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QUESTION:
a- Give the meaning of the term `ergonomics`:
ANSWER: Is the study of the relationship between the worker,
the work that they are doing and the environment in which
they are doing it.
Ergonomic is concerned with the interaction between
people and;
- The tools, equipment or machinery that they are using
(e.g. the ease use of control panels)
- The workplace environment (e.g. suitability of
lightning)
- Organizational factors (e.g. shift patterns, hours of
work)
b- Identify the possible health effects that may be caused by
the poor ergonomic design of display screen equipment
workstations:
ANSWER: Use of display screen equipment (DSE) or computers
and keyboards is a common workplace activity that has several
associated ill health issues:
- WRULDs: associated with repetitive use of the keyboard and
mouse for long periods of time
- Eye Strain: Temporary eye fatigue associated with prolonged
use of the screen
- Back Pain: and other MSD` s associated with sitting in a fixed
position, perhaps with poor posture, for long periods of time.
- Fatigue and Stress: Associated with the type of work being
done, e.g. call centre staff may be subjected to verbal abuse
during telephone calls.
c- Identify the main factors to be considered in an ergonomic
assessment of a display screen equipment workstation:
ANSWER: Control measures appropriate for DSE use;
- Carry out a workstation assessment of the users workstation
to ensure that the equipment and environment meet
minimum standards and that the workstation can be adjusted
to suit the user.
- Provide basic DSE workstation equipment that meets
minimum standards in term of good ergonomic design.
- Plan the user`s work routine so that they can take short,
frequent breaks from screen and keyboard use.

- Provide DSE users with a free eye test and, if required,

spectacles for screen use.
- Provide information and training to users on the potential
health risks of DSE use and the preventive measures, in
particular ergonomic use of the workstation.

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QUESTION: Outline the main hazards associated with

demolition work:
ANSWER: Premature collapse of structures Work at height
Plant and machinery Contact with live overheads Contact
with buried services Asbestos Dust Movement of vehicles
Explosives Noise and vibration Hazardous substances
from previous use of the building Biological hazards from
vermin or stagnant water Sharp objects, including glass and
nails from the demolition, or syringes left by trespassers
manual handling.
QUESTION:
a- Identify the types of hazards that may cause slips or trips at
work
ANSWER: Typical slip hazards:
Smooth floor surfaces (inherently slippery wet because of
spills or cleansing operations) (e.g. polished marble)
Contamination of a floor with a slippery contaminant (e.g. fat
or leaves)
Frost and ice (e.g. outside pavements in winter or the floor in a
freezer)
Typical trip hazards:
Uneven or loose floor surfaces (e.g. broken paving slab, poorlylaid floor mat etc)
Trailing cables (e.g. the flex of a vacuum cleaner)
Objects on the floor (e.g. a bag left on the floor)
b- Identify control measures to reduce the risk from slip and
trip hazards in the workplace:
ANSWER: Use of non-slip surfaces Spill control and good
drainage Designating pedestrian walkways Fencing and
guarding Using signs and PPE Information, instruction,
training and supervision Routine inspection and maintenance
of control measures.

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QUESTION: A worker is manually loading boxes of components

onto metal shelves.
a- Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer
while carrying out this activity
ANSWER: All these manual handling activities generate the
possibility of injuries, most of which are musculoskeletal
injuries. Common types of manual handling injury include:
Back Injury: The spine is made up of individual bones
(vertebrae) separated by tough pads (intervertebral disks).
Wear and tear can occur to these discs so that they
become distorted.
Tendon and ligament injuries: When tendons and
ligaments are overloaded they tear causing extremely
painful injuries which can take a long time to heal
Muscle injuries: Overloaded muscle tissue can tear. This is
painful and likely to lead to short term impairment.
Hernias: When the sheet muscle that surrounds gut is
overloaded it can distort and tear. This usually happens in
the lower abdomen and can be a painful injury that will
not repair naturally.
b- Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the
risk of injury
ANSWER: The task can be assessed by asking questions such
as:
At what height is the load being picked up, carried or
put down?
Is the task very repetitive?
Is there a high work rate?
Is a long carrying distance involved?
Does the task involve stooping?
Does the task involve twisting?
Can rest breaks be taken as the worker requires them?
Does the task involve lifting the load through a vertical
distance?
Does the task involve the worker holding the load away
from their trunk?
QUESTION: Identify TWO forms of hazardous substance:
ANSWER:
Forms of chemical agent

