Sie sind auf Seite 1von 24

Group No.

3
Republic of the Philippines
Capiz State University
Main Campus, Roxas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Department of Civil Engineering

CE Elect 1
Sanitary Engineering

RURAL WATER SUPPLY

Submitted by:
Rijade C. Bibiano
Alda Mae B. Firmalino
John Micheal Nionuevo
Jezaily Ann C. Sajonia

Submitted to:
Engr. Marjoric A. Penetrante

December 14, 2016


Checked by:______
Ratings: ___________
___________
___________
___________

Objectives:
At the end of the report everyone is expected to:

Know the possible water supply sources that can be utilized for rural areas,
Know the possible risks of pollution of water sources and how to protect it
from such risk
Know the about the current situation and problems of water supply, sanitation
and water sources in the Philippines

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
WATER SUPPLY
WATER SOURCES
USES OF WATER
POLLUTION OF WATER
POLLUTION INFILTRATION
A.INDUSTRIAL/ COMMERCIAL POLLUTION
B.MUNICIPAL AND RURAL POLLUTION
C.PRIVATE POLLUTION SOURCE
HEALTH IMPACTS OF WATER POLLUTION
PROTECTING WELLS
FORMATION SEALING OF SPRING
UNDERGROUND POLLUTION
CHEMICALS IN DRINKING WATER
DISEASE
SANITATION
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
STATUS OF WATER USE AND SUPPLY
A. Leading Consumers or Users of Water
B. Access to Drinking Water
C. Water Shortage and Scarcity
D. Major Problems Concerning Water Use and Scarcity
E. Other Threats To Water Availability
PHILIPPINES RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
REVIEW QUESTIONS
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION

1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
7
8
9
9
9
9
10
11
13
15
16
16
16

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 856 December 23, 1975


CODE ON SANITATION
WHEREAS, the health of the people, being of paramount importance, all efforts of
public services should be directed towards the protection and promotion of health;
and
WHEREAS, with the advance in the field of sanitation in recent years, there arises the
need for updating and codifying our scattered sanitary laws to ensure that they are
in keeping with modern standards of sanitation and provide a handy reference and
guide for their enforcement;
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of
the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree the
following Code on Sanitation:
CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
CHAPTER II
WATER SUPPLY
Section 9. Prescribed Standards and procedures
Standards for drinking water and their bacteriological and chemical examinations,
together with the evaluation of results, shall conform to the criteria set by the National
Drinking Water Standards. The treatment of water to render it safe for drinking, and the
disinfection of contaminated water sources together with their distribution systems
shall be in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Department.

RURAL WATER SUPPLY


Introduction
Water is an essential commodity for survival and the improvement of quality of
life for health (drinking, eating and washing) economic development (agroindustry). It increases the production activities by reducing the number of days off sick
and through the time saved on the water collection.
About 1.1. billion people do not have access to improved water supply services
while 2.4 billion people do not have access to any type of improved sanitation facility.
In the Asia-Pacific region alone, 700 million people still do not have access to safe
drinking water and some 2 billion people live without adequate sanitation. With about
70% of the worlds poor living in rural areas, it is of utmost importance to give better
and increased attention on rural water and sanitation.
What Is Preventing The Poor From Getting Access To Water And Sanitation?

Water Supply
It is the process of providing water in a systematic way through installed pumps
and pipe lines. Before water is provided to a specific area, it undergoes a process
called sanitation to ensure that the quality of water received is safe for human
consumption. The Philippines water supply system dates back to 1946 after the
country achieved its independence. Government agencies, local institutions, nongovernment organizations, and other corporations are primarily in charge in the
operation and administration of water supply and sanitation in the country.

Water Sources
The various sources of water can be classified according to their relative location
on the earth:
1. Surface sources
Surface water is any water that collects on the surface of the earth. This
includes oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, or wetlands. Fresh surface water is
maintained by rainfall or other precipitation, and it's lost through seepage
through the ground, evaporation, or use by plants and animals. Man-made
bodies of water are not considered surface water since they generally rest on
artificial surfaces, not the ground itself.
Examples:
a. lakes
b. Streams
c. rivers
d. Storage reservoir

2. Groundwater
Groundwater is used for drinking water by more than 50 percent of the
people, including almost everyone who lives in rural areas. The largest use for
groundwater is to irrigate crops.
Examples:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Springs
Infiltration wells
Wells
Tube-wells
Hand pump

3. Rain water
Rainwater is a product of water vapor that has risen due to evaporation
and accumulated in the atmosphere, which condenses and falls on the Earths
surface. As the water vapor that has accumulated in cloud formations
condenses, it forms drop of rain that fall to the earth.

