Lte Optimization Introduction

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The Key Concepts of 4G LTE Drive test,

Network Planning and Optimization
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Advanced 4G LTE RF Network

Optimization
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4G LTE RF Optimization Usecases

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LTE
OPTIMIZATION
INTRODUCTION
LTE Radio Interface Key Features

LTE Radio
Access Network (EUTRAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

SAE-GW
MME
eNode-B
Serving
GW
LTE Radio Interface Key Features

Retransmission Handling (HARQ/ARQ)
Spectrum Flexibility
FDD & TDD modes
Multi-Antenna Transmission
Frequency and time Domain scheduling
Uplink (UL) Power Control
PDN
GW
Packet
Data
Network
EUTRAN Key Features

LTE Radio

SAE-GW
MME
eNode-B
EUTRAN Key Features:

Evolved NodeB
IP transport layer
UL/DL resource scheduling
QoS Awareness
Self-configuration
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
Packet
Data
Network
EPC Key Features

LTE Radio

SAE-GW
MME
eNode-B
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
EPC Key Features:

IP transport layer
QoS Awareness
Packet Switched Domain only
3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option
Prepare to connect to non-3GPP access networks
Packet
Data
Network
LTE/SAE Network Elements

Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

HSS
eNB
Mobility
Management
Entity
Policy & Charging Rule

Function
S6a
MME
X2
S10
S7
Rx+
PCRF
S11
S5/S8
S1-U
LTE-Uu
LTE-UE
Evolved Node B
(eNB)
Serving
Gateway
SGi
PDN
Gateway
SAE
Gateway
PDN
Evolved Node B (eNB)

eNB Functions
Inter-cell RRM: HO, load balancing between cells
Radio Bearer Control: setup , modifications and
release of Radio Resources
Connection Mgt. Control: UE State Management,

MME-UE Connection
Only network element defined as part of eUTRAN.

Replaces the old Node B / RNC combination from
Radio Admission Control
eNode B Meas. collection and evaluation
Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler)

IP Header Compression/ de-compression
Access Layer Security: ciphering and integrity
protection on the radio interface
MME Selection at Attach of the UE

User Data Routing to the SAE GW
Transmission of Paging Msg coming from MME
Transmission of Broadcast Info (e.g. System info,
MBMS)
3G.
Terminates the complete radio interface including
physical layer.
Provides all radio management functions
To enable efficient inter-cell radio management for
cells not attached to the same eNB, there is a intereNB interface X2 specified. It will allow to
coordinate inter-eNB handovers without direct
involvement of EPC during this process.
LTE Radio Interface and the X2 Interface

Control Plane
TS 24.301
NAS Protocols
TS 36.331
(E)-RRC
User Plane
LTE-Uu
Air interface of EUTRAN
Based on OFDMA in downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink
FDD and TDD duplex methods
Scalable bandwidth: from 1.4 up to 20 MHz
Data rates up to 100 Mbps(DL), 50Mbps (UL)
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is a major
component although optional.
User PDUs
TS 36.323
PDCP
TS 36.322
RLC
TS 36.321
MAC
TS 36.300
LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
LTE-Uu
eNB
X2-CP
(Control Plane)
X2-UP
(User Plane)
X2
User PDUs
TS 36.423
TS 36.422
TS 36.421
X2-AP
GTP-U
SCTP
UDP
IP
IP
L1/L2
L1/L2
TS 29.281
X2
TS 36.424
TS 36.421
TS 36.420
[X2 general aspects & principles)
eNB
Inter eNB interface

Handover coordination without involving the EPC
X2AP: special signaling protocol
During HO, Source eNB can use the X2 interface to
forward downlink packets still buffered or arriving from
the serving gateway to the target eNB.
This will avoid loss of a huge amount of packets during
inter-eNB handover.
S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces

TS 36.410
[S1 general aspects & principles]
S1-MME
Control interface between eNB and MME
MME and UE will exchange non-access stratum signaling via eNB
through this interface.
E.g.: if a UE performs a tracking area update the TRACKING AREA
UPDATE REQUEST message will be sent from UE to eNB and the eNB
will forward the message via S1-MME to the MME.
S1AP:S1 Application Protocol
S1flex 1 eNB to connect to several MME
S1-MME
(Control Plane)
TS 24.301
NAS Protocols
TS 36.413
S1-AP
MME
SCTP
TS 36.412
eNB
IP
L1/L2
TS 36.411
S1-U
(User Plane)
User PDUs
S1-U
User plane interface between eNB and serving gateway.
It is a pure user data interface (U=User plane).
S1flex-U also supported: a single eNB can connect to several Serving
GWs.
Which Serving GW a users SAE bearer will have to use is signaled
from the MME of this user.
TS 29.281
GTP-U
UDP
TS 36.414
IP
TS 36.411
L1/L2
TS 36.410
[S1 general aspects & principles]
Serving
Gateway
S10 & S6a Interfaces

S6a
(Control Plane)
S10
(Control Plane)
TS 29.274
MME
S6a Appl.
GTP-C
UDP
MME
DIAMETER
SCTP
IP
IP
L1/L2
L1/L2
S10
Interface between different MMEs
Used during inter-MME tracking area updates (TAU) and
handovers
Inter-MME TAU: The new MME can contact the old MME the
user had been registered before to retrieve data about identity
(IMSI), security information (security context, authentication
vectors) and active SAE bearers (PDN gateways to contact, QoS,
etc.)
Obviously S10 is a pure signaling interface, no user data runs on
it.
TS 29.272
HSS
S6a
Interface between the MME and the HSS
The MME uses it to retrieve subscription information from HSS
(handover/tracking area restrictions, external PDN allowed, QoS,
etc.) during attaches and updates
The HSS can during these procedures also store the users
current MME address in its database.
S11 Interface
MME
S11
(Control Plane)
TS 29.274
GTP-C
UDP
IP
L1/L2
Serving
Gateway
S11
Interface between MME and a Serving GW
A single MME can handle multiple Serving GW each one with its own S11 interface
Used to coordinate the establishment of SAE bearers within the EPC
SAE bearer setup can be started by the MME (default SAE bearer) or by the PDN
Gateway.
S5/S8 Interface
S5/S8 3GPP Alternative
Control
Plane
User
Plane
User PDUs
Serving
Gateway
TS 29.274
GTP-C
GTP-U
UDP
TS 29.281
PDN
Gateway
SGi
IP
L1/L2
S5/S8
Interface between Serving GW and PDN GW