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Solid: a solid block of material

Dust: very small solid particles
Fume: very small metallic particles
Gas: a basic state of matter, expands to fill the space
available
Mist: very small liquid droplets suspended in air
Vapor: the gaseous form of a substance
Liquid: a basic state of matter, free flowing liquid
Forms of biological agent
Fungi: moulds, yeast and mushrooms.
Bacteria: single celled organisms
Viruses: very small infectious organisms
Prions: abnormal, transmissible agents able to induce
abnormal folding or normal cellular proteins in the brain

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QUESTION: Outline the issues that will need to be considered

in relation to the handling temporary storage and final disposal
of the waste material:
ANSWER:
The hazardous nature of the waste
The waste may present a manual handling risk
Storage equipment such as skips, bins and compactors
may be difficult to access and may require steps or
platforms to allow safe use
Waste containers / skips should be stored on concrete
surfaces and not on unstable or unmade ground to
prevent contamination of ground and groundwater
Compactors will have moving parts that must be
effectively guarded to prevent access
Collection vehicles such as skip lorries present a
significant hazard when maneuvering, especially when
reversing
The waste my present a temptation to scavengers and
to vandals and so must be secured
Stored liquid waste should be contained in either a
double skinned container or the vessel should be
contained in a bund
Containers should be located away from bund wall
Bunds should have the capacity to store 110%of the
volume of the largest container in the bund

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Provision should be made to empty the bund of

rainwater if the storage area is outside
Where liquids are pumped, transferred or decanted the
transfer points or tanker connections should also be
contained in a bunded area or the operation carried out
over a drip tray
Bunds may need to be protected from damage
Bunds will need to be checked and maintained to ensure
that they do not leak
Any escape may have the potential to cause pollution
Waste types must be segregated to prevent the mixing
and contamination of one type of waste with another.
Appropriate documentation should accompany the
waste and the duty of care, to dispose of waste in line
with legal requirements, must be fulfilled.
QUESTION: Outline the factors that may lead to occupational
stress amongst workers
ANSWER:
Demands Excessive demands of the job in terms of
workload, speed work and deadlines, as well as working
hours and working patterns.
Control Lack of control over work, especially where the
work is demanding.
Support Lack of support in term of information,
instruction and training to do the work and having no one
to turn to when pressure increases.
Relationship Poor workplace relationships and in
particular bullying and harassment.
Role Lack of clarity about an individuals role, what
responsibilities and authority they have and how they fit in
to the larger organizational structure.
Change The threat of change and the change process
itself, whether it is a change that affects just one worker or
the whole organization.
QUESTION: Outline personal hygiene controls to be followed
that reduce the risk of ingestion of a hazardous substance
ANSWER: Personal hygiene is often critical to prevent exposure
to hazardous substances. Many biological agents and some

hazardous chemicals are put on the skin or in the mouth by

cross contamination.
Hand-washing routines when leaving work rooms.
Careful removal and disposal of potentially
contaminated PPE to prevent cross-contamination to
normal clothes
Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in work
areas.
This will require the provision of appropriate facilities (water,
soap and drying equipment)

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QUESTION: Outline the hazards and risks to which a worker

could be exposed when cutting down a tree using a petrol
driven chainsaw
ANSWER:
Cutting on contact with blade
Entanglement with drive motor
Drawing in at nip points between motor and drive belt
Ejection of workpiece during cutting
Electricity
Noisy
Health hazard from inhalation of wood dust
QUESTION: Outline EIGHT safe working practices that should
be considered to reduce the risk when using a mobile tower
scaffold
ANSWER:
Guardrail fitted to the work platform.
Tower must not be overloaded.
Wheels should be locked when the tower is in use.
Tower must be sited on firm, level ground.
People and materials should not remain on the tower
when it is moved.
Outriggers should be used where necessary to ensure
stability.
People should not climb up the outside of the tower.
Tower must be built by trained workers.