Uses of Water
Water use can mean the amount of water used by a household or a country,
or thep amount used for a given task or for the production of a given quantity of some
product or crop, or the amount allocated for a particular purpose.

Agricultural
The use of water for agriculture has changed the production of crops
dramatically in the 20th century. Agricultural use of water accounts for nearly
70% of the water used throughout the world, and the majority of
this water is used for irrigation.

Industrial
The industries that produce metals, wood and paper products,
chemicals, gasoline and oils, and those invaluable grabber utensils you use to
get your ring out of the garbage disposal are major users of water. Probably
every manufactured product uses water during some part of the production
process.

Domestic
Domestic water use is water used for indoor and outdoor
household purposes or all the things you do at home. Example: drinking,
preparing food, cooking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, brushing your
teeth, watering the yard and garden, and even washing the dog.

Pollution in Water
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans,
aquifers and groundwater). This form of environmental degradation occurs when
pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful compounds.
Water pollution affects the entire biosphere plants and organisms living in
these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual
species and population, but also to the natural biological communities.
Water pollution can be categorize in:

Point sources
Point source water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway
from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch.

Examples of point sources include:


o discharges from wastewater treatment plants;
o operational wastes from industries; and
o Combined sewer outfalls.
Non-point sources
Non-point sources of pollution are often termed diffuse pollution and
refer to those inputs and impacts which occur over a wide area and are not
easily attributed to a single source.
Examples of non-point sources of pollution include the following:
o Sediments from construction, forestry operations and agricultural lands;
o Bacteria and microorganisms from failing septic systems and pet
wastes;
o Nutrients (from fertilizers and yard debris) and pesticides from
agricultural areas, golf courses, athletic fields and residential yards;
o Oil, grease, antifreeze, and metals washed from roads, parking lots and
driveways;
o Litter thrown onto streets, sidewalks and beaches, or directly into the
water by individuals.

Pollution and Infiltration


There are several possible ways by which pollution and contamination of our water
sources can happen. These are from:

Industrial/Commercial Pollution

Municipal and Rural Pollution

Private Pollution Sources

Industrial/Commercial Pollution
Contamination of both groundwater and surface water sources by industrial
and commercial firms is often the result of ignorance, carelessness or demand for
business profit.
Municipal and Rural Pollution
Typical pollution sources and the contaminants involved are listed in Table 4.1

Table 4.1
Pollution Source
Solid waste landfill

Possible Contaminants
Heavy metals, chloride, sodium, wide
variety of organic and inorganic
compounds

Liquid waste storage ponds

Heavy metals, solvent and brines

Septic tanks/leach fields

Organic solvent metals and brines

Agricultural Activities

Nitrates, herbicides and pesticides

Infiltration of urban runoff

Inorganic compounds, heavy metals


and petroleum

Private Pollution Sources


Private pollution sources includes the following:

Open well casing allowing animal or human waste to pollute the


casing/shallow will directly.

Lack of sealing around the casing (annular space) allowing unfiltered surface
water to drain directly into the filtered setting.

Oil or chemical spillage seeping down (1 liter of oil can make 20 m 3 of water
undrinkable)

Over fertilizer of fields

Health Impacts of Water Pollution


It is a well-known fact that clean water is absolutely essential for healthy living.
Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human
beings on the earth, yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are
deprived of this.
The main source of freshwater pollution can be attributed to discharge of
untreated waste, dumping of industrial effluent, and run-off from agricultural fields.
Polluted water like chemicals in drinking water causes problem to health and leads to
water-borne diseases which can be prevented by taking measures can be taken
even at the household level.