S5: If Serving GW and PDN GW belong to the same network (non-roaming case)
S8:If this is not the case (roaming case)
S8 = S5 + inter-operator security functions
Mainly used to transfer user packet data between PDN GW and Serving GW
Signaling on S5/S8 is used to setup the associated bearer resources
S5/S8 can be implemented either by reuse of the GTP protocol from 2G/3G or by using Mobile IPv6 with some IETF enhancements.
PDN
Gx (or S7) & Gxc Interfaces

Gx (Control Plane)
Gxc (Control Plane)

TS 29.212
Gx Application
Gx Application
DIAMETER
PCRF
DIAMETER
SCTP
SCTP
IP
IP
L1/L2
L1/L2
TS 29.212
SGi
Serving
Gateway
S5/S8
Gxc
Interface between Serving GW (S-GW) and PCRF (Policy

and Charging Rule Function)
This interface is only needed in case the S5/S8 interface is
based on PMIP (IETF candidate)
The reason is that only in this case the S-GW will perform
the mapping between IP service flows in S5/S8 and GTP
tunnels in the S1-U interface. The information to do the
mapping comes from directly from the PCRF
IMS/PDN
PDN
Gateway
Gx (Also referred as S7)
Interface between PDN GW and PCRF (Policy and Charging

Rule Function)
It allows:
the PCRF to request the setup of a SAE bearer with
appropriate QoS
the PDN GW to ask for the QoS of an SAE bearer to setup
to indicate EPC status changes to the PCRF to apply a new
policy rule.
Rx & SGi Interfaces

Rx
(Control Plane)
Rx
RX Application
TS 29.214
DIAMETER
PCRF
Interface between PCRF (Policy & Charging Rules Function) and the external
PDN network/operators IMS (in general, towards the Service Domain)
Standardized in 3GPP TS 29.214: Policy and Charging Control over the Rx
reference point (release 8)
SCTP
IP
L1/L2
SGi
SGi
(User Plane)
Application
UDP or TCP
PDN
Gateway
IPv4/IPv6
L1/L2
PDN
TS 29.061
Interface used by the PDN GW to send and receive data to and from the
external data network or Service Platform
It is either IPv4 or IPv6 based
Downlink data coming from the external PDN must be assigned to the right
SAE bearer of the right user by analysis of the incoming packets IP addresses,
port numbers, etc.
This interface corresponds to the Gi interface in 2G/3G networks
Standardized in 3GPP TS 29.061: Interworking between the Public Land
Mobile Network (PLMN) supporting packet based services and Packet Data
Networks (PDN)
LTE UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz

64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except
Class 5 & 8)
2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
Power
Class
1
Tx Power
(dBm)
[+30]
[+27]
+23
[+21]
Tolerance
(dB)
+/-2 dB
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
Class 6
Class 7
Class 8
10/5 Mbps
50/25 Mbps
100/50 Mbps
150/50 Mbps
299/75 Mbps
301/50 Mbps
301/102 Mbps
3000/1500 Mbps
RF bandwidth
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
Modulation DL
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
Modulation UL
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Optional
2x2
2x2
2x2
4x4
2x2 or 4x4
2x2 or 4x4
8x8
peakrate DL/UL
Rx diversity
MIMO DL
LTE Advanced - Carrier Aggregation (CA)
High peak data rate of 1 Gbps in downlink and 500 Mbps in uplink can be achieved with bandwidth
extension from 20 MHz up to 100 MHz.
Backwards compatibility to Release 8 by combining N Release 8 component carriers to N x LTE
bandwidth, for example 5 x 20 MHz = 100 MHz
Old LTE terminals use one carrier, new ones all N
LTE-Advanced maximum bandwidth
Rel8 BW
Rel8 BW
Rel8 BW
Rel8 BW
Rel8 BW
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
Carrier 3
Carrier 4
Carrier 5
CA also offers opportunities for

autonomous interference
management schemes
especially relevant for
heterogeneous networks.
Both contiguous and

non-contiguous CA is
supported offering
improved spectrum
flexibility (e.g. for
refarming).
Carrier Aggregation (CA)
CA capable UE
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
RESOURCE BLOCK
Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB)
12 Sub carrier x 1 slot period in time domain
Capacity allocation is based on RB
Resource element (RE)
1 sub carrier x 1 symbol period
Theoretical minimum capacity in allocation unit
1 RE is equivalent of 1 modulation symbol on a
subcarrier, i.e. 2 bits for QPSK, 4 bits for 16QAM and 6
bits for 64 QAM
Link to understand RB :
http://niviuk.free.fr/lte_ca_spectrum.php
http://dhagle.in/LTE
Cell-Specific Reference Signals Mapping

One antenna port
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
l 0
l 6 l 0
l 6
For Channel estimation

Measurements (e.g. RSRP)
Synchronisation in frequency & time
Cell Id (Physical Layer Cell Identity)
Resource element (k,l)
Two antenna ports
R0
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0
l 0
R1
R1
R1
R1
l 6 l 0
l 6
l 0
For more detailed information

according to UE specific
Reference Signals and their
position see: TS 36.211; 6.10.
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R1
l 6 l 0
l 6
RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power

Four antenna ports
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0
l 0
R3
R2
R1
l 6 l 0
even-numbered slots
R3
R2
l 6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 1
R3
R2
R1
R1
l 6
R2
R1
R1
R0
l 6 l 0
even-numbered slots
R1
R1
R0
l 0
R1
l 0
R3
l 6 l 0
even-numbered slots
l 6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 2
l 0
l 6 l 0
even-numbered slots
l 6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 3
DL Physical Channels
There are no dedicated channels in LTE, neither UL nor DL.
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
carries user data, L3 signaling, System Information Blocks & Paging
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
for Master Information Block only
PMCH: Physical Multicast Channel

for multicast traffic as MBMS services
PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
indicates number of OFDM symbols for Control Channels = 1..4
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel

carries resource assignment messages for DL capacity allocations & scheduling grants for UL
allocations
PHICH: Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
carries ARQ Ack/Nack messages from eNB to UE in respond to UL transmission
UL Physical Channels
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Transmission of user data, L3 & L1 signaling (L1 signaling: CQI, ACK/NACKs, etc.)
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel
Carries L1 control information in case that no user data are scheduled in this subframe (e.g. H-ARQ
ACK/NACK indications, UL scheduling request, CQIs & MIMO feedback).
These control data are multiplexed together with user data on PUSCH, if user data are scheduled in
the subframe
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

