2017-01-08

CVL312: Computer Aided Structural

Analysis
Dr. Imad Eldin Khalafalla
Office: MON208
Phone: (416) 979-5000 Ext: 3241
Email: kimadeld@ryerson.ca
Office hours: Tuesdays from 1 to 3 pm
1

Textbooks
Kassimali, A. (2012), Matrix Analysis of Structures, 2nd ed., SI Version, CENGAGE
Learning (required).
Reference Text
o Hibbeler, R. C., Structural Analysis, Prentice Hall, 8th ed. (2012) down
to 4th ed. (1999).
o Kassimali, A. Structural Analysis, 5th ed.SI (2015) down to 2nd ed. (1998),
CENGAGE Learning.
o Logan, D. L., A First Course in the Finite Element Method, 6th ed., SI Version
(2016), CENGAGE Learning.
o McGuire, W., Gallagher, R. H., and Ziemian, R. D. (2000), Matrix Structural
Analysis, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Credit
Most images used throughout the course are from these textbooks
2

2017-01-08

Learning objectives
The primary objective is to develop an understanding of structural
behavior and modern structural analysis methods using computers.
At the end of this course, the successful students will be able to:
1. Develop an understanding of structural modeling, analysis and
result interpretation
2. Analyze simple trusses, beams and frames using matrix approaches
including the flexibility and stiffness methods, and
3. Analyze trusses, beams and frames using computer structural
analysis programs including SAP2000.
3

Course Evaluation
Midterm exam 30%
Assignments (5 in total) 20%
Final exam 50%
Examinations
Midterm exam, 2 hours, open book and notes, covers
entire materials up to exam date.
Final exam, during the exam period, 3 hours, open book
and notes, covers entire course materials.
Lab/Tutorials
Tutorials will start on January 16, 2017. They will take place in
three sections in EPH230 Section 1: Mondays from 10 to 12
noon, Section 3: Tuesdays from 8 to 10 am, and Section 2: Fridays
from 8 to 10 am.
4

2017-01-08

Course Content
Week

Date

Jan. 10

Jan. 17

Jan. 24

Jan. 31

5
6
7
8

Feb. 7
Feb. 14
Feb. 21
Feb. 28

Topic
Hours
Review: Purpose of structural analysis, statics, straining
3
action diagrams and principle of superposition.
Principle of virtual work, Introduction to force (flexibility)
3
method (application to beams and frames).
Force method (contd); (application to trusses); Three3
Moment Equation for continuous beams.
Force method (contd); (Method of Least Work);
3
Introduction to matrix stiffness (displacement) method.
Matrix stiffness method (contd); (application to trusses).
3
Matrix stiffness method (contd); (application to beams).
3
Break
Midterm Exam.
2
5

Course Content (contd)

Week Date
Topic
Hours
9
Mar. 7 Matrix stiffness method (contd); (application to frames).
3
Matrix stiffness method (contd); (application to frames;
10 Mar. 14
3
member releases).
Member releases (contd); support settlements,
11 Mar. 21
3
temperature changes and fabrication errors.
12 Mar. 28 Inclined roller supports; rigid and semi-rigid offsets.
3
Introduction to the Finite Element Method, Plane stress
13
Apr. 4
3
problems using triangular element.
The Finite Element Method (contd); CST formulation &
14 Apr. 11
3
application, Course Review
TBD
Final Exam (3 hours)
3
6

2017-01-08

Classroom Rules
Arrive on time
Turnoff your cell phone and other electronics.
Due to privacy requirements, picture taking or voice recording is not
permitted at lectures and tutorials.
Web surfing, texting, reading newspapers ...etc are not permitted during
lectures.
Always use your Ryerson email in all communications
All handouts, lecture notes ...etc will be posted on the D2L Brightspace
Please read carefully the course outline.

Equations of Equilibrium
Space structures 3-D:

2017-01-08

Equations of Equilibrium
Plane structures 2-D:

Free-body diagrams
The analysis of a statically determinate structure requires first
drawing the free-body diagrams of all the members, and then
applying the equations of equilibrium to each member.
FBD is a diagram of the structure under consideration detached from
its supports and disconnected from all other bodies to which it may
be connected. It shows all known forces and unknown reactions being
exerted on the structure.

10

2017-01-08

External and Internal Forces

External Forces
Applied forces:
Loads (e.g., live loads and wind loads).

Reaction forces:
Forces exerted by supports on the structure.

Internal Forces
In general, the internal loadings acting at the section will consist of:
Normal force N
Shear force V
Bending moment M

11

External and Internal Forces

12

2017-01-08

Types of Supports for Plane Structures

Roller, Rocker and Link:

One unknown

13

Types of Supports for Plane Structures

Hinge: Two unknowns

Fixed: Three unknowns

14

2017-01-08

Determinacy

Determinacy and Stability

When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from equilibrium
equations, the structure is referred to as statically determinate.
Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations
are called statically indeterminate.
If there is a total of n parts and r force and moment reaction components, we
have

Statically indeterminate structures

The additional equations needed to solve for the unknown reactions are
obtained by compatibility equations.
15

Examples of statically determinate structures

16

2017-01-08

Examples of statically indeterminate structures

17

Examples of statically indeterminate structures

18

2017-01-08

(This frame has no closed loops.)