Example of Water-borne Diseases are:


o Diarrhea
o Vomiting
o Typhoid
o Diphtheria
Protecting Wells

o
o
o
o

Hepatitis
Kidney Damage
Nerve Disorder
Skin Lesion

1. Formation and Sealing of Drilled Wells


The borehole diameter of a drilled well is often larger than the casing
diameter which leaves an open space around the casing.
2. Sanitary Sealing of Drilled Wells
The top of the casing must extend approximately 0.3 m above the
surface of the ground/floor and the watertight with a tight sanitary well seal
where the pump connection enters the well. The seal must close all openings
for riser mains, cables and monitoring equipment.
3. Formation Sealing of Dug Wells
The dug diameter of the well is only a little larger than the concrete
culvert and the lower annular space is usually filled up by cave-ins. The
annular space around the culvert should be first filled by grout up to the
water level or at least up to 2 meters from the surface. The balance of the
annular space can be filled up with clay up to the concrete slab.
Formation Sealing Of Spring
The spring water is collected by placing perforated drains in the aquifer. After
installing these pipes, the aquifer should be enclosed in clay so that the polluting
surface water will not infiltrate. In constructing the spring box, all surfaces in
connection with clay should be sealed with cement grout.
Underground Pollution
If the water is safely protected against surface contamination but it will
supplying. Polluted water, there are 2 possible major cause of pollution
1. The groundwater in infiltrated by contaminated groundwater.

2. The water source is contaminated by a septic tank or leachate water from a


dumpsite.
Chemicals in Drinking Water
Chemicals in water can be both naturally occurring or introduced by human
interference and can have serious health effects.

Fluoride
Fluoride in the water is essential for protection against dental caries and
weakening of the bones, but higher levels can have an adverse effect on
health. In India, high fluoride content is found naturally in the waters in
Rajasthan.

Arsenic
Arsenic occurs naturally or is possibly aggravated by over powering
aquifers and by phosphorus from fertilizers. High concentrations of arsenic in
water can have an adverse effect on health. A few years back, high
concentrations of this element was found in drinking water in six districts in West
Bengal. A majority of people in the area was found suffering from arsenic skin
lesions. It was felt that arsenic contamination in the groundwater was due to
natural causes. The government is trying to provide an alternative drinking
water source and a method through which the arsenic content from water can
be removed.

Lead.
Pipes, fittings, solder, and the service connections of some household
plumbing systems contain lead that contaminates the drinking water source.

Recreational use of water


Untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural waste are often
discharged into the water bodies such as the lakes, coastal areas and rivers
endangering their use for recreational purposes such as swimming and
canoeing.

Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals contaminate the groundwater from underground
petroleum storage tanks.

Other heavy metals


These contaminants come from mining waste and tailings, landfills, or
hazardous waste dumps.

Chlorinated solvents.
Metal and plastic effluents, fabric cleaning, electronic and aircraft
manufacturing are often discharged and contaminate groundwater

Disease
Water-borne diseases are infectious diseases spread primarily through
contaminated water. Though these diseases are spread either directly or through flies
or filth, water is the chief medium for spread of these diseases and hence they are
termed as water-borne diseases.
Most intestinal (enteric) diseases are infectious and are transmitted through
fecal waste. Pathogens which include virus, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms
are disease-producing agents found in the feces of infected persons. These diseases
are more prevalent in areas with poor sanitary conditions. These pathogens travel
through water sources and interfuses directly through persons handling food and
water. Since these diseases are highly infectious, extreme care and hygiene should be
maintained by people looking after an infected patient. Hepatitis, cholera, dysentery,
and typhoid are the more common water-borne diseases that affect large
populations in the tropical regions.
A large number of chemicals that either exist naturally in the land or are added
due to human activity dissolve in the water, thereby contaminating it and leading to
various diseases.

Pesticides
The organophosphates and the carbonates present in pesticides affect
and damage the nervous system and can cause cancer. Some of the
pesticides contain carcinogens that exceed recommended levels. They
contain chlorides that cause reproductive and endocrinal damage.

Lead
Lead is hazardous to health as it accumulates in the body and affects
the central nervous system. Children and pregnant women are most at risk.

Fluoride
Excess fluorides can cause yellowing of the teeth and damage to the
spinal cord and other crippling diseases.

Nitrates
Drinking water that gets contaminated with nitrates can prove fatal
especially to infants that drink formula milk as it restricts the amount of oxygen
that reaches the brain causing the blue baby syndrome. It is also linked to

digestive tract cancers. It causes algae to bloom resulting in eutrophication in


surface water.

Petrochemicals
Benzene and other petrochemicals can cause cancer even at low
exposure levels.

Chlorinated solvents
These are linked to reproduction disorders and to some cancers.

Arsenic
Arsenic poisoning through water can cause liver and nervous system
damage, vascular diseases and also skin cancer.

Other heavy metals


Heavy metals cause damage to the nervous system and the kidney,
and other metabolic disruptions.