For Random Access attempts; SIBs indicates the PRACH configuration (duration; frequency;
repetition; number of preambles - max. 64)
INFORMATION BLOCK
MIB ( Master information Block)
DL BW information
Configuration PHICH
System Frame Number
broadcast in the Physical
Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Radio Network Temporary identifier

(SI-RNTI) is allocated to SIB1 and
another SIB
Every 40 ms
System Information Block 1 (SIB1)

Scheduling info other SIB
PLMN ID
TA
Cell Identifier
Cell Usage Restriction
Frek Information
Broadcasted via PDSCH
Every 80 ms
OTHER SIB
INFORMATION BLOCK DESCRIPTION

LTE system information
blocks
Description
MIB
Carries physical layer information of LTE cell which in turn help receive further SIs, i.e. system bandwidth
SIB1
Contains information regarding whether or not UE is allowed to access the LTE cell. It also defines the scheduling of the other SIBs.
carries cell ID, MCC, MNC, TAC, SIB mapping.
SIB2
Carries common channel as well as shared channel information. It also carries RRC, uplink power control, preamble power ramping,
uplink Cyclic Prefix Length, sub-frame hopping, uplink EARFCN
SIB3
carries cell re-selection information as well as Intra frequency cell re-selection information
SIB4
carries Intra Frequency Neighbors(on same frequency); carries serving cell and neighbor cell frequencies required for cell reselection
as well handover between same RAT base stations(GSM BTS1 to GSM BTS2) and different RAT base stations(GSM to WCDMA or GSM
to LTE or between WCDMA to LTE etc.) . Covers E-UTRA and other RATs as mentioned
SIB5
Carries Inter Frequency Neighbors(on different frequency); carries E-UTRA LTE frequencies, other neighbor cell frequencies from
other RATs. The purpose is cell reselection and handover.
SIB6
carries WCDMA neighbors information i.e. carries serving UTRA and neighbor cell frequencies useful for cell re-selection
SIB7
carries GSM neighbours information i.e. Carries GERAN frequencies as well as GERAN neighbor cell frequencies. It is used for cell reselection as well as handover purpose.
SIB8
SIB9
SIB10
SIB11
carries CDMA-2000 EVDO frequencies, CDMA-2000 neighbor cell frequencies.

carries HNBID (Home eNodeB Identifier)
carries ETWS prim. notification
carries ETWS sec. notification
UL Physical Resource Block: DRS & SRS

The Demodulation Reference Signal is
Note: when the
subframe contains the
PUCCH, the
Demodulation
Reference Signal is
embedded in a
different way
12 subcarriers
..
..
Frequency
1 ms subframe or
TTI
transmitted in the third SC-FDMA

symbol (counting from zero) in all
resource blocks allocated to the PUSCH
carrying the user data.
This signal is needed for channel

estimation, which in turn is essential for
coherent demodulation of the UL signal
in the eNodeB.
The Sounding Reference Signal SRS

0.5 ms slot
Time
Sounding Reference Signal
on last OFDM symbol of 1
subframe;
Periodic or aperiodic
transmission
SRS can be used to implement beamforming in TDD.
Demodulation Reference
Signal in subframes that
carry PUSCH
provides UL channel quality information

as a basis for scheduling decisions in the
base station. This signal is distributed in
the last SC-FDMA symbol of subframes
that carry neither PUSCH nor PUCCH
data. [SRS is always disabled in FDD RL20
and before.]
PUCCH: Physical UL Control Channel
Modulation Schemes
3GPP standard defines the following options: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM in both
directions (UL & DL)
UL 64QAM not supported in RL10
Not every physical channel is allowed to use any modulation scheme:
Scheduler decides which form to use depending on carrier quality feedback
information from the UE
64QAM:
16QAM:
QPSK:
6 bits/symbol
4 bits/symbol
2 bits/symbol
QPSK
b0 b1
Im
01
11
00
10Re
16QAM
b0 b1b2b3
Im
64QAM
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5
Im
Modulation
PDSCH
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
PMCH
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
PBCH
QPSK
PDCCH,
PCFICH
QPSK
PHICH
BPSK
PUSCH
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
PUCCH
BPSK and/or
QPSK
1111
Re
0000
Physical
channel
Re
Cell Search (1/2)

Remember?
What are all the steps and the physical
channels involved ?
1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal

(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )
2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal
(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )
3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements
eNodeB
4. PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel

(MIB DL system bandwidth, PHICH configuration)
MIB = Master Information Block

PHICH = Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
UE
Cell Search
Challenge:
The PBCH contains only the MIB (Master Information Block) the SIBs (System Information
Blocks) are on the PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)!
need to read SIBs on PDSCH
Problem: The UE should read PDSCH but it doesn't know which resource blocks are reserved for
it and where are they placed (in time & frequency)
Solution:
PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) indicates the size of PDCCH (Physical
Downlink Control Channel)
the PDCCH is indicating which resource blocks are scheduled and where are located
Cell Search (2/2)

5. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
(How many OFDM symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of
the sub-frame are for PDCCH)
6. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(Resource allocation for PDSCH )
eNodeB
7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(SIBs: Cell global ID, parameters for cell selection /
reselection, )
CELL SELECTION & RESELECTION

SIB: System Information Block
UE
What are the Next Steps?

The UE has selected one cell camping on the cell procedure
The camping on the cell procedure will be explained later

The UE can start the initial access
I have found one suitable

cell. What is next?
UE
eNodeB
Random Access (1/2)

8. PRACH preamble (A)
(A 1st random preamble*)
.
.
. (C)
8. PRACH preamble
(C 3rd random preamble)
eNodeB
UE
Challenge:
Several UEs may send the same preamble. How to solve the
collision ?
Solution:
contention resolution
* 64 Random Access Preamble Signatures available per Cell
Random Access (2/2)

response to RACH Preamble on PDSCH
(How many OFDM symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of
the sub-frame are for PDCCH)

(Resource allocation for PDSCH)
eNodeB
(Random Access response: ID of the received

preamble, C-RNTI)
C-RNTI: Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity
UE
Contention Resolution for the Initial Access

several UE with same RACH
Preamble Signature
getting same UL grant
collision with RRC
Connection Request
8. PRACH Preamble

(Random Access response: ID of received preamble, UL
resources for TX*, C-RNTI)
12. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

(RRC: RRC Connection Request, *C-RNTI, TMSI or
random number)
eNodeB
TMSI = Temporary Mobile Subscriber
Identity
UE

(Contention Resolution, C-RNTI & TMSI or random
number)
* UL grant PUSCH resources
All other UEs not receiving correct

answer (TMSI)
restart Random Access (8)
What are the Next Steps?