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QUESTION:
a- Identify the effects on the human body from a severe
electric shock
b- Identify four factors that could affect the severity of
injury resulting from contact with electricity
ANSWER:
a- Severe electric shock can be cause involuntary muscle
grip, heart fibrillation, respiratory failure and cardiac
arrest.
b- Consider the use of reduced and low voltage (110 v)
equipment centre tapped to earth.
Provide increased protection through the use an RCD.
Locate cables carefully, away from hazards.
Consider the use of double insulated equipment.
Carry out pre-use checks of the equipment.
Avoid using in wet conditions.
QUESTION: Identify eight common causes of fires in the
workplace
ANSWER:
Electrical Equipment Deliberate ignition Hot work
Smoking Cooking appliances
Unsafe use and storage of flammable liquids and gases
Mechanical heat Chemical reactions

QUESTION: Battery powered fork-lift trucks are used to move

materials in the warehouse.
a- Identify four hazards associated specifically with battery
powered forklift trucks
b- Identify precautions that may be needed to reduce the
risk to pedestrians in areas where the forklift trucks are
operating
c- Identify precautions that should be taken when leaving
a forklift truck unattended
ANSWER:
a- Battery-powered truck commonly used indoor
workplaces;
Charging batteries emit hydrogen gas which is explosive.
Batteries contain dilute sulphuric acid which is
corrosive.

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Batteries are extremely heavy and present a manual

handling risk if they have to be changed for charging
purposes.
The electricity can caused arcing, shock, burns or fire.
Battery contents are an environmental hazard requiring
appropriate disposal.
Battery powered vehicles can be very quiet or almost
silent, increasing the risk of collision with pedestrians.
Battery leads can short and result in burns and electric
shock.
b- The Precautions For Safe Use of Forklift Trucks Include:
Restricting use to trained operators only.
Routine visual inspection of the truck before use.
Routine maintenance of the truck in accordance with
the manufacturers recommendations.
Never using the forklift to lift people unless a proper
working platform is attached.
Ensuring that the safe working load limits of the truck
are exceed.
Observing site speed limits.
Never travelling with the forks raised.
Never travelling with obstructed vision.
c- Parking rules for a forklift truck:
Apply the handbrake
Lower the forks and tip forward.
Remove the key
Do not obstruct a traffic route
Do not obstruct a pedestrian route
Do not obstruct emergency escape routes

QUESTION:
a- Identify the effects on the human body from a severe
electric shock
b- Outline how earthing can reduce the risk of receiving an
electric shock
ANSWER:
a- Severe electric shock can be cause involuntary muscle
grip, heart fibrillation, respiratory failure and cardiac
arrest.
b- * It protects the person from fatal electric shock.
* It often provides secondary protection to the
equipment because large fault current flowing to earth
will overrate the fuse or MCB.

