AC Load Flows/DC Load Flows

sandeepayyagari
January 2017

Introduction

1.By the basic Load Flow Equations we have

I=Vk

PN

k=1

S =P +jQ

(1)

S = V I

(2)

YiK (3)

Substitute the above in Equation -2 and Equating with 1

Pi + j Qi = Vi (Vk

N
X

YiK )

k=1

(4)
Pi = RealP owerInjected
Qi = ReactiveP owerInjected
Vi =Vi 6 i
Vk =Vk 6 k
Yik =Yik 6 ik
Substituting all the above in Equation -4 we get
Pi = Vi Vk Yik cos(i ik k )
Qi = Vi Vk Yik Sin(i ik k )

(5)

Representing the Above equation in Polar-Coordinates

Pi = Vi Vk ej i k (Gik J Bik ) = Vi Vk (cosik + jSinik )(Gik J Bik ) (6)
Equating Real and Imaginary parts we get
Pi = Vi

PN

Vk (Gik cos((i) (k)) + Bik sin((i) (k))

Qi = Vi

PN

Vk (Gik sin((i) (k)) Bik cos((i) (k))

k=1

k=1

From the above equations we can say that Power depends on the difference
of phase angles.
Yik = Gik + J Bik
Gik = Rik /Ri 2k + Xi 2k

(7)

Bik = Xik /Ri 2k + Xi 2k

As AC power flow equations are Non-Linear due to the presence of sin and cosine terms we need simplified linear power flows for analyzing the huge system.
The Following Assumptions are made for making the above equations linear.
1.Voltage angle differences are small i.e Sinik = ik andCosik = 1
2.F latV oltageP rof ilei.eallvoltagesaresetto1.0P u
3.LineResistanceisnegligiblei.eR <<< Xlosslessline.
4.T apchangingT ransf ormersareignored.
PN
Pi Vi Pk=1 Vk Bik (i k )
n
Qi Vi k=1 Vk (Bik )(8)
Pulling out K=i term from the above equation
Pi = Vi2 (Bii (i i )) +

N
X

Vi Vk (bik (i k ))Pi =

k=1k 6=i

N
X

Vi Vk (bik (i k )

k=1k 6=i

(9)

We know that the susptance from the YBus is given by

N
X

Bii = bi +

bik

(10)

k=1K6=i

Bik = bik
2

(11)

The Reactive power flow equation can be written as by pulling out i=k term in
the above
Qi =

Vi2 [bi +

N
X

bik ]

k=1K6=i

N
X

Vi Vk (bik ) =

k=1k6=i

N
X
2
Vi bi [
Vi bik (Vi Vk )
k=1k6=i

(12)
In the above equation we can see two important terms The first being the reactive power supplied(Capacitor) or consumed(Inductor) by shunt susptance
modelled at k
The second term The second term corresponds to the reactive power flowing
on the circuits connected to bus k. Only these circuits will have nonzero bik .
One sees, then, that each circuit will have per-unit reactive flow in proportion
to (a) the bus k voltage magnitude and (b) the difference in per-unit voltages at the circuits terminating buses. The direction of flow will be from the
higher voltage bus to the lower voltage bus.
3.Considering the Voltage Magnitudes Vi = Vk 1
PN
Qi = bi [ k=1k6=i bik (Vi Vk )
Pi =

PN

k=1k 6=i (bik (i

k )(13)

Reactive power flow across circuits is determined by the difference in the voltage
phasor magnitudes between the terminating buses.
2.Real power flow across circuits is determined by the difference in voltage phasor angles between the terminating buses. Real power flow across circuits tends
to be significantly larger than reactive power flow,i.e., usually, we will see that
Pi > Qi

(14)

So V AR wont travel as per old saying

Real vs Reactive Power Flow

Recall that our original intent was to represent the network in our optimization
problem because of our concern that network constraints may limit the ability
to most economically dispatch the generation. There are actually several different causes of network constraints, but here, we will limit our interest to the
type of constraint that is most common in most networks, and that is circuit
overload.
Circuit overload is caused by high current magnitude. When the current magnitude exceeds a given threshold for a particular circuit (called the rating), we
say that overload has occurred.
p
Si = Pi + J Qi = Vi Ii Ii = (Pi + J Qi /Vi ) Ii = (Pi2 + Q2i )/Vi ) (15)
3

Neglecting Qi andVi = 1
I i = Pi
In optimization problems we only look at the real power only.
P =B

3
3.1

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Monitoring and Optimization of Power Grids

Necessity of Optimization

1.Cateostrophic Cascade Failures

2.Environment Issues
3.Integration of renewable Energy
4.Physical and Cyber Attacks on Power Infrastructure.
SmartGrid is the answer for above all.

3.2

Smart Grid over Conventional Grid

1.PMU(Phasor Measurement Units)

2.Two Way Communication
3.Demand Response(End User Power Usage Vs Energy Pricing)
4.Bi-directional Power Flow

3.3

signal processing in the Grid,Past,Present and Future

1.Manual Calculations
2.Infeasible Equations
Overcomes.
1.Signal Processing Techniques
2.Power Systems State Estimation.
3.Bad Data removal
4.Big Data

3.4

Model Preliminaries
Im

V = V ej = V r + j V i
X
X
X
=(
ymn + j
bcmn /2)Vm
n 6= mVn ymn
m6=n

n6=m

Advantage of Ybus over Z bus is determined.

(17)
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