The random access procedure is successfully finished
Next steps:
- RRC Connection Establishment
- Registration
- UE-CN signaling (Attach)
Higher layer signaling -> not shown here
UE
Now I am connected so I can

download the web page from the
Internet. www.nokia.com
eNodeB
DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals
Channel Estimate / CQI
2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(CQI based on DL reference signals measurements)

(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the beginning of the
sub-frame are for PDCCH)
Note:
CQI along with
data PUSCH

(DL assignment for PDSCH: Modulation & coding,
resource blocks*)
eNodeB
CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
ACK = Acknowledgment
NACK = Negative ACK
HARQ = Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request
(user data initial transmission)

(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
(user data eventual re-transmission)
* Physical Resource Allocation
UE
UL Transmission
(UL scheduling request*)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal SRS
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)
3. UL Demodulation Reference Signal

(UL channel estimation, demodulation like DPCCH in UMTS)
(UL grant capacity allocation)
eNodeB
DPCCH = Dedicate Physical Control
Channel
ACK = Acknowledgment
NACK = Negative ACK
HARQ = Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request
(user data initial transmission)
UE
6. PHlCH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel

(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
(user data eventual re-transmission)
* scheduling request only needed for applications with QoS like best effort
VoIP in LTE
Voice is still important in LTE

CS voice call will not be possible in LTE since there is no CS core interface
Voice with LTE terminals has a few different solutions
The first voice solution in LTE can rely on Call Setup FallBack redirection where LTE terminal will be moved to
2G/3G to make CS call
The ultimate LTE voice solution will be VoIP + IMS
Call Setup FallBack (CSFB)
EPS Bearers for Conversational Voice
IP Multimedia Subsystem, a set of specifications from 3GPP for delivering IP multimedia to mobile users
VoIP
Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC)
Options for voice call continuity when running out of LTE coverage
1) Handover from LTE VoIP to 3G CS voice
Voice Handover from LTE VoIP to WCDMA CS voice is called SR-VCC
No VoIP needed in 3G
2) Handover from LTE VoIP to 2G CS voice
Voice Handover from LTE VoIP to GERAN CS voice is called SR-VCC
No VoIP needed in 2G
2G CS voice
LTE VoIP
3G CS voice
2G CS voice
LTE VoIP
3G CS voice
2G CS voice
3G CS voice
Single Radio Voice Call

Continuity (SR-VCC)
3G CS voice
LTE Voice Evolution

LTE broadband for high speed data
LTE
HSPA
I-HSPA
2G/3G
EPC
MSS
Fast-Track VoLTE
LTE
HSPA
I-HSPA
2G/3G
IMS for enriched IP multimedia services
VoIP
NVS
MSS
LTE
HSPA
I-HSPA
Main focus on LTE data

CS Fallback to 2G/3G CS access for
voice
Re-use existing MSC Server system
for voice
IMS
EPC
EPC
Introduce NVS
VoIP solution
VoIP
NVS
Evolution to IMS
VoIP solution
Simple upgrade of MSS with NVS
(VoIP) function
Fully IMS compatible reuse of CS
infra-structure for LTE VoIP capable
handsets
SRVCC (HO LTE VoIP to 3G CS)
IMS-centric service architecture

Rich Communication Services with
full multimedia telephony
Support for any access
SRVCC (HO LTE VoIP to 3G VoIP)
LTE TDD/FDD
Frame and
Channel Type
Uplinkdownlink
configuration
Downlink-to-Uplink
Switch-point
periodicity
Subframe number
5 ms
5 ms
5 ms
10 ms
10 ms
10 ms
5 ms
LTE Physical Layer - Introduction

It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air
LTE physical layer based on OFDMA DL & SC-FDMA in UL
This is the same for both FDD & TDD mode of operation
There is no macro-diversity in use
System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible
no frequency planning required
There are no dedicated physical channels anymore, as all resource mapping is dynamically driven by the scheduler
FDD
..
..
TDD
..
Frequency band 1
Frequency band 2
Single frequency band
Downlink
..
..
..
Uplink
LTE Physical Layer Structure Frame Structure (FDD)

FDD Frame structure ( also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both UL & DL
Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time
- Frame length = 10 ms
0.5 ms slot
sy0 sy1 sy2 sy3 sy4 sy5 sy6
FDD: 10 sub-frames of 1 ms for UL & DL
- 1 Frame = 20 slots of 0.5ms each

- 1 slot = 7 (normal CP) or 6 OFDM symbols
(extended CP)
10 ms frame
..
s18 s19
0.5 ms slot
SF0
SF1
SF2
SF3
1 ms sub-frame
..
In FDD, there is a time offset between uplink and downlink transmission .
SF9
SF: SubFrame
s: slot
Sy: symbol
LTE Physical Layer Structure Frame Structure (TDD)

Frame Type 2 (TS 36.211-900; 4.2)
each radio frame consists of 2 half frames = 10 subframes = 10 ms (1 subframe = 1 ms)
Half-frame = 5 ms = 5 Sub-frames of 1 ms
UL-DL configurations with both 5 ms & 10 ms DL-to-UL switch-point periodicity are supported
Special subframe with the 3 fields DwPTS, GP & UpPTS; length of DwPTS + UpPTS +GP = 1 subframe; (i.e. depending on frame
configuration one or two Special Subframes)
DL / UL ratio can vary from 1/3 to 8/1 according to service requirements of the carrier
Radio Frame: 10ms
SF
#4
SF
#5
UpPTS
SF
#3
GP
SF
#2
DwPTS
UpPTS
SF
#0
GP
UL/DL
carrier
Half Frame: 5 ms
DwPTS
SF
#7
SF
#8
SF
#9
time
Subframe 1ms
DwPTS: Downlink Pilot time Slot
Downlink Subframe
UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
Uplink Subframe
GP: Guard Period to separate between DL/UL
Special Subframe
DL or UL Subframe
UL/DL Configurations
TDD allows flexible bandwidth allocation between UL & DL to support asymmetric traffic
The number of subframes dedicated to UL & DL within the 10ms frame can be adjusted
7 different frame configurations
Chosen UL/DL Configuration should be the same across all cells of a network to avoid interference between transmission
directions (Rel.8 static or semi-static TDD system)
Nokia RL45 supports Configuration 1 & 2:
Configuration 1 DL:UL=2:2
Configuration 2 DL:UL=3:1
Uplink-downlink
configuration
Downlink-to-Uplink
Switch-point periodicity
Subframe number
0
5 ms
5 ms
5 ms
10 ms
10 ms
10 ms
5 ms
Special
Downlink
Uplink
Special Subframe Configuration
More info: TS36.21
Total length of special subframe is 1ms but the length of the each field may vary
9 different formats supported
Fields:
Downlink Pilot time Slot (DwPTS)

shortened DL subframe
for Reference Signals & control information
may carry user data
contains PSS (note: SSS transmitted on
the last symbol of subframe 0)
Uplink Pilot Time Slot (UpPTS)

mainly used for RACH and SRS transmission
Guard Period (GP)

