to repent and
pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The ghters
appointed Ali Al-Qarqaa as emir of the town.[155][156]

On February 15, ISIL in Libya released a video depicting the beheading of 21 Coptic Christians from Egypt.
Within hours, the Egyptian Air Force responded with
airstrikes against IS training locations and weapons stockpiles in Derna in retaliation for the killings, killing around
50 militants and 7 civilians.[161][162][163] Warplanes acting under orders from the Tobruk-based government
also struck targets in Derna, reportedly in coordination
with Egypt, whereas the Tripoli-based government condemned the airstrikes, calling them terrorism and a
violation of sovereignty in Libya.[163][164] On February
19, Qatar recalled its ambassador from Cairo in protest
against Egypts unilateral military action, saying it could
harm innocent civilians and advantage one side in Libyas
conict.[165]

2.3 March 2015

On March 2, the Tobruk-based government named
former anti-government General Haftar as its army
chief.[178]
On March 14, pro-Dawn forces associated with Misrata and Operation Sunrise clashed with IS militants in
Sirte.[179][180][181] Fighting between Libya Dawn forces
and ISIL militants was also reported in the Daheera area
west of the city of Sirte, and at the Harawa vicinity east
of Sirte.[182]

On March 15, IS militants conducted a bomb attack

against a police checkpoint in Tripoli, wounding ve, and
executed a car bomb attack in Misrata near a military
On February 20, IS operatives detonated three bombs in camp associated with the 166 battalion, killing one perAl Qubbah, targeting a petrol station, a police station, son. The 166 battalion has been a primary brigade in directing and managing Libya Dawns confrontations with
and the home of parliamentary speaker Agila Salah.[166]
[183]
These attacks reportedly killed at least 40 people.[166] The IS forces.
U.S. State Department,[167] the Misrata Municipality,[168] On March 18, IS commander Ahmed Rouissi was killed
and Libya Dawn[169] condemned the attacks.
in the course of combat taking place near Sirte between
On February 21, delegates representing the municipal Libya Dawn forces and IS militants. Tunisian ocials
the murders of
councils of the cities of Misrata and Zintan met in the suspected that he was the mastermind in[184]
two
Tunisian
opposition
leaders
in
2013.
[170]
town of al-Asabaa and agreed to a prisoner exchange.
Also on February 21, the Misrata Municipal Council cre- On March 19, military forces associated with the Tripoliated two committees for dialogue, one tasked with the based government reportedly recaptured Nofaliya from
western regions, and the other with the east.[171]
IS control.[185][186][187]
On February 22, two bombs exploded at the gate of the On March 20 and 21, Zintani and Warshanfana
Iranian ambassadors residence in Tripoli.[172] No casual- forces clashed with Libya Dawn units in the Aziziya
ties were reported.[172]
region.[188][189] Also, on March 20, the internationally

2.5

May 2015

recognized Tobruk-based government stated that they

had launched a military operation to liberate Tripoli
from the GNC Islamist forces (Libya Dawn). As a result, the Tripoli-based GNC government threatened to
walk out on the peace talks in the Moroccan resort of
Skhirat.[190]

11

2.5 May 2015

On May 11, a Turkish cargo ship was shelled by the
Libyan Air Force after heading to the port of Derna. It
is known that Derna has been under extremist militants
since 2014.[204]

On 25 March, the Tobruk-based government launched an On May 29, eight people were killed and eight others were
oensive on the city of Derna, to expel ISIL and other wounded following a rocket strike by Islamist militants
militant groups from the city.[191]
in the city of Benghazi.On the same day Islamic State
Sirte
On March 26, the Operation Sunrise forces loyal to the ghters captured the Qurdabiya air base south of [205]
after
Tripoli
aligned
troops
withdrew
from
the
area.
Tripoli-based government and the Petroleum Facilities
Guards, led by Ibrahim Jathran and aligned with the
Tobruk-based government, reached a deal pertaining to
the Sidra Basin area. Both sides agreed to maintain
the cease-re and to intensify focus on ghting ISIL.
As a result of the agreement, Sunrise forces withdrew
from Bin Jawad and some other former areas that functioned as fronts in its battle with the Petroleum Facilities
Guards.[192][193][194]

