ingen Na raed pep Sm reed sae of Sn Bion Pratt why Boson fr tv Momo Comeane ‘iy Lows & Broo, Pantet, Lt ans Saar, Coxon Tow, Loni, V1 eeeiiee eae nee 2535 Seccieeerne A SANSKRIT GRAMMAR FOR STUDENTS BY ARTHUR AY YACDONELL in DOL of Corp Ch Fellow of the fl Aradeny THIRD EDETION OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON: HUMPHREY stILFORD 1027« = 3 at | ee iu PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION 1s preparing a new ofition of thls grammar T have found misprints requiring eorretion to bo few anil insignificant. ‘The alterations that seemed necessary are neney all concerned with facilitating the use of the book for students, One of these isthe indication of the relevant nuraber of chapter and paragraph on the Snside top corner of each page. Since the srammar i intended to supply a complete account of Classical Sanskrit, many patageaphs may be omitted till « later stage of study, I therfore here appeod a list of thase which are ‘essoutial for absolute begianers and thus ennstitte a virtual primer of Cassea! Sanskrit. Ts sy, 8g tg Ts 16-28, 97, 30-34, 36 A.B, 37, 38 40, $244 45, 1B, 52°55, 65, OF. Ts 70, TH, 13: TH THe BS: 84, 99, 1, 97: 400, tor Dip. 63), t03, 1, 2, 209-84, 120. A: nar-1a8, 134,132 (ooly Pres Par, pp. 92,98), 136, 136, 158, 1 (omly vind, Par.) 141 a (only Par.)435# (only Par.) 147 (only Par), x48 (only aim), x51 (only Par), 56 (aly Pros) 156, 160, 1,2, 162, 063, 167, 168, 169, 272, 175, When the student bas gone through these paragraphs he will be quite prepared to brgin reading. Any new gran matical forms be now moets with he will be able to fad ‘explained Jn the paragraphs that hare heen passed over. Ta ‘his way be will understand, with the ald of a vocabulary, every word in the frst eanto of the Stry of Nala withia the course of a month, and know all the grammar necessary for wailing easy Sanskrit texte,vi PREFACE 70 THIRD EDITION Since the appearance of the secon eition of this work (1011) my Velie Gruner for Students was publitbed (1916). "Though this new lonk reemed at fits sight to make Appendix TM superdiuous in the proseat work (pp. 236-44), T decided to retain it as presenting Ved granar in an abridged. fora, ‘and venleriog it easier for abvolute boginuers to master, AM 420 Ragmwnt. Ron, Oxroee, November, 1926. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION ‘Twr original form of the pretent work was my abridgement (1886) of Max Muller's Sanskrit Grammar (2nd ed, 1870) ‘That abridgment was the ontoome of what T had found by exprience, bth as a Tearner and a teacher, to be anesential in fn elementary gramat, It wae also partly due to my eon= vietion thet the existing Sanslrt grammars, being too much omiusted by the epstem of Panini, rendered Sanskrit: ane ecescarily hard to learn, Tho introductory sletch of the istry of Sasslt grammer profxod to the prevent volume will, T think, elisiently chow that the mative Tndian system is incompatible with the practical methois of teaching and learning inthe West Tu the frst edition of thie grammar, publiched in 1901, the catler book war transformed into an entivly new work ‘Though, on the whole, considerably enlarged it showed many ominsious. For T made it my guiding principle to leave out sll aotter thet is Sound exclusively in Verio Titertare or in ‘the Hindu grammarians, the aim T bed in view being to describe only such grammatical forms as are to be met with jn the actus literature of post-Vadie Sanslait. The student of Sunslrit grammar would thor not bo burdened with matter ‘whieh could never be of any practical use to him. Hence Trefained from employing, even in a paradigm, any word not to be found in the litenture; thoagh for the eae of completeness T hare often gave iuflected forms reprecentad only by other words of the same type. ‘The parpare of the ool, then, was uot to supply a