Salts
It makes the fresh water unusable for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Exposure to polluted water can cause diarrhea, skin irritation, respiratory


problems, and other diseases, depending on the pollutant that is in the water body.
Stagnant water and other untreated water provide a habitat for the mosquito and a
host of other parasites and insects that cause a large number of diseases especially in
the tropical regions. Among these, malaria is undoubtedly the most widely distributed
and causes most damage to human health.
Sanitation
It is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human
contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal
of sewage or wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological,
biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems
include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage
or greywater) industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of
prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g., sanitary sewers, sewage
treatment, surface runoff management, solid waste management, excreta
management), simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry toilets, urine-diverting dry
toilets, septic tanks), or even simply by behavior changes in personal hygiene
practices, such as hand washing with soap.

Preventive Measures
Water-borne epidemics and health hazards in the aquatic environment are
mainly due to improper management of water resources. Proper management of
water resources has become the need of the hour as this would ultimately lead to a
cleaner and healthier environment.
In order to prevent the spread of water-borne infectious diseases, people
should take adequate precautions. The city water supply should be properly checked
and necessary steps taken to disinfect it. Water pipes should be regularly checked for
leaks and cracks. At home, the water should be boiled, filtered, or other methods and
necessary steps taken to ensure that it is free from infection.
Status of Water Use and Supply
A. Leading Consumers or Users of Water
The countrys major water users are the agricultural sector which accounts for
85.27 percent of the total water supply, the industrial sector which consumes 7.46%
and lastly the domestic users which use the remaining 7.27percent.
In the Philippines, agriculture as a whole is the greatest consumer of water.
Irrigation constitutes a large portion of total water consumption by agriculture; it is
considered the biggest water user in the country, notwithstanding the fact that only
47 percent of the potentially irrigable area of 3.16 million hectares is irrigated. About
95 percent of the irrigated area is devoted to paddy and about 70 percent of paddy
production comes from irrigated lands.
Based on 2003 data, 63 percent of groundwater is consumed by the domestic
sector and the remaining is shared by agriculture (17 percent), industry (13 percent),
and other sectors (7 percent). PEM 2003, on the other hand, reports that about 86
percent of piped-water supply systems use groundwater as source.
Estimated water withdrawals as of 2003, based on water-right grantees
registered with NWRB is 77,456 MCM/year. About 60 percent of groundwater
extraction is without permit, resulting in indiscriminate withdrawal. Over abstraction
from 6,441 registered wells has led to the lowering of aquifers, resulting in saline intrusion
and ground subsidence in some areas.
B. Access to Drinking Water
According to the 2005 Little Green Data Book of the World Bank, one out of
five Filipinos does not get water from formal sources. Only 77 percent of the rural
population and 90 percent of those in urban areas have access to an improved water
source and only 44 percent have direct house connections. Those without house
connections access water from wells, springs, communal faucets, and/or from small
scale informal providers.
In the Philippines, supply and delivery of potable water in different parts of the
country is the responsibility of various government agencies and water utilities. Metro

Manila is being served primarily by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage


System (MWSS) through its two private concessionaires, the Maynilad Water Services,
Inc. and the Manila Water Company, and by some private companies serving
subdivisions. Water supply comes mainly from surface water. Metro Manila has four
water treatment plants, namely: Balara Treatment Plants I and II, and the La Mesa
Water Treatment Plants I and II.
In other urban and fringe areas outside of Metro Manila, service is provided by
a total of 594 water districts and 250 subdivisions with Certificates of Public
Convenience (CPC). As of December 2004, other private suppliers and providers
issued with CPC include: a total of 321 out of an estimated potential 1,780 water
service providers granted CPC, 500 Rural Water and Sanitation Associations (RWSA),
21 out of 156 water cooperatives, nine economic zones, four private utility operators,
and 46 peddlers/ship chandlers. These water districts and private utilities operating in
different provinces are monitored and administered by the LWUA and NWRB.
The provincial rural areas are primarily served by the Local Government Units
and cooperative water associations, with assistance from the Department of Interior
and Local Government (DILG), Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH),
and Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA).
Water supplied by all sources in the Philippines is considered unsafe for drinking
without further treatment. Outside of Metro Manila, there are water treatment plants
in Metro Roxas, San Jose Del Monte, Leyte, Iloilo, Zamboanga, Bongao in Tawi-tawi,
Pagsanjan, Santiago City in Isabela, Albay, and Candon City in Ilocos Sur. Most of the
water districts use chlorination for treatment.
Almost all households incur additional expenditures on water treatment and
for bottled water. Such expenditures are substantially higher than what is paid to the
water utility. Urban households also spend a substantial amount on bottled water as
manifested by the proliferation of drinking water stations all over the country.
However, drinking water stations are in need of improved regulation as the
quality of water does not have to meet any standards at present.
C. Water Shortage and Scarcity
NWRB has identified nine water-critical urbanized areas where water is
consumed intensively. This includes: Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, Davao, Baguio City,
Angeles City, Bacolod City, Iloilo City, Cagayan de Oro City, and
Zamboanga City.
Cases of water scarcity and shortages have been documented and reported
in various publications, among which are the following:
In the summer of 2007, a news article reported that water suppliers in the
Visayas are facing supply problems because of the drying up of water sources due to
climatic changes. According to Melchor Bibanco, president of the Visayas Association
of Water Districts, in an interview, most water districts were experiencing supply
problems, especially during the summer season. However, he also observes that this is