19

Stability
For a coplanar structure having n members or components with r
unknown reactions.
Three equilibrium equations are available for each member or
component, we have

If the structure is unstable, it does not matter if it is statically

determinate or indeterminate.
In all cases such types of structures must be avoided in practice.
20

10

2017-01-08

Concurrent reactions

Parallel reactions

21

Example:
Classify each of the structures as statically determinate, statically
indeterminate, or unstable. If indeterminate, specify the degree of
indeterminacy.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
22

11

2017-01-08

Solution:
(a) r = 3n
3 = 3(1)
Statically determinate

(b) r > 3n
6 > 3(1)
Statically indeterminate to
third degree

23

Solution:
(c) r > 3n
7 > 3(2)
Statically indeterminate to
first degree

(d) r = 3n
6 = 3(2)
Statically determinate

24

12

2017-01-08

Example:
Classify each of the frames as statically determinate or indeterminate.
If indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. All internal joints
are fixed connected.

(a)

(b)

25

Solution:
(a)
r > 3n
20 > 3(4)
Statically indeterminate to eighth degree

26

13

2017-01-08

Solution:
(b)

r > 3n
15 > 3(3)
Statically indeterminate to sixth degree

27

Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Trusses

The conditions of static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy of
plane trusses can be summarized as follows:

where:
m: no. of members; r: no. of reactions; (m+r): total no. of unknowns;
J: no. of joints; and 2j: no. of joint equilibrium equations.
(m+r) 2j = degree of static indeterminacy
28

14

2017-01-08

Examples:

(a) Unstable

(c) Statically Determinate

(b) Statically Determinate

(d) Statically Indeterminate

29

Beams and Frames: Normal force, Shear force, and Bending moment
Beam Sign Convention
Positive normal force tends to elongate the segment, Fig. (b);
Positive shear tends to rotate the segment clockwise, Fig. (c); and
Positive bending moment tends to bend the segment concave
upward, Fig. (d).

30

15

2017-01-08

Procedure for Analysis

Support Reactions
Determine the support reactions on the beam and resolve all the external
forces into components acting perpendicular and parallel to the beams axis.

Shear and Moment Functions

Specify separate coordinates x and associated origins, extending into regions
of the beam between concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or where
there is a discontinuity of distributed loading.
Section the beam perpendicular to its axis at each distance x.
From the free-body diagram of one of the segments determine V and M at
the cut section as functions of x.
V and M should be shown acting in their positive directions.
V is obtained from = 0 and M is obtained by summing moments about
the point S located at the cut section, = 0.
31

Procedure for Analysis (contd)

Critical Sections

Beginning/end of member
Support
Point of application of concentrated load
Point of application of concentrated moment
Beginning and end of distributed load
Change in distributed load intensity or slope
32

16

2017-01-08

Relationships Between Loads, Shears, and Bending Moments

The slope of the shear diagram at a point (dV/dx) is equal to

the intensity of the distributed load w(x) at the point.
The slope of the moment diagram (dM/dx) is equal to the
intensity of the shear at the point.
33

Relationships Between Loads, Shears, and Bending Moments (contd)

Change in the shear between any two points on a beam equals the area under the
distributed loading diagram between the points.
Change in the moment between the two points equals the area under the shear
diagram between the points.

34

17

2017-01-08

Relationships Between Loads, Shears, and Bending Moments (contd)

When F acts downward on the beam, is negative so that

the shear diagram shows a jump downward.

If an external couple moment is applied clockwise,

is
positive, so that the moment diagram jumps upward,
and
when M acts counterclockwise, the jump () must
be downward.
35

Example
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown below.

36

18

2017-01-08

Solution

37

Solution
Support Reactions
The reactions have been calculated and are shown on the free-body diagram of the beam, Fig. (b).

Shear Diagram
x = 0, V = +30 kN and x = 9 m, V = -60 kN

Point of zero shear

We require V = 0, so that

Moment Diagram
The maximum value of moment is at x = 5.20 m
From the free-body diagram in Fig. (e) we have

38

19

2017-01-08

Example
Determine the shear and moment in the function of x, where 2 < < 4 .
Draw the shear and moment diagrams.

39

Solution

40

20

2017-01-08

Solution

41

Principle of Superposition
For linear elastic structures, the effects
of several loads acting simultaneously is
equal to the algebraic sum of the effects
of each load acting individually.

42

21

2017-01-08

Example

43

Lecture Recap
Course outline and classroom rules
Equations of Equilibrium
External and internal forces
Free-body diagram
Determinacy and Stability
Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Trusses
Beams and Frames: Normal, Shear, and Bending moment
Principle of Superposition

44

22