mase of forme and rules rainly wsefal for anewering exsiination questions more orvill PREEACE TO SECOND EDITION Jess mechanically, but to provide the student with the full ‘grammatical equipment necessary for reading any Sanaait text with ease and exastuee. ‘The pretent edition has andergove s thorough revision sided by the experience often more yea teaching snd by the auggee- tous of pupila and others who have ased the fet edition. The improvements chiefly cassist of editions, which hive inereured ‘the size of the book by twenty-four pages. ‘An entiely new portion of the grammar are the three sections comprised in pages 159-168. The fast (182) deale with nominal stem formation, giving ax sscount of the primary snd secondary suze, and thor forming the student with structure of Sanuksit words than the fies edition supplied. Tn connexion with these sofixes a survey (183) ofthe rules of gender is added, ‘The tied new section (184) describes the formution of verhal compounds. ‘The most noticeable cave of exysnsion i otherwise to be found in the rules about the trentment of final deat w in Saudi these now give complete account (36, 40) of the changes undergone by that Teter. To the ascidence a faw new paradigass Inase been introduce, such as gran (go, 4), and additional forms bave been given, ax in the dificult secret of da, where (144.5) even mide forms, though not oveurving in that verb, are supplied as a model for other verbs presenting similar dilculties of euplonie combivation. Other improvements are {nteuled to facilitate the ute of the gramme. ‘Thos ia the lat of verbs (Appendix 1) abbreviations lave Been added to indicat the ‘yariaus forme which beginners have otherwise often fond dificlty in identifying, Agnin, the Senskrit Index bar been ‘made both aller and more explanatory (sea e.g. pra). A Aecidedly practical improvement is the substitution ofa brief synopsis ofthe subject-matter for an elaborate tale of contents At the beginuing, and the addition of « General Tndex atthe PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION x fend. All these extensions and changer will, ¥ feel sure, be ound to have considerably increased the practical value of the grammar both in matter end for, 'As inthe iret elition, the Look is transliterated thoughout, excepting the list of verbs (Appendix 1) and the syutetical examples at the end (180; 199-218). The system of trans- Iteration temaine the sume, boing that which is now most _gerally adopted in the West. This eystem (to he pronounced with 4 sjllabie veluc, as the v in French Chambre) to vepresent the weak grade ofthe spubles ar and ra "The inproramente appeating in this efition ae largely due tothe suggestions of former pupils of of friends. The gentlemen to whom T owe thanks for thei svice ave—Prof.E. J, Repson; De. Janie Morison; Me. M-L, Pasi, BA, of Bxetor College; Ms, Horace Hatt, M.A, Controller ofthe Univesity Press; and especialy MrT. Moir, LCS. of Wadham Collegeas wellas Dr. P. W, Thonn, Librarian ofthe India Offce. Mr. J.C. Pembrey, Hon. M.A. Oriental Reader of the University Press, bas read svith hie uoual eae the proof ofthis edition, whieh is separated Liyno lesan interval than sixty-four years fom the fst Sankait GGrutumnar which he (together with his father) corrected for the ees, that of Prof HAL, Wilson, in 2847. To Dr. A. B. Keith Taro ldeted for teading the proofs of this as well ws ofall the other books I have published since 1960. I must take thie ‘opportunity of thanking him not ouly for having red the proof ‘of the whole of my edie Grammar, but also for having passed reveralshects ofthat work through the press for me during my absence in India between September, rg07, end April, 1908. A. A, MACDONELL, toy Bassaune Roan, OxeoRs, aly, 19%INTRODUCTION BRIEF HISTORY OF SANSKRIT GRAMMAR ‘Tua fist mpl to the atody of geammar in Ini was given ly thereigion motive of preverving ntact the sacred Vedi ext, the efacy of which was bliowd to rogune stenton to every Teton Thn aided Uy the grest tremepareny of the Sean Inogvge, the ansent Taian grammatina had by the fh cen fury me, arvved at sietie veeles Gnequaled by any other don af aniquty. Tei for instanes, tho distinctive weieve™ cut to Dave frog that words forthe mort par onset on {ine band of rots, anton the the of fixe, which hen com sed with the frien, maity Ue rade stayin aon te olde grammar tha has bon preervel is Pints, Tt already represnts «fully developed system, te author standing a the ed of long in of predaceaoe of whom ao fewer tha Sixty-four are mentioned hd tho porely grammatical worke of So whom, cing to the excellenes so omprabanaienee of Hin'woriy ave otis pesithed "Peni de commideratiy Tater than Yaska (probably aboot 500 8.0), whom be mestiony and beteen whom aod bimsll ffosl aoe of impish jrammarae fnew Ou he ‘abc hand, Papin ia much older than hie iterpreter Pata trho pray dats from the lato half ofthe aeoondceatary os tho tro ing separated by waster eminent gran . pune Pipi msl en the word yranda, wb Riyapan ‘Saplsinn a writing ofthe Vavanas' Ge Tacnas o Greeks}. Now W'ievnot otal Mkely that the Zodiane ehould have become seyuaited sith Grek writing before the invasion of Alexaader in'ger_mc Bat the uatives of the extreme nothewee, of Shon Pipi in all probably wan one, would nafarelly hove Treome tequsnted with i soon wfter that dates ‘They min, fowerer have grown familar with it lnfoesgratmatan Moai ake'a fleas to how to form from Yavanm, “Greek, WTRODUCTION si secant, Dake cpt ie sine gate ee ea ee oat thc ge oh et ane Ae oy ae sees ii ty cope fe game maps ot she te ih ya ln a li oem ck gr poet horton Shay eee eae ae el Se ery my om eae a See ee ee Fe a re a Pa edt eno Mea fe edgmenl f n e settee re eee oh be ar San Serotec scree nes pole ekg eerhed gtd ee See eee ne a oie nee eee oc Lika pia ney of tt oes oe eressii usrRopverion application of this principle, Gngya satntsined eh if ale, “horse for instanee, were derived from a4, “fo eave not only swo everything that travele bw ealled ava, and everyting The nainel afer al ts artviie, but states of being (Pave) woul Tbe antecadeut to things (which ate presupposed ly hose stiles). ‘Puoini makes concession to Garage’ action by exshading sll word the derivation of whic ie iicult owing to their form ‘or meaning, as age, shove; go, cow. and purvia,"ma' Primary Nouns of thie kind ‘had beet tolleted before Piginis te in 2 "pial ist in which they were fen foeebly derived Srom vesbal ros hy means ofa nomber of special eufixes. The ist of those ralfxes being a, technically called wa the whole list of these formations received the mame of andi (beginning with 1’) Pani oferstoall ach words ws ondy-maie stems te formation of whieh doce not coveera hi, ‘The Ups Hist whieh Ponisi, bad befne him eurvives in a somewhat modified form, ae the Unidi Stra with the commentary (ities robs rm ie tsemth etary 4) of Ua ita" In its extant shaye this Sita contains some late words, fsich as dinara (Lat. denarius) » non which eauinat have sone no ase in Tilia mich belore 00 0. ‘The proper slet ef Panini’ grammar being derivation, he Aer not deal with phondtige as tue, bat only incidentally ae fafeting Word formation, or the eotination of words in a Sentenes. "He therefore dacs not give general rale of phonetic ‘hangs, Unt sizes his analyses, unlike thave of the Unidi Sato, ‘nove within the bounds of probity and are generally correct, Ueing in many eases eonfrned by comparative philology, he actully did Uisover several phonetic lews. "The most important tote was the interchange Of vowela with thee strong rates Suna sot ertaht (ep 17), hich Grito called laut and Sch comparative gimmie othe erga Tndo-Bropean Tnngaage he other great phonetic dnsoneries ofthe Indians tn cfaty boon ae by Bont preecemor, the ator of the erigial Prtakiyay the phone teases of the Vale sho Pea lo tate af the acents of words in drination and in the senteney bat with eytar in ur aca be Boe mde Devas owig to the sly of te satente i Sanka ryrropuerton, si ‘The govern plan of Poin?s wok i x fllown: Bask cone tains the tesa tro the goat aad it rae of intr prttion; idea with nouns ucomposion and ase ation; Titeachee bow axe ore to be atta to verbal nse yan ‘explain the same proces with eg oon soe; wand ‘i dearibe the geeent and phous chenges inthe formation of Moris, while vi trate of onde So a etenc. Thin goneal Tl fe however, constantly huterrupted hy tingle ult or by reves of oes which were adel by the aathor as a rect of Jroaresivegremnatical tee, or ansfred frm hee natral {enter to ther present position in rer economize words Tr foralating bie roles Pia! okes iis abn to exprese thom in'auaatinct a. genera a way au posse Tn thie be fcomialy goon t0 fae se to wat a goueral tle for single {Sees while ‘on the ther hand, he sometimes fails to callest ‘ST uaber of related pesomens sera sige ved “Incarsing ot the prineplestextremecomciaoene dominating is gran, Pani resort o various devi, euch aw elle of the verb the se ofthe cee nm spell Techical ene, ad the timlayment of hewding rule (editors) which most be upped ‘rks mone of sro rate ha flow, By such means {ole rule ean eften be expressed lyn single word. ‘Th the Slate zo teralyafcr a fot ot aly tents Hon oat thefollowing efixe are attachel-bativaleoas adlara extend: Ing it atuence (anuerts) over some geortbecquet aphoins “te pce Ot trol nese stay ape i te inven of tania tra Thove of Bane terme which axe zal words, whether hey describe the phenomenon, a8 anda, ‘Compound or expen eategory by an sxample as deg (or cow} uieral compo are probably all borewel fo pr Seceorn Buk tot of he ecb tern are abiray group floes reeombling algsbrl ymiolsOvly« few of thee ace Abbreviations of cto words oxi ndiatory leon from ‘thus! "Son f tem ere the esl of great deieratin, beg chia compodofeters rarely oouring nthe language. ‘hos {he later Fw taken on» snl ofthe pervona ends othe ‘vers combined witha serebal ¢ ie refers ton pray tes OF ‘ood, bt combined with» guttural tit denotes a sacondary {eta uF mond. lati at, of, mean present prec,siv INTRODUCTION fotucs, abjonctiv, ana imperative respectively; Za tel Imperfect avst and pote. ‘Bisnvs grnmar bevios with the alphatet arranged on acen- tide prisipon, To several of ite Lettre ia atte un tor canubana (ndieatorg eter by mens of which eam ba forme onrvenent contractions eed pratyara) designating diferent fqovpe af latrn Tae owes de stangel nts et ner Ly fo, af suse. Dy meane ofthe indleaory letter at the eh af fhe group, all the simple vores can be tepeesed Uy af, the imple vowels tether with Ue dpntbeng bys AB the last Instr i Soot is written a, the ent apbabet 5 = prened by the syne af (nich a i wo wiz to expres thy oy TndleatryTetters ae nso attached to se vote ‘ronda in order to pot to certain rules an applicatito them, Tis eidlng the memory o well ex promoting reity., Paginin work hae to appondiceyto-whih ister, One of thous the Dhatwptar or List of Verbal Roots" arunged According to conjugational sts, she mode of fufexon bain ‘Caprese Uy accents and indioatry lester, A.tsking fact abot {hls sllaction ent fits 900 soot (any of wish owe exer, merely variant of one farm) only best Boo have yet been ound in Sash iterate, wee ota By Vos vert ‘The second ppendie i the Gapapth, or “List of Words troupe’ Papin gives ules applica to the whe of group Ef reterrig to I Art word. "This collection, which sostana ‘ny words occuring in Vedic works ly, hos been Ise el preserved than the Dhate ata. "The Gxpas were mctrially Tijangl in the Gayo-atnasmafodads, or “Ocean of the Gena ‘ Woregioaprs« work compre by Vasshamana in 1340 4:0 Pini work very easy aquired « canoea! vase dha continued, Jon 000 yt, tobe the anand of sage fd the fonadation of grambateal studies fn Bansko. On Acovant of the frequent cbcurty of «work which sacrifice trary conridertin to brevity aticipts ston haga toe mu {2 coplin it; andy wth te advance of grammatical knowtedg, fecorvect end sopplientitevale, Among the cai serge, {thin Ko waa tbe formulation, by anowa author, of ruler of Interpretation (parti), which Papi mas sappored to have ‘ieee a lacs and which re enol by he au ixTRopUCTION cessor Katyipana, A collection of such ros was made in the sightoenthceutury by Nagoj-bhofta in his Parhagehdudebhara, or Meon-crest of Taterpreative Hae Next we have the Virttkas or "notes" (ftom opti “expla tion’), of Katyayana, on 1,245; oF nearly one-thindy of Papi ‘aploriaia” Tint grimmarian balonged tothe Deces al pro: Ibi lived inthe ehind eeutary xc. When Katyapana’s esti shows bits ta difer from Panini, an oversight n the pat of the Iatter ia urually to be nosed; but in extimating the extent of rach oversights, one should not lesve cat of account the fat tht tyiyann lived both Inter and in'a part of India far removed from thot of Pasi. Cuber gramarians nade sitallar notes 08 Piping both before and after Kitysyana subsequent to the Jailer’ time aro the numerous grammatical Kikie or coments in melee fom, All this critical work was elected by Patatjli in his extensive Malsbhdoya, of Great Commentary with many supplementary * ‘oles of lis own, His dlcuesons take the form of «Kind of Aialogue, and dea with 1713 rule of Panini. Patatjaa work probably dates, as has Veen said, fom the Inttor half of the Fecond century nc. The Malai in its tara was coin tented tpon in the seventh century by Dhartrbaet in his Vat Yyeretiya, ot 'Treatice on the Words in a Sentence’, which is Ectevened with the philosophy of gratamss, and Ly Kalyafa probably in the thirteenth eeatury. ‘About 650 4.0. was composed another commentary on Panini, the Kati Pry or “ Benases Compentary’, the fit five books being the work of Jayadity, the lat thece of Vamana.Bered conn dteriorated text of Pagini i contains sine error, bat has the merit of conciseness and Tucdieg. ‘Though mnuch shorter then the Malabhiaye, itis particulaly valuable ax the oldest ene mentary oa Pann nt explaine every Sat. ‘The exauples tat gives im lastation are an @ Tle, dctived fou olde iner= preter Such Dorvosring asa tn pretion; even Pat Jeli apeaks of stock examples us mdrdhsytta, o ernaceated {it "Sprinkled on the heal, ‘Tn the Bfteenth ceutary Ramscandrs endeavoured in his Pra- Iviyi-kavinds, or * Mooolight of Method’ to make Paaiut ‘Banmar more iutllglle by verranging ih matter in » morewi awrropucti0, recied wap, Tho SiddMntokoumedi, or ‘HTH Lanta (96 A 4), the al, sng. mace, ATRIT hint (33) or the ae. sng fon. TTT kanes (421 2) 4. Final Visarga, 49. Vises ithe spirnt to which the hard Rs and the oor responding soft Tr are reduced fm paved. Te flowed by 9 Inara letter— 1 pata, corral oF dont (Me, Weds Zh TMi Me, ‘Ay, it changed to the sililant (RLS Ly, Hs) ofthe ls fo ‘hich the following eter belongs ;—e.. ale C= BEE: pal candy the fll noon"; RT: APR = MT ‘ye a, the bank the iver? 2 gute or IML by LAD, Hp, ph, rene elaged:—e.g. ME OTE aa i, the loves TE “ETE ndith pram, "the oppose shor othe iver” ‘3-H remaae annoyed or ay De seit — c.g. BRE FWY: sopah ud or HAA the hile wleps ‘Raat WE: prthswah sors) oF WRATETA: prthanas srg, “hw teat 44. sug (xcpt wn picded by W aor WE) i followed ya oft letter (coon or vows) b changed to Fie safe aR = PETRA havi yam, “thie poet's ts ae enor esha,‘ ow wal, ATE ATA AT tithe windows? pio teste of Me bet ard atom 35 As 93 Br ‘This simian yn tnoshely thn ginal Sanh sade mpd Yy ae te ace ete phonetn22 EXTERNAL cONSO: T SANDEE 11 ys, Cs) 2. The foal syllable WI sb drops ts Varga before vowels ‘rit consis: meg. ATE WAL WAT SAY oh ans, “those horses" WOO: ERR = WME EARL: Ti ray. the pont ave ariel ‘ “th oephants ar) Rls” RT FS AMR ns or of TEL, 002 2, The inal spllable ® ah— a drops te Via Detone vows except ‘SHAH: = YA WTA: ts Healy, abence cone Ww UG beh ho (5) he? we AE ‘af a rl, “wh (a) the poet? 2, bef soft comonante ant fone a, ose to afer vbich Wa ie eid @r e)s WME. BR ‘wurha e sito dipt, the np (has bs bon Bam: fA nau, fst. plo, wth minds AE ARS ATTA "this nan? (46. 7The fant syadies Wal and "WHE 3D, inthe few instances? IBaich the Vismgs sepesate sn etymlotol Es. are ot subject tothe exceytinal tle ated a 457 Tn eter wonds Web aa ME ah, reverting oy Sa and WT A, hi ese foo the genes ro (4). Thus $e WAR =GATCAR para, econ aqun's ATE ARSARTERRE tar di, "rte, iv WAT = ATCT Ava of, this door? AIYE flowed hy Tr i: avase droped» yoceling short Yoel ng engthene ee, FOYE CTA = Fy TA vis YATE pana’ TATE peta, ery! WATE sts th A ss Nance HAE sa, ay? AT ee, oor? ATE set's vests of one in En an RR pla, ether” (eo) sme fr cf versa Ep, ae TAT aga, 23 wn. ingen 6 I Sgr, aa 5! EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHT 33 lt, ‘the soon shins’s QR: GWA BAT TAR pont rei sl agin 48. The two pronouns WE sb, “hat? and (110.6), resin Vinge at the ead af senenco only, but come WY 20 and TH ao bere Wa 45.21): —ere marl ZaTA os ad ‘ho ges": BE URN TH ss Ta, ehat fd’; bat WHT =ATCAARL 0 “haat ye was”: BAT Et sab, he) dead? 49. 9%: hob, am ieguar contacted vocative (or Uhavas, se as an ateroctoe) of A Marat “sour hosoay,” dpe ita Veugn Uefore all vowels and sft consooanta:—e-e, WY Ears ETA Bo Ht, O Yond AL TATA BT ‘ho devah,'0 god's ut ate = ATTRA bls cht, 0 cutter? ‘4 The cane sole apie to the contacted roatve aE ‘ged (or Dhagoas) fom MAUR Magara, adorable on 0. Nona ening in ni € + (8) roti the Tr buf tho {Yo tee hme ATE + P= eine wa? ae RUC har (2%, ond BT ara indctnabl) eta their iste copied th a sb, Fond of ny” ARE avar-nai, ‘To of heaven” Doubling of Consonants, 51. ch tthe bgining of «word may lenge be doblad ater vowels, it mat bean aller a rho vowel nd fer tho omit Sand RT sje WH RETRY = A NTR ton chy “hy shade’; WY RETTAAA = WATTAAM fecdidayas, “he coves'y WU AAERM=AT FEET rb chi, Vet hin aot ct; bat SECNETAT tas or AERTRRTET tar cy,“ shade of nb tse’24 EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDEE 11 32 44 Tn the body of « word the doubling takes pce aftr all vowel: CEP cst, "he wiser; WERE mlocbab,"harbarin.” 52. Flaal Et and Ma, preceded by « whort vowel and flowed by any vowel (or éiphthong), te outed; OTE, WG = MFT pratyait tte, “he ste wertman WHS UTAAT: ahvann af, 'a seaming bors"; bot EY, HIRT havin thvapaa, “eal the poets” remains, nital Anpieation. 58: Ital >, not flowed hy ard consnst, may tan tn pectin nay lege, angels the omapong opiate IW chats Ee 6) nd Ko) meg. CMA = aT fue eben, "hy a ee MT AH = MTR: ot hay erg are? au Tho same chnage allowed afer x, Soy tengh aot sully ep eee wk tan my coe TEM ‘leit, bude speci? 54 Ini, aftr itoring a proceding Hh Zt Us Is ehinged to tho sft splte ofthe pretng Iter, eg Tey A= ATATT vag hi, for speck" el FE = AAR to ahi “Ta that” 85- HR eb, ab, Lhe, or Eh ae atthe end af (edie!) syllable begioning with Why, & d, 3b, and lose ther aspiration te inl oF other, the inital cqnsonants are aspirated by way of eampensation? —e g. Bf dab, ‘a milk’ becomes Ym uk; BM bud, wie? beonnee BR hut. 7 hiss an Morel orvival ofthe original ital eption of och roa hasnt (ble a Grek ad Sake) Uy the option sf ‘Re ee up aw that rbd mle began nding ‘ihn ania nse a the Slaps dnapenol the tal tare "Op. Gh (=e hae gn. rate U5 INTERNAL SANDEE 25 1B. Internal Sandhi, 56. The rls of internal Send apply tothe finals of nominal tad verbal stems before all terminations of declension (excent ‘hose boglaning with consonants of the middle sem: 13.) and conjvgsion, before primary anes (18,2) and before secondary sullzes (182, 2) hegianing with vowel or Ws. ‘They ave best aegaled by leaning paras of novns and verb Sit, Many of there roles agrs with thne of external Sandi, the moat fmportant of tho which fer frm extemal Sandhi are here sel, Final Vowels, 57. To many cases for a yore! (and even the same om) Ci and Rise changed to Tig; Fuand Haw TH oes WF 0 TE (p18 and 30) eg. WA a Ti FFE dp. oe. singin Shout AEN i FA hos, enh BES: JOUER TAH yeyavb, “they have jin, PAA Foti TEAR eet, he eral 58. Final 9 F before covenant terminations i changed to erable Wy (ter a single cone sonaat) before Qy beoomes FEH (154.3);—evg: eave ee 3. sing ATER irate, eevllowed HUE stron, pat ss pt, “avallowed's pf, pa pres HR pate, fied*s put part, ga pros let"; BE ky pa. pres fara tytn! 59. Te, Wai, Eo Wan oe changed efor sufcs Yesinning with vowels or Ry to Way, WTRF. WALsr, Ae eaoctialy (245 2); e's THUH TR or acow's ME MTA mbes hips, emg, ‘rating to cor26 INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDIT 11 go ‘Pinal Consonants, 60. The most notable divergence frm extenal Sand is the sebingealenees of the final consonants (ep. 32) of wmbal end ominal stems heir terminations beginning with vowels, semi- ovrels, and uaals (ile before other letters they usally follow the rules of estorual Sandi) ;—e.g. WTR priie-h, “eatarn'; RTE vara, let me apa’ WTR vaca, ‘to bo spoken, AF cao T speaks bat BFR vali, “horpeabs.” (61, Nominel or vert stems ending in consonants and flowed by terminations consisting of «single consonant, drop the tre rmination atgeter,tmo consonants uot Ie tlered at the tod of «word (28). ‘The fo eoneosnt which reais is then ‘rented according fo the oles of exterual Sandi ‘Thos + Rpts, nem. sng, “easter, Decomes WTR pid (he Ks ing vt dropped, the palatal tng changed to potaal by 2, and the MU bing then dropped by 28); similarly WENGE A adoh-gt= TAR aol (65), 5 sing. impet,"he mild? 62. Apleates flowed by any ters expt vores, sm sowels or nasa (6) Tose their aspiration e.g, CHS und dhve= A rand souatstret"s MEER abe yeu EY apap, sal tke bat GPU yud, iu ate” [ATURE Hobhyab, 9 be dose? 1 a ott bet he por ts on me. A sn fed (loa ao Hf, El Before the sso see RA wnt ad HA iooyas—og. TAGAAL vpn ns, scorpio’ hy igang” (riya), and AAT rere, cooing of cay? om Por Sanat tle to span sith at he Bexaning and aa these mle, rat the eal of ene and de bogining of m6 oF SANDEE a7 1. A Yost sft spite sf pons, town ack before By (aot FA ahi) Dh, Rs, ecsording to 55;—eg- MYR bd tae, you obser FAR WOMB, ist ploy IR wht 9, loc plur, but FTW dogathi sng. pe, “nike ‘, Botie i theowa frvardon a following ¢ and th, which aresofened e.g. MAC} abl tab: lA, taken; HEE sand shah = PRE rand. ahah," you two absent FL TPC anh tom = AYA hand-Ahm, "to Vind? 63, Palatals, a. Wile He regis become gota before consonants (ep. 61: 27; 6,1), Lj a sme ese (the majorly) comes ental (Hk Le) thers cerebral (& f By Re) — fg. BW whet," splen” om RL vue); GM paket, joined” (G0 YH yoi)s TA angen, “broken” Com RAL raj; ep bt T1R ra, nom, sng. king” (or TTACA Rj +8), BA wn 2, 2.sg.imper wipe! (bora Rr): NTR see, kingdom” (Grom TAG: 0.64) ', *Ushefore Wah theme teninatons (734) ana the nom. Hs, wsoaly Docmes & ¢ oF & A (cometines kot Hg); elire AA. With it almays Decumes Ws (cp. 6), en Before the Rs uf ‘he fare and of other eonayatinal forms, alae ®ki—e.g. toon FAP i! we get FER vit, “in theaters"; FAB vigets, *entead"; WERTEA vekegyni (67, "T shal enter.” ee ead M] (aot ML) polalie a following Mas—a.e. ATR MT yen STR He rogue”; OEM yj on UE ts, ‘surRoe"s Dat HH prams, “gestion.” * toeptin theo ofthe root MT dpc? which ha (sing tothe anlgy of) WAL dst before M+ and WL (8 alm, 134, hid ene, 2. FJ vgulary boomer WY tela x eojogtonl RACs 2444»