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QUESTION: Outline four main type guards and safeguarding

devices that may be used to reduce the risk of contact with
dangerous parts of machinery
ANSWER:
1- Fixed Guards
Basic principles of the fixed guard:
It completely prevents access to dangerous parts.
It is fixed in place.
Fixings require a tool for removal the guard must not
be removable by finger force alone.
2- Adjustable and Self Adjusting Guards
These are used when it is not possible to completely
prevent access to dangerous parts. An adjustable guard
can be set to range of positions by the operator
depending on the nature of the work-piece and the
operation being carried out.
3- Interlocked Guards
An interlocked guard is a protective device designed to
be removed as a normal part of routine machine
operation.
Basic principles of an interlocked guard:
Power to the machine is disabled and the machine will
not operate until the guard is in place.
Either the guard is locked shut until it is safe for the
guard to open.
4- Trip Devices
Trip devices are protective devices that do not put a
physical barrier between the operator and the
dangerous parts of machinery.
There are different types of trip devices:
Pressure mats mats placed on the floor around an
item of machinery such as an industrial robot. If a
person stand on the mat their weight activates the trip
and the robot stops moving.
Trip bars wands or rods placed close to dangerous
parts which, when touched, will stop machine
movement.
Photoelectric devices shine beams of lighting across
an access point. If the beams are broken then the
machine stopped.
QUESTION:
a- Identify three forms of biological agents
b- Identify three possible routes of entry into the body for
a biological agent

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c- Give two control measures to reduce the risk of

exposure to a biological agent
ANSWER:
a- Biological agents are micro-organisms.
Fungi: moulds, yeast and mushrooms. Most are
harmless to human but some can cause disease.
Bacteria: single celled organisms that are found in vast
numbers in and on the human body.
Viruses: very small infectious organisms that reproduce
by hijacking living cells to manufacture more viruses.
Prions: abnormal, transmissible agents able to induce
abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins in the
brain, leading to brain damage.
bInhalation: The substance is breathed through the nose
and mouth and down to the lungs. This is a significant
route of entry for many hazardous substances in the
gas, vapour, mist, fume or dust form.
Ingestion: The substance is taken in through the mouth
and swallowed down into the stomach and then moves
on through the digestive system.
Absorption through the skin: The substance passes
through the skin and into the tissues beneath and then
into the blood stream. Only some substances are able to
permeate the skin in this way, but when they can this
route can be very significant since any skin contact
allows absorption.
Injection through the skin: The substance passes
through the skin barrier either by physical injection (e.g.
a needle stick injury) or through damaged skin (cuts and
grazes).
c- Two control measures are
Principles of Good Practice:
Minimisation of emission, release and spread of
hazardous substances through design and operation of
processes and task activities.
Effectiveness and reliability of control options that
minimize the escape and spread of hazardous
substances.
Exposure control to be proportional to health risk.
Personal protective equipment
Other ppe and clothing
Elimination or Substitution:
Eliminating the process of type of work that requires the
use of substance

Changing the way that the work is done to avoid to need

for the substance
Disposing of unused stock of the substance that is no
longer required
Substituting the hazardous substance by using a non
hazardous one
Substituting the hazardous substance by using one that
has a lower hazard classification
Changing the physical form of the substance to one that
is less intrinsically harmful

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QUESTION: Identify the information that should be included on

a manufacturers safety data sheet supplied with a hazardous
substance
ANSWER: SAFETY DATA SHEETS CONTAIN THE FOLLOWING
INFORMATION:
Identification of the substance or preparation and
supplier.
Composition and information on ingredients
Hazard identification
First aid measures
Fire fighting measures
Accidental release measures
Handling and storage
Exposure controls and personal protection
Physical and chemical properties
Stability and reactivity
Toxicological information
Ecological information
Disposal considerations
Transport information
Regulatory information
Other information

QUESTION: Identify four types of injury that the worker could

suffer while carrying out this activity
ANSWER:
Back injury this type of injury is perhaps the most
serious of all manual handling injuries since recovery is
often slow, incomplete and in some instances the victim
will have to undergo surgery to repair the defect or may
end up permanently disabled.
Tendon and ligament injuries when tendon and
ligaments are overloaded they tear causing extremely
painful injuries which can take a long time to heal.

 Muscle injuries overloaded muscle tissue can tear.

Hernias when the sheet muscle that surrounds the gut
is overloaded it can distort and tear.
Work related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) this is a
generic term for many different medical conditions.
Cuts, burns, dislocation and broken bones physical
injury may result if the load is hot, sharp or dropped on
the feet.

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QUESTION:
a- Identify the principles of the fire triangle
b- Identify three methods of heat transfer and state how
each contributes to the spread of fire
ANSWER:
a- For fire to exist three things must be present:
Fuel : A combustible material or substance that is
consumed during the combustion process.
Oxygen : Consumed during combustion when it is
chemically combined with the fuel. Oxygen is present in
air at a concentration of 21%.
Heat : A heat or ignition source is essential to start the
combustion process.
b- Convection: The principle that hot air rises and cold air
sinks. Hot gases generated by the fire rise straight up
from the fire:
* Inside a building these hot gases will hit the
ceiling and then speared out to from a layer
underneath the ceiling.
* Outdoors these convection currents will
contain burning embers that are carried on the
currents until the air cools and the embers are
dropped to the ground.
Conduction: The principle that heat can be transmitted
through solid materials. Some metals, in particular,
conduct heat very efficiently.
Radiation: Heat energy can be radiated through air in
the form of infrared heat waves which travel in straight
lines and can pass thorough transparent surfaces.
Radiant heat generated by a fire shines onto nearby
surfaces and is absorbed.
QUESTION: Identify the main hazards that may be present
during the demolition of a building
ANSWER: Demolition hazards vary depending on the nature of
the work, but typical hazards include:

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Premature collapse of structures.

Work at height.
Plant and machinery.
Contact with live overheads.
Contact with buried services.
Asbestos.
Dust.
Movement vehicles.
Explosives.
Noise and vibration.
Hazardous substances from previous use of the
building.
Biological hazards from vermin or stagnant water.
Sharp, objects, including glass and nails from the
demolition, syringes left by trespassers.
Manual handling.

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QUESTION:
a- Identify four types of ionizing radiation
b- Outline the main control measures for ionizing radiation
ANSWER:
a- Four types of ionizing radiations are;
Alpha particles smoke detectors and science labs.
Beta particles science labs and thickness gauges.
X-ray medical radiography and baggage security
scanners.
Gamma rays industrial radiography.
Neutrons nuclear power stations.
b- Main control measures are:
Time minimise the duration of exposure. The dose of
radiation received is directly proportional to the
duration of Exposure- halve the duration; halve the
dose.
Distance the greater the distance from the radiation
source to the exposed worker the lower the dose of
radiation received.
Shielding the type required will be determined by the
type of radiation. Relatively thin shield can be used to
contain alpha and beta particle radiation; X and gamma
rays require thicker, denser material such as lead.

QUESTION:
a- Identify four hazards associated with the use of a bench
top grinder

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b- Other than a guard, outline four control measures that

could be introduced to reduce risk to a worker using a
bench top grinder
c- Outline the basic requirements that you would consider
when selecting a guard or safety device for a piece of
work equipment
ANSWER:
a- Four hazards are:
* Abrasion on the contact with rotating abrasive wheel.
* Drawing in at nip-point between wheel and tool rest.
* Ejection of parts of the wheel during normal use or if
bursts.
* Entanglement with the spindle on which the wheel is
mounted.
* Electricity
* Hot parts caused by friction.
* Health hazard from dust.
* Noise and vibration.
b- Four other control measures are:
* Secure grinder in position
* Tool rest adjusted to minimize nip point between rest
and wheel.
* Eye protection
* Hearing protection
* Routine maintenance
* Regular checks of the grinding wheel.
c- Basic characteristics of a guard or safety device:
* Suitability for the intended purpose
* Meets relevant standards
* Strong and robust
* Compatible
* No rough or sharp edges
* Not easy to defeat or bypass
* Vision
* Ventilation
* Ease of maintenance
* Removal for maintenance
* Does not increase overall risk to the operators

QUESTION: Identify possible causes of a mobile crane

overturning on a construction site:
ANSWER:
The crane collapsing or toppling over.
The arm of the crane striking against other structures
during movement.
The load falling.