Switching point between DL & UL transmission
Compensates for the delay when switching between transmission directions
Its length determines the maximum supportable cell size
For 5ms periodicity subframe#6 is also a
special subframe (otherwise is normal)
SUBFRAME 1
TD-LTE Downlink Peak Bit Rate- MAC Layer

Condition:
20MHz bandwidth, total 100 PRBs allocated
2x2 MIMO (2 antennas for TX, 2 Antennas for RX)
Maximum TB Size in normal DL subframe = 75376 bits
Maximum TB Size in DwPTS = 55056 bits

MAC layer peak bit rate in different configurations:
2DL:2UL configuration, SF configuration 5
(75376x2x2)/5ms = 60.30 Mbps

(75376x2x2+55056x2x1)/5ms = 82.32 Mbps
(75376x2x3)/5ms = 90.45Mbps
(75376x2x3+55056x2x1)/5ms = 112.47 Mbps
2) SINR measurment
3) Setting new power offset
LTE Radio
Resource
Management
4) TX power level
adjustment with the new
offset
1) Initial TX power level
Scope of RRM
Scope of RRM:
Management and optimized utilization of the (scarce) radio resources:
Provision for each service/bearer/user an adequate QoS (if applicable)
Increasing the overall radio network capacity and optimizing quality
RRM is located in eNodeB

See next slide
eNB
X2
LTE-Uu
LTE-UE
Evolved Node B
(eNB)
LTE RRM: Scheduling

Motivation
Bad channel condition avoidance
CDMA
OFDMA
Single Carrier transmission does

not allow to allocate only
particular frequency parts. Every
fading gap effects the data.
The part of total available

channel experiencing bad
channel condition (fading) can be
avoided during allocation
procedure.
LTE RRM: Link Adaptation by AMC (UL/DL)

Optimizing air interface efficiency
Motivation of link adaptation: Modify the signal transmitted to and by a particular user according to the
signal quality variation to improve the system capacity & coverage reliability.
It modifies the MCS (Modulation & Coding Scheme) & the transport block size (DL) and ATB (UL)
If SINR is good then higher MCS can be used more payload per symbol more throughput.
If SINR is bad then lower MCS should be used (more robust)
Flexi Multiradio BTS performs the link adaptation for DL on a TTI basis
The selection of the modulation & the channel coding rate is based:
DL data channel: CQI report from UE
UL: BLER measurements in Flexi LTE BTS
Adaptive Transmission Bandwidth (ATB): Calculates maximum number of PRBs that UL SCH can assigned to a
particular UE taking into account UE QoS profile and available UE power headroom
Link Adaptation / AMC for PDSCH

START
Procedure:
Initial MCS is provided by O&M
(parameter INI_MCS_DL) & is set as
default MCS
If DL AMC is not activated (O&M
parameter ENABLE_AMC_DL) the
algorithm always uses this default
MCS
If DL AMC is activated HARQ
retransmissions are handled
differently from initial transmissions
(For HARQ retransmission the same
MCS has to be used as for the initial
transmission)
A MCS based on CQI reporting from
UE , shall be determined for the
PRBs assigned to UE as indicated by
the DL scheduler
Retrieve Default MCS
no
Dynamic AMC
active?
HARQ
retransmission?
yes
no
Use Default MCS
Determine avaraged CQI

value for allocated PRBs
Determine MCS
END
Use the same MCS as for

initial transmission
Outer Link Quality Control (OLQC)

Optimize the DL performance
Feature: CQI Adaptation (DL)
CQI information is used by the scheduler & link adaptation in such a way that a certain BLER of the 1 st HARQ
transmission is achieved
CQI adaptation is the basic mean to control Link Adaptation behaviour and to remedy UE measurement errors
Only used in DL
Used for CQI measurement error compensation
CQI estimation error of the UE
CQI quantization error or
CQI reporting error
It adds a CQI offset to the CQI reports provided by UE. The corrected CQI report is provided to the DL Link
adaptation for further processing
CQI offset derived from ACK/NACK feedback
Support of aperiodic CQI reports

Functionality
Aperiodic CQI reports scheduled in
addition to periodic reports
Periodic CQI reports on PUCCH
Aperiodic CQI reports on PUSCH
Description
Controlled by the UL scheduler
Triggered by UL grant indication
(PDCCH)
Basic feature
UL grant + CQI indicator
Perio
Ap e r
iodic
Benefits
Not so many periodic CQIs on PUCCH needed
Allow frequent submission of more detailed
reports (e.g. MIMO, frequency selective parts)
dic C
QI (P
UC
CQIs
(PU S
CH )
CH)
LTE RRM: Power Control

Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference & power consumption
Downlink:
There is no adaptive or dynamic power control in DL but semi-static power setting
eNodeB gives flat power spectral density (dBm/PRB) for the scheduled resources:
The power for all the PRBs is the same
If there are PRBs not scheduled that power is not used but the power of the remaining scheduled
PRBs doesnt change:
Total Tx power is max. when all PRBs are scheduled. If only 1/2 of the PRBs are scheduled the
Tx power is 1/2 of the Tx power max ( i.e. Tx power max -3dB)
Semi-static: PDSCH power can be adjusted via O&M parameters

Cell Power Reduction level CELL_PWR_RED [0...10] dB attenuation in 0.1 dB steps
Power Control
Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference and power consumption
Uplink:
UL PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control & Closed Loop Power Control:
PPUSCH (i) min{ PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i)) P0 _ PUSCH ( j ) ( j ) PL TF (i) f (i )}[dBm]
Closed Loop PC component f(i): Makes use of feedback from the eNB. Feedback are TCP commands send via PDCCH to instruct the
UE to increase or decrease its Tx power
UL Power control is Slow power control:

