1 key 1---12.1.

16
1.reiant/2.mechanize/3.argon+2%O2 for/4.depth to width ratio 2:1____cracking/5.bs499-2
this or arrow side of the joint goes on____the reference line/6.poor penetration MIGMAG____Ar/7. Cracks may be repaired or cut our as per specification requirements/8.ar,he.co2,o2 are
most common for mig.co2 is the most common reactive gas used in its pure form without addition of an
inert gas also least expensive .pure co2 provide deep penetration and used for thick materials and less
stability and more spatter and only for short circuit process.(75-95)%ar and(5-25)%co2 is better .this can
be used for spray transfer process. argon its pure form give narrow penetration and used for non
ferrous materials, aluminum magnesium ,titanium,but also with SS./9.tig welding aluminum usually
argon. for best results AC at high frequency/10.electrode shape of AC tig welding is ball(1-1.5)dia of
tungsten,air cooled or water cooled unit can be used./11.to prevent distortion ,restraint such as strong
backused in but welds.as restraint produces higher level of residual stress in the material, there is a
grater risk of cracking in the weld metal and haz especially in the crack-sensitive material./12.grain
refinement[673k-973k] happens when re-crystallization happens in the metal.re-crystallization is a
process by which deformed grains are replaced by a set of defect free grains, it reduces strength and
hardness as increases ductility. and most important use is softening metals previously hardened by cold
work which have lost their ductility./13.the rate of microscopic mechanism controlling the nucleation and
growth of recrystallized grains depend on the annealing temperature.Recrystallization temperature
decreases with annealing time./14.[Tc= Tk-273.15]/difference between annealing and normalizing-a)Low
value for hardness, tensile strength, and toughness\Slightly more value for hardness, tensile strength,
and toughness-b) Grain size distribution is more uniform\Grain size distribution is slightly less uniformc) Grain size distribution is more uniform\Grain size distribution is slightly less uniform-d) Internal
stresses are least\Internal stresses are slightly more-/16. Furnace cooling or slow cooling-Annealing
heat treatment process is heating the material above the critical temperature, holding long enough
for transformation to occur and slow cooling. Full annealing heat treatment differs from normalizing
heat treatment in that the annealing temperature is typically 150-200F lower than the normalizing
temperature and the cooling rate is slower. This establishes a soft microstructure and thus a soft
product./17. Austenitizing heat treatment is heating a steel above the critical temperature, holding
for a period of time long enough for transformation to occur. The material will be hardened if
austenitizing is followed by quenching at a rate that is fast enough to transform the austenite into
martensite/18. Carburizing heat treatment is the introduction of carbon into the surface of
steel./19. Carburizing occurs when the steel is heated above the critical temperature in a
carburizing furnace which contains more carbon than the steel contains/20. Critical Temperature
-For steel and steel alloys, the temperature above which austenite is the stable phase/21.
Decarburization is the removal of carbon from the surface of a steel. Decarburization occurs when
the steel is heated above the critical temperature in an atmosphere which contains less carbon than
the steel contains/22. Oil Quenching heat treatment that is held at a temperature at or below the
martensite start. This helps to prevent quench cracking. May also be referred to as
Marquenching/23. Metal Heat Treatment process is the heating and/or cooling a metal in a
controlled way to produce a desired condition or properties./24.Normalizing Heat Treatment process
is heating a steel above the critical temperature, holding for a period of time long enough for

2 key 1---12.1.16
transformation to occur, and air cooling. Normalized heat treatment establishes a more uniform
carbide size and distribution which facilitates later heat treatment operations and produces a more
uniform final product/25. Steel Aging (also referred to as Precipitation Hardening)Precipitation
Hardening is the heating of alloys, in the solution treated condition, to a lower temperature, which
allows a relatively uniform distribution of microscopic particles throughout the alloy. The aging
process results in alloy strengthening./26Steel Tempering Heat TreatmentSteel Tempering process is
heating steel to reduce the hardness and strength of the material and increase the ductility of the
material. It is the heat treatment process which is done usually after quenching. In the process the

material is heated to a temperature below the recrystallization value and holded for few hours. This
process removes internal stress and improve a bit of ductility to the hard material. Usually tool steels
undergo this process to improve tool life.
/27Stress Relieving Heat Treatment DefinitionStress Relieving heat treatment process is heating to a
temperature in order to relieve internal stresses in the material and lower the hardness of the
surface of the material./28. Sub Critical Annealing Sub-critical annealing is heating to a temperature
below the critical temperature. This process lowers the hardness of steel, but does not result in as
low of hardness as a full anneal would/29. When you take a untreated piece of steel and put it in a

furnace to raise its temp. to around 723 C i.e to a single phase and after that turn off the furnace and let
the piece of steel to cool inside a furnace,this process is known as annealing (Furnace cooling or slow
cooling)/30. When you take a untreated piece of steel and put it in a furnace and raise the temp. to the
around 723 C i.e to a single phase and take the piece out of the furnace and allow it to cool in air,this
process is known as normalizing (air cooling)./31.After ant primary treatment especially after
hardening(water or oil cooled),the material incurs such properties which are unfit for certain
applicaiton ,in those cases we can in order to improve the proprty we need to heat the metal to a temp.
less than 723 C temp. This is known as tempering./32 Quenching is the cooling process generally ,faster
cooling like dipping in water,brime solution ,oil etc. Quenching is the process of heating the material
above the recrystallization temperature and cooling it suddenly in a water bath or oil bath or in
polymers. Type of quenchant depends upon the application. Martensite matrix structure is seen in case of
quenched materials. The material becomes so hard, more brittle and has the ability to withstand wear,
vibrations. Abrasive resistance is more but can't handle creep and impact loads.