2.6 June 2015

On June 1, a suicide bomber blew himself up outside a
checkpoint in the city of Dafniya, killing 5 Libya Dawn
militia and injuring 7 others. ISIL issued a statement
claiming the attack and declaring war to the coalition.[206]

On 30 March, Ansar al-Sharia's general Sharia jurist Abu On June 3, Islamic State ghters beheaded a Libyan NaAbdullah Al-Libi pledged allegiance to ISIL.[195][196]
tional Army volunteer at the famous Atiq Mosque in
Derna.
The Islamic state also posted photos of young
On 31 March 2015, Libyan General Khalifa Haftar
boys
being
shown the severed head and bloody body of
promised to retake the city of Benghazi from militant
[197]
the
victim
immediately
after the killing.[207]
groups within a month.
Also, on March 31, the new GNC of the Tripoli- On June 10, the Al Qaeda aliate Shura Council of
based government sacked its Prime Minister, Omar al- Derna declared war on ISIL after members of the later
Hassi.[198] The Tripoli-based government cited dissatis- allegedly assassinated SCD commander Nasr Akr, nine
faction with Omar al-Hassis performance as the reason ISIL militants and two SCD ghters were killed in clashes
[208]
for his dismissal, and stated that its rst deputy speaker, that followed the incident.
Khalifa al-Ghowel, will run a caretaker cabinet until a On June 13, the towns of Rigdaleen, Jumayl, Zaltan and
new government is formed within one month.[199]
Al-Agrabiya agreed with the Libyan National Army to
enter these towns peacefully and without any bloodshed.
Since then the Libyan National Army has taken over these
2.4 April 2015
towns and are securing their facilities.[209] This outcome
was a consequence of a peace deal being brokered among
On 13 April 2015, the South Korean embassy in Tripoli cities in western Libya.
was attacked by two gunmen, who killed two embassy On June 12, Medfaiyah Wal-Sewarigh (Artillery and
guards and injured a third person. Hours later, a Missiles) Brigade, which is part of the Libya Dawn milibomb damaged the gate and a residential building near tias, took 10 diplomatic sta from the Tunisian consulate
the Moroccan embassy, although no injuries or deaths in Tripoli as hostages. This comes as Tunisian authoriwere reported. ISIL claimed responsibility for those ties arrest a senior member of Libya Dawn named Walid
incidents.[200]
Al-Ghleib on charges of terrorist oences including supIn mid-April, ghting broke out in Tripoli itself on Saturday, April 18, between Libya Dawn and supporters of
Haftar. A pro-Haftar insurgency has been involved in
ghting in the eastern suburbs of Tajoura and Fashloum
101 Battalion. The units leader, Abdullah Sassi, was captured and possibly killed by Libya Dawn forces.

plying Tunisian terrorists with weapons.[210]

On April 25, as a result of clashes with the Tribes Army,

an element of the Libyan National Army in western
Libya, and attendant missile strikes, the Gharyan municipality declared a state of emergency, a mobilization of
forces, and a closure of colleges.[202][203]

Libyan cities have reached a series of agreements to foster peace and de-escalation. These agreements have encompassed and included cities backing opposing sides of
the civil war, such as Misrata, Zintan, Kikla, Gharyan,
Zuwara, Zawia, Zliten, Rigadaleen, Jumayl, Zaltan,

On June 14, the United States announced it had conducted an airstrike on a group associated with al-Qaeda.
It was reported that Mokhtar Belmokhtar was the target
and that he was killed in the airstrike. The internationally
recognized government was consulted in advance, and it
On April 24, aircraft associated with the Tripoli-based conrmed the death of Belmokhtar.[211][212][213]
government struck ISIL targets in Sirte.[201]
Throughout June, municipal authorities in western