No need for fast power control as in 3G: if UE Tx power
was high it incremented the co-channel for other UEs.
In LTE all UEs resources are orthogonal in frequency &
time
TPC: Transmit Power Control
2) SINR measurment
3) Setting new power offset
4) TX power level
adjustment with the new
offset
1) Initial TX power level
Power Control
Uplink (cont.):
UL PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control & Closed Loop Power Control:
PPUSCH (i) min{ PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i)) P0 _ PUSCH ( j ) ( j ) PL TF (i) f (i )}[dBm]
PCMAX: max. UE Tx power according to UE power class; e.g. 23dBm for class 3
MPUSCH: # allocated PRBs. The UE Tx Power is increased proportionally to the # of allocated RBs. Remaining terms of the formula are
per RB
P0_PUSCH: eNB received power per RB when assuming path loss 0 dB. Depends on
: Path loss compensation factor. Three values:

= 0, no compensation of path loss
= 1, full compensation of path loss (conventional compensation)
{ 0 ,1 } , fractional compensation
PL: DL Path loss calculated by the UE
Delta_TF: increases the UE Tx power to achieve the required SINR when transmitting a large number of bits per RE. It links the UE
Tx power to the MCS.
3GPP Transmission Modes Summary
transmission modes defined by 3GPP TS36.331234

BF: beamforming
SM: spatial multiplexing
Mode 1
Single-antenna port (SISO)
Mode 2
Transmit diversity (SFBC, Frequency Shift Time Diversity)
Mode 3
Open-loop SM (CQI and RI reported by UE, PM def. by eNb, rank adapt., rank
1 TM2, otherwise SM)
Mode 4
Closed-loop SM (CQI, RI, PMI reported by UE, rank adaptation)
Mode 5
Multiuser-MIMO
Mode 6
Closed loop rank 1 precoding
Mode 7
Single-antenna port, port 5 (BF, DRS)
FDD & TDD

Rel 8
TDD only
Mode 8
Dual layer BF (port 7 and/or 8)
Rel 9
Mode 9
Multi-stream beamforming with CSI-RS (Channel state information)
Rel 10
FDD & TDD
Transmit diversity for 2 antennas

Benefit: Diversity gain, enhanced cell coverage
Each Tx antenna transmits the same stream of data with Receiver gets replicas of the same signal which
increases the SINR.
Synchronization signals are transmitted only via the 1st antenna
eNode B sends different cell-specific Reference Signals (RS) per antenna

It can be enabled on cell basis by O&M configuration
Processing is completed in 2 phases:
Layer Mapping: distributing a stream of data into two streams
Pre-coding: generation of signals for each antenna port
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO) for 2 antennas

Two code words
(S1+S2) are
transmitted in
parallel to 1 UE
double peak rate
Benefit: Doubles peak rate compared to 1Tx antenna
Signal generation is similar to Transmit Diversity: i.e. Layer

Mapping & Precoding
Can be open loop or closed loop depending if the UE provides
feedback
Spatial multiplexing with 2 code words

Supported physical channel: PDSCH
2 code words transferred
when channel conditions
are good
S2
S1
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Code word 1
Modulation
L1
Scale
Code word 2
L2
Map onto Resource

Elements
OFDMA
Map onto Resource

Elements
OFDMA
W1
Modulation
W2
Precoding
Precoding generates the signals for each antenna port

Precoding is done multiplying the signal with a precoding matrix selected from a predefined codebook
known at the eNB and at the UE side
Closed loop: UE estimates the radio channel, selects the best precoding matrix (the one that offers
maximum capacity) & sends it to the eNB
Open loop: no need for UEs feedback as it uses predefined settings for Spatial Multiplexing & precoding
Pre-coding codebook for 2 Tx antenna case
Inter Layer
Mobility
NB
WCDMA
eNB
LTE
Introduction to Inter-layer Mobility

Connected mode 4G to 3G
Idle mode 4G-3G, 3G-4G
LTE F1 to LTE F2
Connected, idle
3G F1 to 3G F2
Connected, idle
LTE
WCDMA
Connected mode 3G-2G, 2G-3G
Idle mode 2G-3G, 3G-2G
GSM
4G Connected mode to
2G Idle mode
4G Idle mode to
2G Idle mode
Reselection Flow
Reselection Process Overview
Measurements trigger
)
"
""
UE is measuring the neighbor cells

only when the RSRP signal level is
below some threshold. The measurements
trigger is based primarily on absolute
priorities. In case of equal priority addotional
thresholds are defined
'
[ Evaluate cell reselection criteria "R"
l
J
.
[ Execute cell reselection
..
~ f1st~
-~
parokonteL
For the reselection there are different cases

depending on priorltes of the neighbor
frequency Layers (for inter-frequency
and inter-RAT)
Measurement Management for cell Reselection

LTE Thresholds and periodicity for measurements
RSRP [dBm] serving cell
Search for higher priority frequency/RATs (low periodicity)

Re-select higher priority frequency/RATs if target is better than
Threshx,high
sintrasearch
-112 dBm
sNonintrsearch -116 dBm

Search for higher and lower priority frequency/RATs (high periodicity)
Re-select higher priority frequency/RATs if target is better than Threshx,high
ThresServLow
-118 dBm
qRxLevMin
-122 dBm
Search for higher and lower priority frequency/RATs (high periodicity)

Re-select higher priority frequency/RATs if target is better than Threshx,high
Re-select lower priority frequency/RATs if target is better than Threshx,low
S-criteria
Start cell selection
Idle Mode
Cell Selection
-68 dBm
When RSRP < -68 dBm UE
starts to measure intra-freq
neighbours
-118 dBm
-124dBm
-130 dBm
When RSRP < -118 dBm UE

starts to measure on LTE (Inter)
and WCDMA
interFrqThrL
sIntrasearch
LNCEL:Qhyst = 3dB
IAFIM: qOffestCell = 0dB
Reselection to other LTE cell will happen:
1. When neighbor is 3dB better than serving
2. For a time
LNCEL:tReselEutr = 1s
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed since the
UE camped in the currrent cell
Confidential
sNonIntrsearch
threshSrvLow
Qrxlevmin (Used by Serving Cell)

qrxlevminintraF (Used By Neigh Cell)
LNCEL:threshSrvLow = 6 (-124 dBm)