getting worse each year. He attributed the depletion of water sources to the El Nio
weather phenomenon as part of the global climatic changes.
Same article reports that in Iloilo, the Metro Iloilo Water District (MIWD) has
started rationing water supply to consumers because of the expected increase in
demand and the low water level of its source. The MIWD extracts water from the Tigum
River through an intake dam in Barangay Daja in Maasin town, 29.5 kilometers
northwest of Iloilo City. It also gets its supply from seven pumping stations in deep wells
in Oton and San Miguel.
In its report, the DENR identified Davao as among the major cities in the country
suffering from a shortage in fresh water supply. A critical number of communities in the
second district are perennially suffering less supply of water. The city of Tagum and its
nearby towns in the province of Davao del Norte also suffer the same problem (Tupas,
J, 2007). From a little over 190 meters by the end of March 2004, Angat Dams water
level dropped to a critical mark to 170 meters in August due to a prolonged dry spell
attributed to climate change. This prompted government to stop using water reserves
for irrigation in some areas.
The Greenpeace report Crisis or Opportunity: Climate change impacts and the
Philippines (2005) written by the former head of the Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Dr. Leoncio
Amadore also identifies the Southern Mindanao Drought of 1988 as a case in point.
According to this report, the El Nino that occurred in 1997 to 98 was one of the most
severe ENSO event to hit the country. Beginning July 1997, some parts of the Philippines
were already experiencing below normal rainfall. By October of the same year,
practically the whole country experienced a drastic drop in rainfall, leaving rice and
corn production at risk. The peak of the dry spell had ravaged the country until June
of the next year.
Experts project that by year 2025, water availability deficit would take place in
several river basins such as in Pampanga and Agno, in Pasig-Laguna, in Cagayan
Valley, all other regions in Luzon, in Jalaur and Ilog Hilabangan, and in the island of
Cebu in Visayas.
D. Major Problems Concerning Water Use and Scarcity
The discussion below summarizes the major problems concerning water use
and scarcity identified in NWRBs report on Challenges to Water Resource
Management in the Philippines, World Banks Water Resource Assistance Strategy
2003, the report contained in the PEM 2004 issue, and selected news articles from the
national dailies.

Disparities between Water Supply and Demand


Despite the abundant water resources in the Philippines, distribution of
these resources varies widely in time and place as a result of the different
geographic and climate conditions prevailing in different parts of the country.
Water resources are unevenly distributed throughout the country, often
resulting in water shortages in highly populated areas, especially during the dry
season. Several river basins (Pampanga, Agno, Pasig-Laguna, and on the
island of Cebu) are also experiencing generalized water scarcity (PEM, 2004).

Lack of Water Allocation Formula


Most of the problems encountered in the water sector today arise from
an issue of conflicts of use and water allocation. With the increase of
population coupled with worsening pollution of water, lack of infrastructure
and facilities result in allocation issues and conflicting rights over limited water
supply. The principle in the Water Code of "first in time priority in right" may no
longer be an equitable approach in resolving such conflicts.
In times of drought or emergency, a national policy exists wherein
domestic water supply gets priority over all others within the limits of its water
rights (National Water Resources Board, 1976, as cited in Jose, A. and Cruz, N.,
1999). Conflicts arise, as in the case of the Angat Reservoir, when the MWSS
withdraws water from the reservoir over and above its existing water rights, and
in the process expropriating a portion of the National Irrigators Associations
(NIA) water rights.
In a news report, former DENR Secretary Angelo Reyes mentions that
there is now a need to review this policy in the light of sectoral conflicts in the
use of water resources.
Corporations also directly compete with the people for the control and
use of available freshwater resources For instance, Benguet Corporation, a U.S.
mining firm which is now venturing into the water business, holds 65 water
appropriation permits issued by the NWRB. The permits cover major creeks,
springs, and rivers in the municipality of Itogon in Benguet province that
communities use for their domestic and agricultural needs. In San Pablo City,
Laguna, farmers and residents complain of declining water availability and
blame the operation of a mineral water plant by Nestle Philippines, Inc.

Weak Water Use Regulation and Enforcement


The investigation and processing of water permit applications constitute
the type functions for which NWRB is not properly equipped in terms of either
manpower or resources.

Inefficient water use


There is tremendous waste of water in distribution lines, irrigation canals,
and at homes. Inefficiency in water usage was exacerbated by the absence

of regulations, economic incentives, and institutional arrangements needed to


promote water conservation and rational use of water.
Apart from increasing industrial and domestic demand, another
contributing factor to the water shortage in Metro Manila is the high level of
water loss due to leaking pipes and illegal connections.

Depletion of groundwater resources


Indiscriminate groundwater abstraction resulting to salt-intrusion are
noticeable in Metro Manila and Cavite (Region IV), Iloilo (Region VI), and Cebu
(Region VII). The indiscriminate use of groundwater wells for residential and
industrial areas due to the failure of major utility providers to service these areas
is the major cause for the depletion of the groundwater resources in the
country.

Fragmented management
One of the most critical issues confronting the Philippine water sector is
the lack of an appropriate institutional framework to address issues of
development and management of water and related resources. At present,
there are over 30 government agencies and departments separately dealing
with water supply, irrigation, hydropower, flood control, pollution, watershed
management, etc. It is this fragmented approach to water management
which causes an overlap of work and conflicts among agencies and results in
a fractional water management plan that does not adequately meet the
requirements for sustainability.

E. Other threats to water availability


The situation presented earlier clearly shows how various problems on water
use and distribution lead to water scarcity in different areas in the country. There are
other factors, however, that need greater attention now as these affect not only the
supply but the availability of water resources itself. One of these is the significant
decline and deterioration of watersheds. Excessive logging and shifting cultivation in
the watersheds trigger widespread degradation and subsequent erosion and siltation
of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs (Santos 1997, as cited in Jose and Cruz, 1999).
Reports from several studies mention that most of the watersheds in the
Philippines are in critical condition as manifested by recent and recurring calamities
such as flashfloods in Southern Leyte and Northern Mindanao and an increase in
frequency of El Nio events in Luzon which reduces water levels in dams. The World
Bank also cites deteriorating watersheds as one of the reasons for the increase in
flooding in recent years (WB, 2003). The report Crisis or Opportunity cites data that
shows how extreme climate events/variability, such as floods, droughts, forest fires,
and tropical cyclones have increased in temperate and tropical Asia in the past few

decades. In some regions, such as parts of Asia and Africa, the frequency and intensity
of droughts have also increased. The El Nio phenomenon has been more frequent,
persistent and intense since the mid-1970s.
The report also presents data on extreme climatic events that occurred in the
country since 1970, impelling us to recognize that earths climate is indeed changing.
The Great Luzon Floods in 1972 is a typical example of heavy flooding caused by
heavy, persistent precipitation.
The Southern Mindanao Drought of 1998 was one of the most severe El Nio Southern
Oscillation to hit the country.
Landslides, triggered by earthquake or heavy rainfall, were aggravated by manmade causes, i.e. forest denudation, modification of slope of the terrain, and others.
From 1989 to 1999, landslides occurred almost every year in the Cordillera
Administrative Region. The highest number occurring during the La Nia period of 1996
to 1999, which recorded annual total of 17 to 29 events that followed after a heavy
rainfall.
The Ormoc catastrophic flash flood in 1991 wherein more than 5000 people perished
was also cited
Camiguin flashflood in 2001, Southern Leyte, and Surigao disaster in 2003, and the
Aurora/Infanta floods which came after 20 days of moderate to heavy rainfall were
caused by four successive tropical cyclones towards the end of 2004.
Based on this study, it is anticipated that flood magnitude and frequency are
projected to increase, affecting many regions as a consequence of repeated heavy
precipitation events, which can increase runoff in most areas as well as groundwater
recharge in some floodplains.
Occurrences of extreme climatic events like droughts and floods have serious
negative implications for major water reservoirs in the country as well, as shown in a
study conducted in five major reservoirs in Luzon and one reservoir in Mindanao (Crisis
and Opportunity).
More cold, La Nia-type episodes were observed during the 70s, while the 80s
and 90s were characterized by the occurrence of four strong, warm periods (1982-83,
1986-87, 1991-92 and the 1997-98 El Nino events) causing consistent negative
anomalies of rainfall and inflow.
The expected climate changes that could affect rainfall distribution will
ultimately affect runoff to rivers and lakes. On the other hand, decrease in runoff
because of frequent drought episodes, would mean more serious problems in water
availability.

Philippines Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project


On average, two out of three people in the rural areas of the Philippines lack
access to potable water. This proportion is markedly higher than the Asian average of
one in three people. The provision of water supply and sanitation facilities in rural areas
is, therefore a priority of the Philippine Government. ADBs Rural water Supply and
Sanitation Project focuses on some 3,000 rural communities in the 20 poorest provinces
in the country. Among its objective are to:

Provide safe, adequate and reliable water supply and sanitation services to
selected low income rural communities through community- based
arrangements.
Support health and hygiene education, water quality surveillance, and
community management activities.

The project is divided into two parts:

Part 1 institutional development, which involves capacity building for local


institutions, organization of village- level water association (Barangay
Waterworks And Sanitation Association BWSA), health and hygiene
education and water quality control surveillance
Part 2 WWS facilities, which involve in the construction of some 6,100 water
supply systems, and rehabilitation of 2,000 shallow wells and 130 springs.
To date, the project has resulted in the construction of 5,869 water supply
facilities, organization of 4,172 BWSAs, and training about 4000 representatives
of communities and local institutions. On Sanitation side it has yield some 378
institutional toilets, 91,400 private toilets and 64 water analysis laboratories.

Good Practices
The project has introduced several innovations and good practices, especially
in terms of mobilizing the communities and enabling them to manage their own water
supply system.
Guimaras
Guimaras actively implement Project with strong support from the provincial
management. Its governor, Hon. J. Nava. A highly motivated team of women runs
the BWSA. In addition to resources given by DPWH and the provincial government,
the BWSA was able to raise funds to construct water tank.
A spring water source about 2 km away from the barangay was equipped with
a submersible pump and generator. This was provided to them by the DPWH, together
with well and pipe materials. A total of 16 communal faucets were also installed to
serve 76 households of about 400 persons, which would be expanded to 34 more
households.

Biliran Province
Biliran Province has a population of about 140,000 residing in 132 barangays in
8 municipalities. Water supply has been a priority project in the province. To date, the
target stabling 77 BWSAs was achieved and their training is completed. A Total of 5.635
household benefited from the completed facilities.
Southern Leyte Province
Southern Leyte has a population of about 135,000 reading 376 barangays in 18
municipalities and 1 city. The governor prioritizes the project and provides various
assistance for its implementation.
To date 260 BWSAs were organized and 164 BWSAs were trained out of target
376 BWSAs.
The Existing Situation of Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation, Challenges and
Problems
o

Financial Challenges and Problems


Living Standards of Rural People are very low.
Investment in RWSS is very low
RWSS coverage is low
Challenges in Social Aspects, Tradition and Customs
Understanding about hygiene and health is low in rural areas
Due to the bad hygiene practices common diseases are frequent in rural
areas
Use of fresh excreta as fertilizers are common
RWS organization is fragmented
Supply driven approach
Weak legislative environment
Technical Challenges and Natural Disasters
In specially difficult areas for water resources
Recent irregular climatic change
Most households do not have hygienic latrines
Fishing villages have very high population density
Population cause by livestock and pesticides
There are no centers for technology transfer

Waterless Community in Capiz


1. MUNICIPALITY OF IVISAN
15 BARANGAYS
o

9 BARANGAYS W/ ACCESS OF
WATER
CABUGAO
CUDIAN
ILAYA-IVISAN
MALOCLOC NORTE
MIANAY
ONDOY
POBLACION NORTE
POBLACION SUR
SANTA CRUZ

6 BARANGAYS W/O ACCESS OF


WATER

AGMALOBO
AGUSTIN NAVARRO
BALARING
BASIAO
MALOCLOC SUR
MATNOG

2. MUNICIPALITY OF PANAY
42 BARANGAYS
o

31 BARANGAYS W/ ACCESS OF
WATER
AGBALO
AGBANBAN
AGOJO
ANHAWON
BAGACAY
BAGO CHIQUITO
BAGO GRANDE
BAHIT
BATO
BONGA
BUNTOD
CABUGAO ESTE
CALAPAWAN
CALITAN
CANDU-AL
COGON
DAGA
LIBON
LINAO
LINATERAN
LOMBOY

LUS-ONAN
PAWA
PILI
POBLACION ILAWOD
POBLACION ILAYA
POBLACION TABUC
TANZA NORTE
TANZA NORTE
TICO
11 BARANGAYS W/O ACCESS
OF WATER
BANTIGUE
BINANGIG
BINANTU-AN
BUTACAL
ILAMNAY
JAMULAWON
LANIPGA
LAT-ASAN
MAGUBILIN
NAVITAS
TALASA

3. MUNICIPALITY OF PANITAN
26 BARANGAYS

11 BARANGAYS W/ ACCESS OF
WATER
AGBABADLANG
AGKILO
BAHIT
COGON
CONCIENCIA
POBLACION ILAYOD
POBLACION ILAYA
SALOCON
TABUC NORTE
TABUC SUR
TIMPAS

4.

CITY OF ROXAS

47 BARANGAYS
o

46 BARANGAYS W/ ACCESS OF
WATER
ADLAWAN
BAGO
BALIJUAGAN
BANICA
BARANGAY 1
BARANGAY 2
BARANGAY 3
BARANGAY 4
BARANGAY 5
BARANGAY 6
BARANGAY 7
BARANGAY 8
BARANGAY 9
BARANGAY 10
BARANGAY 11
BARRA
BATO
BAYBAY
BOLO
CABUGAO
CAGAY

15 BARANGAYS W/O ACCESS


OF WATER
AGLOWAY
AMBITAY
BALATUCAN
BANGA-AN
CABUGAO
CABANGAHAN
CADLO
CALA-AN
CAPAGAO
ENSEAGAN
PASUGUE
QUITOS
TINCUPON
TINIGBAN

COGON
CULAJAO
CULASI
DUMOLOG
DAYAO
DINGINAN
GABU-AN
INZO
ARNALDO
CADIMAHAN)
JUMAGUICJIC
LANOT
LONOY
MILIBILI
MONGPONG
PUNTA COGON
PUNTA TABUC
SAN JOSE
SIBAGUAN
TALON
TANQUE
TANZA
TIZA

VILLAGE

1 BARANGAYS W/O ACCESS OF


WATER

OLOTAYAN

Review Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What is water supply?


What are the water sources that can be utilized for rural areas?
What are the diseases that you can get in a polluted water?
Is the water in your community safe or not?
Why water is important in our lives?
What are the current situation and problems of water supply, sanitation and
water sources in the Philippines?

Summary
Water is an essential commodity for survival and the improvement of quality of
life for health and economic development. There are three main sources of water
namely Surface Sources like streams, rivers, lakes, and water storage. Second is the
ground water and lastly is the rain water. Water also have some different uses it is either
Domestic, Industrial or Agricultural. Water supply in rural areas is prone to water
pollution that can cause various types of disease like hepatitis, cholera, dysentery,
diarrhea, skin irritation, respiratory problems and typhoid are the more common waterborne diseases that affect large populations in the tropical regions. Sanitation is
the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with
the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal
of sewage or wastewater. Water-borne epidemics and health hazards in the aquatic
environment are mainly due to improper management of water resources. Proper
management of water resources has become the need of the hour as this would
ultimately lead to a cleaner and healthier environment. In order to prevent the spread
of water-borne infectious diseases, people should take adequate precautions and
proper sanitation.

Conclusion
The management of water resources is an important issue for societal health
and well-being. Water supply in rural areas are prone to water pollution that can
cause various types of disease that can harm the both human, animals and also the
plants. Thats why people in rural area should be aware of what we called sanitation,
with this, people will be able to prevent the different water-borne diseases that they
may acquire in using polluted water and they may also be able to keep their water
resources clean and avoid it to become polluted.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen