PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

MADE BY ABHISHEK
CHOUDHARY
ROLL NO. - 1
CLASS 12 A
Session : 2015-2016
Exam roll no.

AIM TO SET UP A CIRCUIT FOR A

alarm ).

BURGLAR ALARM( fence

Certificate
This is to certify that Abhishek Choudhary has
successfully completed the physics investigatory
project entitled
To set up a circuit for a BURGLAR ALARM
(Fencealarm).
in the academic year 2015-2016 as per the CBSE
syllabus for physics in class XII of DAV Public
School, Jasola Vihar.

Mrs. VIBHA GERA

(PhysicsTeacher)

Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my physics teacher Mrs.
Vibha Gera for her consistent guidance, motivation,
moral encouragement and sympathetic attitude
towards the success of this project.
I want to thank principal sir and school for
providing this golden opportunity.
I would also like to extent my gratitude towards
the lab assistant, my parents and everyone who has
helped me in completing this project successfully.

Index

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

AIM
COMPONENTS USED
INTRODUCTION
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLOGRAPHY

Aim

TO SET UP A CIRCUIT
FOR A
BURGLAR ALARM
(FenceAlarm).

COMPONENTS
USED

1. Speaker One
8, 0.5 Watt

2. Resistors Three
R1: 100 K
R2: 10K
R3: 56K
3. NPN-Transistor ONE
T1:Bc548

4. PNP-Transistor One
T2:BC558

5. Capacitors - ONE
C1:0.04 mF

6.Battery: 3 V

Introduction

Burglar alarm is a system designed to

detect intrusion unauthorized entry into
a building or area. Security alarms are
used in residential, commercial, industrial,
and military properties for protection
against burglary (theft) or property
damage, as well as personal protection
against intruders.
These systems are designed to detect any
physical attempt to penetrate the barrier.
Taut wire systems can operate with a
variety of switches or detectors that sense
movement at each end of the tensioned
wires. These switches or detectors can be
a simple mechanical contact, static force
transducer or an electronic strain gauge.
Unwanted alarms caused by animals and
birds can be avoided by adjusting the

sensors to ignore objects that exert small

amounts of pressure on the wires
Circuit Diagram:

Circuit working:
In this circuit we use two transistors.One is NPN and
second is PNP. Both the transistors are connected together
as a complimentary pair. Emitter of the both transistor are
connected to the forward bias voltage. Emitter of NPN is
connected to the negative voltage and emitter of PNP is
connected to the positive voltage. Collector of the NPN is
connected to the base of PNP transistor. Collector of PNP is
connected to the speaker coil. Resistance 100 k ohm is
connected to the base of NPN transistor and gives a low
positive voltage to the base of NPN transistor. Resistor 10 k
ohm and capacitor 0.04 mfd connected between collector
of PNP and the base of NPN.. Resistor 10 k ohm and
capacitor 0.04 give a positive feedback and generate a
oscillation in this circuit. Due to this oscillation circuit give
a sound in the speaker. When we connect a loop wire
( Fence wire) between base of NPN and negative point of

battery, then due to loop wire more negative voltage is

applied to the base of NPN, so that NPN is off due to this
negative voltage because NPN base work on low positive
voltage. Now when anybody cut this wire then NPN again
more positively biased and alarm is on.

Component Description:

SPEAKER

The speaker simply changes electric energy into sound. The speaker is a
transducer. One in a family of devices which converts energy from one form
into another.
In order to translate an electrical signal into an audible sound, speakers
contain an electromagnet: a metal coil which creates a magnetic field when
an electric current flows through it. This coil behaves much like a normal
(permanent) magnet, with one particularly handy property: reversing the
direction of the current in the coil flips the poles of the magnet.

Inside a speaker, an electromagnet is placed in front of a permanent

magnet. The permanent magnet is fixed firmly into position whereas the
electromagnet is mobile. As pulses of electricity pass through the coil of the
electromagnet, the direction of its magnetic field is rapidly changed. This
means that it is in turn attracted to and repelled from the permanent
magnet, vibrating back and forth.

The electromagnet is attached to a cone made of a flexible material such as

paper or plastic which amplifies these vibrations, pumping sound waves into
the surrounding air and towards your ears.

RESISTOR
Resistor is a component used to control the amountof the current that flows
in an electronic or electric circuit. The amount of the current that flows
through a conductor depends on its resistance. The greater the resistance,
the smaller is the current.

Resistance:
It is the property of a conductor due to which it poses an obstruction to the
flow of current through it.

Definition:
Resistance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of potential difference (v)
across the ends of the conductor to the current flowing through it i.e. R = V/I

Where, 1ohm = 1 volt = 1V

1 ampere 1A

Thus, one ohm is the resistance of the conductor through which a current of
1 ampere flows when a potential difference of 1 volt is applied across the
ends of the conductor.

SI UNIT: Ohm ().

DIMSENSIONS: [M1 L T-3 A 2].

Cause of resistance of a conductor:

Resistance of a given conducting wire is due to the collisions of free
electrons with the ions or atoms of the conductor while drifting towards the
positive end of the conductor

NPN TTRANSISTOR
NPN is one of the two types of bipolar transistors, in which the letters "N"
and "P" refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of
the transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because electron
mobility is higher than hole mobility in semiconductors.
NPN transistors consist of a layer of P-doped semiconductor (the "base")
between two N-doped layers. A small current entering the base in commonemitter mode is amplified in the collector output.

The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in
the direction of the conventional current flow when the device is in forward
active mode.

Forward biasing and reverse biasing:

When the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type
material and the negative terminal of the battery is connected to the n-type
material, such a connection is called forward bias.
When the positive terminal of the battery is connected to n-type material
and the negative terminal of the battery is connected to p-type material,
such a connection is called reverse bias.

PNP TRANSISTOR
The other type of bipolar transistor is the PNP with the letters "P" and "N"
referring to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the
transistor. Few transistors used today are PNP, since the NPN type gives
better performance in most circumstances.
PNP transistors consist of a layer of N-doped semiconductor between two
layers of P-doped material. PNP transistors are commonly operated with the
collector at ground and the emitter connected to a positive voltage through
an electric load. A small current entering the base prevents current from
flowing between the collector and emitter.
Biasing concepts are as for NPN transistor.

CAPACITOR

Electrical capacitance of a conductor is the measure of the ability of the

conductor to store charge on it.
If Q is charge and V is potential of a conductor, then
Q = CV

Where C is the constant of proportionality and is called capacity or

capacitance of the conductor.
The value of C depends on the shape and size (dimensions) of the conductor
and also on the nature of the medium in which the conductor is located
SI UNIT:Farad (F)
Capacity of a capacitor:
C=Q/V

Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor:

Where, A is the area of the plate.

And d is the distance between the two plates.

BATTERY
An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical
cellsthat convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell has
a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The

terminal marked positive is at a higher electrical potential energy than is the

terminal marked negative. The terminal marked negative is the source of
electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver
energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external
circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical
reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy
to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery
which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Although
the term battery technically means a device with multiple cells, single cells
are also popularly called batteries.
The chemical reactions in the battery cause a buildup of electrons at the
anode. This results in an electrical difference between the anode and the
cathode. You can think of this difference as an unstable build-up of the
electrons. The electrons want to rearrange themselves to get rid of this
difference. But they do this in a certain way. Electrons repel each other and
try to go to a place with fewer electrons.
In a battery, the only place to go is to the cathode. But, the electrolyte
keeps the electrons from going straight from the anode to the cathode
within the battery. When the circuit is closed the electrons will be able to get
to the cathode.

BENEFITS OF BURGLAR ALARM (FENCE

ALARM)

 Protection from intruders: probably the most important benefit is

that your home will be protected 24/7. While a regular house alarm
might not chase off intruders, this system will certainly do. Burglars
can easily realize which type of alarm you have, especially since some
security companies post a sign stating that your property is protected
by them. In case you are not at home, the company will still be
notified, and they will call the police. Because of this, you will get the
peace of mind your family, possessions and property is protected.
Save money on the insurance policy: many homeowners are not
aware of this unique advantage of having a security alarm system.
While having such a system, you might save around 20% on the
insurance policy. Since this is an everybody-wins situation, the
insurance company can offer you a 20% price reduction from the total
amount, because they know that the likelihood of paying for a burglary
or fire is greatly diminished.
An increased home value: along with all other benefits, a security
alarm system usually increases the resale value of your home by up to
5%, while attracting more potential buyers. With an alarm monitoring
system, you can gain the peace of mind your family is secure, while
increasing the overall value of your property.

PROCEDURE

1) An appropriate circuit diagram was made which showed the

appropriate placement of components on a paper.

2) Now a rectangular thick cardboard sheet was taken.

3) The paper with circuit diagram was fixed on the cardboard

sheet.

4) The components were put on their place according to circuit

diagram.
5) Wires were attached to speakers by soldering.
6) Circuit was completed by adding a battery. Observations
were taken.
7)

Observation

Wires when joined together, didnt produced sound

in the speaker. While when the wires lost connection,
the burglar system alarmed.

conclusion
This security system is designed to sense, decide,
and act on security related events. A professional
security system designer can help you choose from
the wide array of equipment on the market and
create a system around your business needs. After
the installation, regular testing will ensure that your
system continues to provide reliable protection.
Therefore, it is good to use in miltary bases, private
property and other businesses, and they are
becoming increasingly common in private homes as
well.

Precautions

1.Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be

sure abort the voltage either do or ac while
operating the gadget.
2.Do spare the bare ends of the components leads
otherwise it may short circuit with the other
components. To prevent this use sleeves at the
components leads or use sleeved wire for
connections.
3.Do make loose wire connections.
4.Do not sit under fan while soldering.

BIBLOGRAPHY

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

https://www.google.co.in/
https://en.wikipedia.org/
NCERT textbook class 12
Physics Lab Manual Comprehensive
Basic electronics by S.K Sultan