UFFIM:utraFrqThrL = 0 (-115 dBm)
UFFIM:qRxLevMinUtra= -115 dBm
LNCEL:threshSrvLow= 6 (-124 dBm)
IRFIM:interFrqThrL = 4 (-120 dBm)
IRFIM:qRxLevMinInterF= -130dBm
Reselection to LTE Inter cell will happen:

1. When serving is below -124dBm
AND LTE neighbours RSRP is better
than -118 dBm
2. For a time
IRFIM:intertResEutr = 1s
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed
since the UE camped in the current
cell
If no suitable LTE cell found, then reselection to

WCDMA will happen
1. When serving cell is below -124 dBm and
neighboring WCDMA cell RSCP > -115 dBm
2. For a time UFFIM:tResUtra = 1s
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed since the UE
camped in the current cell
HO Process
HO Process Overview
UE continuously monitors the
serving cell. Events A2/A1 are used
to activate/de-activate neighbors
measurements when rad io conditions
are getting worse
Measurements activation/de-activation
[ Event based neighbor reports
"
)~
The reports of neighbors are triggered

tt--- --+ by A3 & AS events for intra.-RAT
neighbors and 82 event for the
inter-RAT neighbors
The "Measurement Report" message
contains a prioritized list of neighbors (best
neighbor first)
HO target & mode selection in eNodeB
HO execution
~ f1st~
-~
parokonteL
eNodeB decides the urgency of HO and

identifies a priori1ized list of HO target
oells. The eNodeB selects the target
cell for HO as well as the handover mode.
The HO/NACC mode could be:
-Intra eNB HO
-Intra LTE inter eNB via X2
-Intra LTE inter eNB via S1
-HO toWCDMA
-NACC toGSM
Intra RAT HO events

A1 -> Serving cell becomes better than threshold
A2 -> Serving cells becomes worse than threshold
A3 -> Neighbour becomes offset better than serving
A4 -> Neighbour becomes better than threshold
A5 -> Serving becomes worse than threshold 1 & neighbour
becomes better than threshold 2
Inter RAT HO events
Event B1 -> Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold

Event B2 -> serving becomes worse than threshold 1 and
neighbour becomes better than threshold 2
Measurement Activation
radio coverage by RSRP decreases
RSRP (reported)
Threshold2GERAN
Intra-frequency
& Inter-frequency
& GERAN & UMTS
measurements
Threshold2Wcdma
Intra-frequency
& Inter-frequency
& UMTS
measurements
Threshold2InterFreq
Intra-frequency
& Inter-frequency
measurements
Threshold1
Intra-frequency
measurements
only
No neighbors
measurements
except the serving
cell
Assumptions* for this example:

Threshold2GERAN < Threshold2Wcdma < Threshold2InterFreq< Threshold1
threshold2InterFreq
threshold2GERAN
threshold2Wcdma
Trigger for inter-frequency

measurements
Trigger for GERAN

measurements
Trigger for WCDMA

measurements
LNCEL; 0..97dB; 1dB; -
HO Flow
70
X-2 Ho Preparation
71
X-2 HO Execution
72
X-2 HO Completion
73
Inter eNB Handover via S1 (preparation, execution)
74
Inter eNB Handover via S1 (completion)
75
HO to WCDMA
HO to WCDMA Steps (excerpt - simplified)
UE
RR~
Source
eNB
Target
RNC
MME
S-GW
SGSN
RRC Connection Reconfiguration (lNCEL: A1, A2 & LNHOW: B2 lhreshold
& lNADJW WCDMA frequency & scrambling code )

Measuremll'lts aclivallonldeadrvallOn of
WCDMA based on A21A1 event& UE

measurement reports lnggered by event 82
Oec:is1 on to perform
WCDMAHO
$1AF' Handover Required (LNAOJ" targel WCOMA cell)
Handover Prep.a ration

$1AF' Handover Command
RRC M~ility From EUTRA Command
~ f1st~
-~
parokonteL
P-GW
HO to WCDMA
HO to WCDMA event 82)
measQuantUtraFdd
def. which quantity to use for event 82
LNCEL; cpichRSCP. cp1chEcNO;
notUsed; cpichRSCP
1. Ms+ Hys < Thresh1 &

2 Mn + Ofn - Hys > Thresh2
Signal
I 11el
condition 2 fulfilled
b2threshold2Ut.raRscp /Ec NO
LNHOW : -5 ..911 0 .49 . 1: - dB
_hJ~B~T_h_res_h_o~~l:!_t~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
Event 8 2 fulfilled
condition 1 fulfilled
offsetFreqUtra
LNHOW: - 15..15. 1: 0 dB
___
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
.~T~.~~~.~~~::..:~.~~.::~.~~~~.::~.~~~-~- - --- ------ - ------ - ------- --------------
ttme
S - serving oeH LTE

N - ne igllbor oell WC OMA
~ fxst~
parokontel
--
Connected Mode
Intra and Inter-frequency Handovers
Trigger: RSRP below Thresholdx
Threshold1
Threshold2InterFreq
-50 dBm
Only Serving
Cell
Measurement
-100 dBm
UE measure
intra Frequency
Neighbors
UE stops to
measure intra
Frequency
Neighbors
Threshold3
-116 dBm
UE measure
inter Frequency
Neighbors
-80 dBm
Threshold2a
Trigger: RSRP above Thresholdxa
Threshold3InterFreq
-122dBm
UE perform HO
Neighbor
Threshold4
-140 dBm
UE perform HO
to inter Freq
Neighbor
-120 dBm
Threshold3aInterFreq
RRC Release
with Redirect
Connected Mode
IRAT WCDMA Handovers
Trigger: RSRP below Thresholdx
Threshold1
Threshold2InterFreq
-50 dBm
Only Serving
Cell
Measurement
-100 dBm
UE measure
intra Frequency
Neighbors
UE stops to
measure intra
Frequency
Neighbors
-80 dBm
Threshold2a
Trigger: RSRP above Thresholdxa
UE measure
inter Frequency
Neighbors
Threshold3 b2Threshold1UTRA
-124dBm
-116 dBm
UE
measure
WCDMA
Neighbor
s
Threshold4
-140 dBm
UE perform HO
to WCDMA
Neighbor
RRC Release
with Redirect
HO to WCDMA
Source
eNB
UE
Target
RNC
MME
S -GW
RRC: RRC Connection Reconfiguration (LNCEL: A1, A2 & LNHOW: B2 thresholds