 The load striking against objects or people while being

manoeuvred.
Contact with live overhead cables.

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QUESTION: Outline suitable control measures for safe storage

and use of highly flammable liquids in the workplace
ANSWER:
Safe use of flammable liquids:
Use the minimum volume of liquid required.
Liquid should be in a properly labeled container.
Ideally the container will be metal with a self closing
lid.
Use a metal tray to catch spills and have absorbent
material available.
Use away from heat and ignition sources.
Ensure that workspace is well ventilated.
Return containers to safe storage after use.
Safe storage of flammable liquids:
Store minimal volumes only.
Store in a purpose built flammables cabinet.
Store away from ignition sources.
A flammables cabinet should:
*Be fire resistant
*Have lockable doors and fire resistant hinges
and fastenings.
*Be clearly signed.
*Have a built in catch tray.
QUESTION: Identify factors that would determine the
frequency of the inspection and testing
ANSWER: Factors that influence the frequency of inspection
and testing:
Legal standards and codes of practice.
Type of equipment and whether or not it is hand held.
Manufactures recommendations.
Initial integrity and soundness of the equipment.
Frequency and duration of use.
Foreseeable abuse of equipment.
Effects to any modifications or repairs to the
equipment.
Analysis of previous records of maintenance, including
both formal inspection and combined inspection and
testing.
QUESTION:
a- Identify four hazards that can cause slips or trips

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b- Identify control measures that can be used to reduce

risk of slips or trips
ANSWER:
a Smooth floor surfaces that are; inherently slippery (e.g.
polished marble), wet because of spills or cleaning
operations.
Contamination of floor with a slippery contaminant,
(e.g. fat or leaves)
Frost and ice (e.g. outside pavements in winter or the
floor in a freezer)
Uneven or loose floor surfaces.
Trailing cables.
Objects on the floor.
b Floor and walkways should be cleaned routinely to
ensure that surfaces are kept free of contamination.
Spills will have to be cleaned up quickly and safely.
Housekeeping routines should be established to ensure
that pedestrian routes are free of trip hazards and
obstructions.
Floor and walkways should be inspected and repaired to
keep them in safe condition.
Guard rails and fencing should be inspected and
repaired as necessary.
Access and egress routes should be inspected routinely
and cleaned or repaired as necessary.
Emergency exit routes should be kept free of slip and
trip hazards and obstructions at all times.
Lighting is essential for safe movement through a
workplace and lights should therefore be routinely
inspected and replaced / repaired as necessary.
Noise level should be kept as low as possible to enable
pedestrians to hear any communications.

QUESTION: Outline the requirements to ensure the safe

evacuation of persons from a building in the event of fire
ANSWER: There should be a means of escape available to
every person workplace.
The means of escape should allow an able bodied
person to travel the entire route by their own unaided
effort.
The means of escape must take a person from
wherever they are in the workplace to a place of safety

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outside the building where they are able to move away

unrestricted.
Two or more separate escape routes may have to
provided do that if one route is blocked there is another
available.
The travel distance that a person has to cover from
their location in the building to the final exit out of the
building should be as short as possible.
The width of corridors, passageways and doors should
be sufficient to allow the free and fast movement of the
numbers of people that might be anticipated.
The escape route should be clearly signed and
appropriately lit.
Emergency lighting should be provided where
necessary.
The route that a person has to take should be
unimpeded by obstructions.

QUESTION: Outline factors that could reduce the effectiveness

of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system
ANSWER:
Poorly positioned intake hoods
Damage ducts
Excessive amounts of contamination
Ineffective fan due to low speed or lack of
maintenance
Blocked filters
Build up of contaminant in the ducts
Sharp bends in ducts
Unauthorized additions to the system.