12

2 2015

Sabratha, and others, as well as forces engaged in local

animosities and tribal conicts. The terms of the peace
and reconciliation accords between cities include the cessation of warfare, prisoner exchanges, the unblocking
of roads and critical routes, and the withdrawal of rival
armed units back to the administrative borders of their
associated cities.[214][215][216][217][218][219]

caliph. Ansar al-Sharia also denied having links with

the Tripoli government, which it termed an apostate
government.[226]

2.10 October 2015

On October 1, ISIL militants attacked the port of Es Sidr

with a gun assault and an attempted car bombing against
2.7 July 2015
the defending Petroleum Facilities Guard. Petroleum
Facilities Guard reporetedly suered one death and
On July 1, the head of the General National Congress, two wounded while ISIL incurred the death of four
Nouri Abusahmain, accompanied by Salah Badi, a Libya militants.[227]
Dawn militia leader, held a protest outside of the GNC
headquarters protesting against the dialogue process. On October 8, the UN envoy heading the internationThis came as the UNSMIL signicantly reduced the role ally backed dialogue process, Bernardino Leon, held a
of the State Council, ninety of which are from the Gen- press conference in Morocco in which he announced the
names of several potential members of the proposed Goveral National Congress.[220]
ernment of National Accord. Fayez al-Sarraj, a memOn July 12, Al-Wushka, a little town 35 kilometers east of ber of the House of Representatives, was announced
Abu Grain, was taken over by the Libyan branch of ISIS, as the candidate for the oce of prime minister.[228]
without any resistance from the militant forces that con- Three deputy prime ministers were announced, includtrol western Libya. It is known that the Islamic State has ing Ahmed Maetig, Musa Kuni, and Fathi Majbari.
been gaining a lot of ground west of their stronghold Sirte Omar Aswad and Mohamed Ammar were declared as
after militia ghters from Misrata were pushed away from two other potential members of a six-person presidential
the city. That same day in Morocco, the Libyan factions council.[229]
signed the draft peace deal, but without the participation
of the team from the General National Congress who boy- Shortly after the press conference, the Misrata Municipal
for the proposed Government
cotted the meetings because of objections to parts of the Council expressed support
[230]
of
National
Accord.
Furthermore,
an overwhelming
[221][222]
text.
preponderance of Misratas militias have declared support
for the plan.[231]

2.8

August 2015

On October 23, extremist militants, possibly associated

with the Islamic State, red mortar rounds at protesters
On August 1, ve people were killed in clashes between in Benghazis Kish Square, killing nine and wounding at
the Libyan Armed Forces and various Islamist groups. least 35.[232][233]
Fighting has been taking place in Ajdabiya, near the oil
port of Brega, which included an attack by the Libyan Air On October 30, Martin Kobler, a German diplomat, was
appointed to replace Bernardino Leon as U.N. Special
Force.[223]
Representative and Head of the United Nations Support
On August 13, 38 residents from the town of Sirte were Mission in Libya.[234]
killed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, after
residents revolted against them in reaction to the killing
of an Islamic Salast Imam who refused to hand over his 2.11 November 2015
mosque to the militant extreme group. Among the dead
were two children, four elderly and the rest were ghters Following the appointment of Martin Kobler and the anfrom the local tribe of Furjan. ISIL threatened to use gas nouncement of the impending departure of Bernardino
against the civilians unless attacks against it stopped.[224] Leon from the U.N., Leon was appointed as director[235]
This job
On August 14, multiple airstrikes were conducted on general of the UAEs diplomatic academy.
announcement,
along
with
its
attendant
35,000
a month
Sirte after the massacre committed by ISIL. The air assalary,
led
to
accusations,
particularly
by
supporters
of
sault lasted for half an hour targeting multiple areas in
Libya
Dawn
and
the
Tripoli-based
government,
that
Sirte including the towns internal security complex, the
Ouagadougou Conference centre, part of the university Leons tenure as U.N. envoy had been tainted by bias
and partiality. These accusations were reinforced by alcampus and the Mahari hotel.[225]
legedly leaked emails which purported to reveal collusion
between Leon and the UAE to divide the forces backing
the Tripoli government, as well as violations of the U.N.
2.9 September 2015
arms embargo by the UAE.[236] Additionally, the TripoliAnsar al-Sharia released a message in which the orga- based government arrested a UAE national on suspicion
nization denied having pledged allegiance to ISIL or its of espionage on November 11.[237]

3.3

March 2016

13

2.12 December 2015

On the 21st of the same month, in Benghazi the Libyan

National Army also managed to take over the rest of
Eorts to establish peace between the rival governments Bouatni, while overrunning Hawari and Leithi districts
were made on 16 and 17 December, when the leaders of both of which were strongholds of ISIS & Ansar alboth governments met in Malta and delegates signed an Sharia.[249][251]
agreement in Morocco. Despite this, ghting still continOn February 23, ISIS militants clashed with forces asued, with clashes in Ajdabiya killing 14 people.[238]
sociated with the Sabratha military council inside of
Sabratha.[252] These clashes were followed on the same
day by an ISIS oensive that allegedly temporarily seized
3 2016
various buildings after penetrating the city. However, local forces conducted a counterattack against the ISIS militants, reportedly driving them out of the citys centre.[253]
3.1 January 2016
However, ghting continued in Zawagha district.[254]
On January 7, a truck bomb attack targeted a police training center in the coastal city of Zliten, killing at least 47
and wounding scores of people.[239] The incident was one 3.3 March 2016
of the deadliest terrorist attacks in Libyan history.[240]
Diculties in treating the huge number of wounded at On March 6, Libyan aircraft based in Misrata conducted
facilities in Zliten resulted in many patients being trans- airstrikes against Islamic States targets in Sirte.[255] Jaferred to hospitals in Tripoli, Misrata, and Khoms.[241] mal Zubia, a foreign media spokesman for the TripoliAnother car bomb attack occurred on the same day at based government, claimed that as many as 18 people
the entrance to the oil port of Ras Lanuf, killing multiple were killed in the strikes, including senior Islamic State
people.[242] The Islamic State claimed responsibility for members.[255] A resident in Sirte stated that the air strikes
the massacres at Zliten and Ras Lanuf.[243]
had targeted districts in and around the city, resulting in
On January 10, the ISIS attacks the port of Zueitina,
by sea, with 3 boats. The Guards of Petrol Installations
(GPI), an armed group linked to the Tobrouks Gouvernment, are prepared, because they were warned of the assault a few days ago. They seriously damaged one boats,
and forced the others to retreat. So, the GPI resisted to
this assault.[244]

3.2

February 2016

The U.N.-backed presidential council announced a list of

names for ministers of the Government of National Accord on February 14, 2016.[245] The presidential council
presented the list of names to the House of Representatives for approval.[246]

at least one civilian being killed.[255]

On March 10, following the airstrikes against targets
in Sirte, ISIS militants attacked Misratan forces stationed at the Abu Grain checkpoint, killing three security personnel.[256] Also on March 10, Zintani forces
clashed with suspected ISIS militants who had briey
taken control of a major road about 320 km west of Sirte
and 200 km south of the capital, Tripoli. One member
of the Zintani Brigades was injured before the militants
retreated.[256]
On March 12, the Presidential Council of the U.N.backed Government of National Accord issued a statement urging all Libyan institutions to begin a transfer of
authority to the unity government.[257] It also called upon
the international community to cease all dealings with
alternative governments.[258] In the statement, the Presidential Council asserted that a document signed by a majority of the HORs members expressing support for the
new government, in addition to the endorsement by other
political gures, conferred legitimacy on the Government
of National Accord.

An US air raid on suspected ISIS camp on February 19

near the city of Sabratha resulted in killing 49 people,
including two Serbian embassy members, who had been
taken hostage by the militiants on 8 November 2015 from
a convoy of cars heading towards the Tunisian border.[247]
An ISIL operative named Noureddine Chouchane who is
behind the Sousse attacks that left 30 British citizens dead On March 15, Haithem Tajouri, the commander of the
was believed to have been killed in the airstrike.
Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade, seized control of the
[259]
Subsequently, on March
On February 20, the Libyan National Army led by Hall of the People facility.
16,
Tajouri
expressed
support
for
a return of monarchy
Brigadier General Khalifa Haftar launched a city wide
in
Libya
and
had
the
Qadda-era
Hall
of the People plasassault to capture the city of Benghazi in an operation
[260]
tered
with
pro-monarchy
posters.
called Blood of the Martyrs, with some assistance from
French special forces.[248] The Army managed to capture
Marisa port which was a key life line for terrorists in the
city to get supplies from the city of Misrata. The army
also managed to take control of Bouatni district south of
Benghazi.[249][250]

On March 16 the European Union agreed to implement sanctions, travel bans, and asset freezes, on Nouri
Abusahmain, the president of the Tripoli-based new
GNC, Khalifa al-Ghwell, the new GNCs prime minister, and Aguila Saleh, the president of the Tobruk-based

14

3 2016

House of Representatives.[261] The European Union cited

these three political leaders as being spoilers obstructing implementation of the U.N-backed plan of resolution
to the Libya conict and the associated Government of
National Accord.

On April 5, the National Salvation Government associated with the General National Congress announced that
it was resigning, ceasing operations, and ceding power
to the Presidential Council.[273][274] Following the dissolution of the GNC, former members of that body declared
of the State Council, as envisaged by
During an interview on March 17, Fayez al-Sarraj, the the establishment
[275]
the
LPA.
Prime Minister of the U.N/internationally supported
Government of National Accord, declared that his gov- On April 6, the State Council selected Abdurrahman
ernment would move into Tripoli within in a few Swehli as its president and Saleh al-Makhzoum as its First
days.[262] Seraj also stated, in the same interview, that Deputy.[276][277] On the same day, Saleh al-Makhzoum
his governments security plan included agreements with stated that the Presidential Council, utilizing its powers
police, military forces, and some armed groups in Tripoli as Commander-in-chief, would soon announce the leadthat would enable the Government of National Accord to ership of the Libyan army, in cooperation with House of
ensconce itself in the capital.
Representatives and the State Council. Furthermore, he
pertaining
On March 24, the Tripoli-based new GNC declared a suggested that a resolution for the controversy
[277]
to
article
8
of
the
LPA
would
be
achieved.
state of emergency in response to reports that four members of the Government of National Accord had entered On the 17th of April, the Libyan National Army managed
Tripoli.[263]
to crush extreme militants in and around the University of
On March 30, various members of the Presidential Coun- Benghazi, where militants had taken it a ground for them
[278]
cil, including Prime Minister Fayez Serraj, arrived at a to launch rockets at the city and train their followers.
naval base in a Tripoli after travelling from Tunisia on a On April 18, the Libyan Army managed to capture the
boat.[264]
Al-Hawari cement factory and the adjoining two cemeOn March 31, the Libya Herald reported that top of- teries. They later overrun the entire district of Al-Hawari
cials from the new GNC, under heavy pressure and south west of the city, this however came at a cost of ve
senior commander named later as Abwarnings from former supporters, had dispersed back to soldiers lives and a[279]
dul
Hamid
Boker.
their home cities.[265] GNC Prime Minister Khalifa Ghwell, Sheik Sadeq al-Ghariani, GNC President Abu Sahmain, GNC Media Department head Jamal Zubia, and
milita commander Salah Badi were reported as having
left Tripoli.[265]

Also on April 18, a meeting of the House of Representatives was set to convene to vote on the issue
of acceptance or rejection of the Government of National Accord, but the planned session was derailed by
Aquila Saleh, the Speaker of the House Representatives, and a minority bloc within the parliament which
opposes the GNA.[280][281] Several previous and subsequent attempts to hold a vote on the GNA have been
unsuccessful.[282][283]

Also on March 31, the Presidency Councils Temporary

Security Committee reportedly took control of the prime
ministry facilities on the Sikka Road.[265] Additionally,
ten coastal cities in western Libya announced support for
the Government of National Accord through the Sabratha
municipalitys ocial Facebook page.[266]
On April 19, the Libyan National Army together with Alable to seize control of the entire
At the end of March, the mayors of Sabratha, Zultan, Saiqa special forces were
[284]
area
of
Al-Quwarsha.
Rigdaleen, Al-Jmail, Zuwarah, Ajilat, Sorman, Zawia,

as well as those of West and South Zawia, issued a On April 20, the Libyan National Army's Omar Mukhtar
joint statement endorsing the Government of National Operation Room which covers Derna and the areas surAccord.[267]
rounding the region, were able to take control of the south
eastern suburb of Fataieh and an area called District 400
following a new ground and air oensive.[285]

3.4

April 2016

The Presidential Council, on April 20, congratulated the

for their
On April 2, the National Oil Corporation stated that it LNA and the Derna Mujaheddin Shura Council
[286][287]
successes
against
ISIS
in
Benghazi
and
Derna.
[268]
would work with the Presidential Council.
On April 3, the municipality of Bani Walid announced On April 23, the Petroleum Facilities Guard clashed with
in
support for the Presidential Council and the Government ISIS militants near the Brega oil terminal, resulting[288]
the
death
of
one
PFG
member
and
several
wounded.
of National Accord.[269]
Ibrahim Jathran, the leader of the Petroleum Facilities
Political and military authorities in al-Hawamid declared Guard, was injured in the ghting.[289]
support for the Presidential Council and the Government
On April 28, Prime Minister Faiez Serraj issued a preof National Accord on April 3.[270]
recorded television address during which he stated that
On April 4, Tunisia declared plans to reopen its embassy he had tasked his governments Defense Minister, Mahdi
in Tripoli.[271][272]

3.6

June 2016

Barghathi, with assembling a joint command and a joint

operations room for the recapture of Sirte from ISIS.[290]
Serraj declared that the forces for the operation would be
drawn up of military units from across the country.[291]

3.5

May 2016

On May 3, the town of Zella saw clashes between militants of the Ziyad Belaams Omar Mukhtar Brigade on
one side, reportedly backed by air strikes, and the Libyan
National Army on the other. A Misratan ocial alleged
that the LNA forces battling Belaams brigade were ghters from the Justice and Equality Movement, a Sudanese
rebel group, however no specic evidence was found of
such accusations. Belaams forces retreated about 30
kilometres away from the town.[292]
On May 5, ISIS militants staged a preemptive oensive
against GNA-allied forces in Abu Grein and other areas
in central Libya.[293] The attacks involved use of vehicleborne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs), as well as
the capture of a number of towns and villages. The initial
ISIS assault was followed in the subsequent days by the
organizations use of additional VBIED attacks.[294]

15
broke out. In response, the Derna Mujaheddin Shura
Council announced a general mobilization to confront
the LNA forces.[304]
On May 16, military forces associated with the Government of National Accords central region Joint Operations Room claimed to have recaptured Abu Grein from
IS militants.[305] This report followed days of intermittent
clashes and air strikes.
On May 17, the military forces of the Government of National Accord declared their control over the al-Wishkah
district, 25 km from Abu Grein.[306] The GNAs Joint
Operations Room stated that their casualties had been six
soldiers killed and seventeen injured in ongoing clashes
with ISIS forces, eventually reaching nearly 50 kilometres
from Sirte.[307]
The GNAs central region Joint Operations Room has
named the anti-ISIS oensive Al-Bunyan Al-Marsoos,
variously translated as Impenetrable Wall or Solid
Foundation.[307]
On May 22, Bashir Abu Tharah, the Commander of the
Ajdabia border sector, announced that a military operations room under the command of the Government of
Nation Accord would be formed in two days. He declared that the operations room would cover the area from
Ajdabia to Sirte and consist of the Petroleum Facilities
Guard, as well as Ajdabia military units and other forces
under the command of the Ajdabia border sector military
leadership.[308]

On May 6, shells red by militants, possibly associated

with ISIS, in Kish Square killed and wounded a number
of individuals participating in a pro-LNA demonstration
in Kish Square of Benghazi.[295] The Presidential Council
and Mansour Al-Hassadi of the State Council condemned
the assault as a terrorist attack.[296]
On May 25 the Central Bank of Libya's parallel eastOn May 7, GNA-aliated units reportedly recaptured a ern branch based in Bayda and representing the House
bridge checkpoint in Sadada from ISIS.[297] Also on May of Representatives and Al-Thani government announced
7, Muhammad Al-Ghersy, the spokesman of the recently the printing of new banknotes to be put into circulation by
[309]
According to the Central Banks claimed goverestablished Joint Operations Room of the Central Region, June.
declared in a presser that the Joint Operations Room had nor Ali Al-Hibri, these 50LYD and 20LYD that amount
begun preparing for expanded military actions against the to 4 billion LYD were printed in Russia. The following
day the Presidential Council announced that these printed
ISIS presence in and around Sirte.[298][299]
banknotes were to be considered invalid and shortly afOn May 9, the Presidential Council announced the for- ter the United States embassy in Libya, based in Tunis,
mation of the Presidential Guard.[300] The Presidential announced through social media postings that they would
Guard is intended to function as an elite military force consider these banknotes counterfeit.[310]
tasked with protecting sovereign institutions such as the
Central Bank of Libya.[300] Additionally, it is reported In late May, pro-GNA military forces seized many loto have a remit to ensure the security of airports, ports, cations near the city of Sirte from ISIS. Operation Aland electricity lines.[300] Membership in the organiza- Bunyan Al-Marsoos forces reported the capture of the
tion will be drawn from army soldiers, the police, and Sirte power station and also its advance on the town of
Jarif to the south of Sirte.[311][312]
militiamen.[300]
On May 12, four members of military forces loyal to Also in late May, the eastern front of Sirte saw action.
Libyas new U.N.-backed unity government have been The Petroleum Facilities Guard reported the capture of
[313]
killed and 30 wounded in clashes with Islamic State in- Bin Jawad and Nouliyah from ISIS.
surgents near the western Libyan city of Misrata, a hospital spokesman said. The ghting was going on east of
Assdada, around 80 km (50 miles) south of Misrata.[301] 3.6 June 2016
In mid-May, the LNA and Operation Dignity leadership
declared the initiation of Operation Volcano to purge In June, clashes continued in Sirte between the military
Derna of the Derna Mujaheddin Shura Council.[302][303] forces of the Government of National Accord and IS.
Subsequently, clashes between the LNA and the DMSC Fighting on June 21 left 36 dead and 100 wounded, with

16

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3.11 November 2016

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26

5 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

5.1

Text

Timeline of the Libyan Civil War (2014present) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%

E2%80%93present)?oldid=755478556 Contributors: Skycycle, Eik Corell, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Maher27777, Lacertilia the Magnicent,
John of Reading, Dewritech, Dcirovic, Sundostund, Greyshark09, SporkBot, Catlemur, Martin of Sheeld, Gazkthul, Cyberbot II, Fitzcarmalan, Mohamed Ahtash, , Narky Blert, 0xF8E8, JJMC89, GreenC bot, Cordyceps-Zombie, A elrayes, Bender
the Bot, Newsboy39, Pannam2014 and Anonymous: 7

5.2

Images

File:Ambox_globe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg License: Public domain Contributors: self-made, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag
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Own work Original artist: LA2
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File:Flag_of_Libya.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: File:Flag of Libya (1951).svg Original artist: The source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FFlag_of_Libya.
svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1'>valid</a>.
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CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This le was derived from Wiki letter w.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
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Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur

5.3

Content license

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