& LNADJW: WCDMA frequency & scrambling code )
SGSN
Measurements activation/deactivation of
WCDMA based on A2/A1 events. UE
measurement reports triggered by event B2
3 RRC: Measurement Report (target WCDMA cells)

4
Decision to perform
WCDMA HO
S1AP: Handover Required (LNADJW: target WCDMA cell)
Handover Preparation
S1AP: Handover Command
RRC: Mobility From EUTRA Command
S1AP: S1 Application Part Protocol
P -GW
Redirection from LTE to WCDMA

Another mobility from LTE to WCDMA is Redirection. With redirection, LTE RRC connection is released with
target RAT information. Ue Released from LTE , than go idle mode in WCDMA
[..]
RRC: MEASUREMENT REPORT
RRC: RRC CONNECTION RELEASE

target RAT
indicated
event A2
for redirection
CS Fallback to UTRAN
No CS domain in Evolved Packet System (EPS)
eNB
LTE
NB
WCDMA
E-UTRAN attached UEs

request CS voice service
UEs must be redirected / handed over
towards other Radio Access Technology
(RAT) that provides CS-domain services
CS Fallback
MME
eNB
UE
RRC:
S1AP: UL NAS TRANSPORT
(Extended Service Request)
S1AP: (CS Fallback Indicator)
CS Fallback
MME
/ eNB
MO UE
RNC
MSC
Extended Service Request (MO CSFB)
Start MO call
ESR Procedure
RRC Connection Setup Procedure
MO CSFB Call Setup Duration
RRC Connection Release (with UARFCN)
UMTS
Acquisition
UMTS cell
acquisition
< Status: UMTS Cell Acquired >
UMTS
SIB Read Time
SIB reading
< Status: Camped on UMTS Cell >
UE time to Send
RRC Connection
Request
RRC Connection Request
NW RRC
UMTS
Call Setup
Duration
UE UMTS Service
Req.
( = RRC & NAS Procedures

on UMTS)
RRC Connection Setup
(Location Update Procedure)

CM Service Request
CC Setup
UMTS NAS
CC Call Proceeding
CC Alerting
83
RF
Measurement
LTE Measurements
Physical layer measurements have not been extensively discussed in the LTE standardization. They could change.
Intra LTE measurements ( from LTE to LTE)
UE measurements
CQI measurements
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
Reference Signal Received Quality ( RSRQ)
eNB measurements
Non standardized (vendor specific): TA, Average RSSI, Average SINR, UL CSI, detected PRACH
preambles, transport channel BLER
Standardized: DL RS Tx Power, Received Interference Power, Thermal Noise Power
Measurements from LTE to other systems
UE measurements are mainly intended for Handover.
UTRA FDD: CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No and carrier RSSI
GSM: GSM carrier RSSI
UTRA TDD: carrier RSSI, RSCP, P-CCPCH
CDMA2000: 1xRTT Pilot Strength, HRPD Pilot Strength
CSI: Channel State Information (received power per PRB)
TA: Timing Advance
UE Measurements: RSRP & RSRQ

RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
Average of power levels (in [W]) received across all Reference Signal symbols within the considered measurement frequency
bandwidth.
In other words RSRP (Reference Signal Receive Power) is the average power of Resource Elements (RE) that carry cell specific
Reference Signals (RS) over the entire bandwidth, so RSRP is only measured in the symbols carrying RS.
UE only takes measurements from the cell-specific Reference Signal elements of the serving cell
If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall be equivalent to the linear average of the power values of all
diversity branches
Reporting range -44-133 dBm
RSRQ ( Reference Signal Received Quality)
Defined as the ratio NRSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement
bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks
Reporting range -3-19.5dB
E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator, comprises the total received wideband power observed by the UE from all RS
symbols for antenna port 0, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise etc.
eNodeB Measurements
DL Reference Signal Transmitted Power
Average of power levels (in [W]) transmitted across all Reference Signal symbols within the considered
measurement frequency bandwidth
Reference point for the DL RS TX power measurement: TX antenna connector
The DL RS TX power signaled to the UE is not measured, it is just an eNB internal setting
Received Interference Power:
Received interference power, including thermal noise, within one PRBs bandwidth
Thermal noise power: No x W
Thermal noise power within the UL system bandwidth (consisting of variable # of resource blocks)
No: white noise power spectral density on the uplink carrier frequency and W: denotes the UL
system bandwidth.
Optionally reported with the Received Interference Power
Reference point: RX antenna connector
In case of receiver diversity, the reported value is the average of the power in the diversity branches

Lte Optimization Introduction

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Lte Optimization Introduction

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Parakontel and Fastconn

The Key Concepts of 4G LTE Drive test,

Advanced 4G LTE RF Network

4G LTE RF Optimization Usecases

LTE Radio Interface Key Features

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

LTE Radio Interface Key Features

EUTRAN Key Features

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

EUTRAN Key Features:

EPC Key Features

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

EPC Key Features:

LTE/SAE Network Elements

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Policy & Charging Rule

Evolved Node B (eNB)

Connection Mgt. Control: UE State Management,

Only network element defined as part of eUTRAN.

Radio Admission Control

eNode B Meas. collection and evaluation

Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler)

MME Selection at Attach of the UE

LTE Radio Interface and the X2 Interface

Inter eNB interface

S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces

S10 & S6a Interfaces

Interface between Serving GW and PDN GW

Gx (or S7) & Gxc Interfaces

Gxc (Control Plane)

Interface between Serving GW (S-GW) and PCRF (Policy

Gx (Also referred as S7)

Interface between PDN GW and PCRF (Policy and Charging

Rx & SGi Interfaces

All categories support 20 MHz

LTE Advanced - Carrier Aggregation (CA)

CA also offers opportunities for

Both contiguous and

Carrier Aggregation (CA)

Cell-Specific Reference Signals Mapping

For Channel estimation

Resource element (k,l)

Two antenna ports

For more detailed information

Not used for transmission on this antenna port

Reference symbols on this antenna port

RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power

PMCH: Physical Multicast Channel

PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel

PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

Radio Network Temporary identifier

System Information Block 1 (SIB1)

INFORMATION BLOCK DESCRIPTION

carries CDMA-2000 EVDO frequencies, CDMA-2000 neighbor cell frequencies.

UL Physical Resource Block: DRS & SRS

transmitted in the third SC-FDMA

This signal is needed for channel

The Sounding Reference Signal SRS

provides UL channel quality information

PUCCH: Physical UL Control Channel

Cell Search (1/2)

1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal