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ESE Diesel
AVL FIRE
VERSION 2014
ESE Diesel
FIRE v2014
Revision
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Date
30-Jun-2008
21-Aug-2008
15-Apr-2009
30-Nov-2010
14-Oct-2011
23-Jan-2012
30-Apr-2012
28-Feb-2013
30-Sept-2014
Description
FIRE v2008 CFD Tools Users Guide
FIRE v2008 CFD Tools Users Guide
FIRE v2009 CFD Tools Users Guide
FIRE v2010 CFD Tools Users Guide
FIRE v2011 CFD Tools Users Guide
FIRE v2011 CFD Tools Users Guide
FIRE v2011.1 CFD Tools Users Guide
FIRE v2013 ESE Diesel
FIRE v2014 ESE Diesel
Document No.
08.0304.0860
08.0304.0861
08.0304.2009
08.0304.2010
08.0304.2011
08.0304.2011
08.0304.2011.1
08.0304.2013
08.0304.2014
ESE Diesel
FIRE v2014
Table of Contents
1. Introduction _____________________________________________________1-1
1.1. Symbols _____________________________________________________________________ 1-1
1.2. Configurations _______________________________________________________________ 1-1
FIRE v2014
ESE Diesel
AST. 08.0304.2014
ESE Diesel
FIRE v2014
List of Figures
Figure 2-1: Project Settings Window....................................................................................................................... 2-3
Figure 2-2: General Engine Data Windows ............................................................................................................ 2-6
Figure 2-3: Sketcher - Piston Window .................................................................................................................. 2-10
Figure 2-4: Recessed Injector ................................................................................................................................. 2-14
Figure 2-5: Constant Compression Ratio .............................................................................................................. 2-17
Figure 2-6: Fields in Piston tab .............................................................................................................................. 2-18
Figure 2-7: 2D Parameters for Mesher ................................................................................................................. 2-20
Figure 2-8: Diesel Bowl with Compensation Volume - Type Valve recess ...................................................... 2-22
Figure 2-9: Cell Size Specification Window - default ............................................................................................ 2-24
Figure 2-10: Cell Size Specification Window cell size defined .......................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-11: Mesh Created with Cell Size 0.001 for 0 to 28.7 degCA (left: mesh at 18.8 degCA; right: mesh
at 28.7 degCA) .................................................................................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-12: Mesh Created with Cell Size 0.005 for Crank Angles > 28.7 degCA (left: mesh at 28.7 degCA;
right: mesh at 54.0 degCA)................................................................................................................ 2-25
Figure 2-13: 3D Parameters for Mesher ............................................................................................................... 2-26
Figure 2-14: Refined Spray Line Volume.............................................................................................................. 2-27
Figure 2-15: Mesh Quality Check Window ........................................................................................................... 2-29
Figure 2-16: Simulation Parameters Window ...................................................................................................... 2-33
Figure 2-17: Simulation Window ........................................................................................................................... 2-34
Figure 2-18: Simulation Window for ESE Diesel / BOOST Coupling ................................................................. 2-36
Figure 2-19: Analyser Window............................................................................................................................... 2-37
Figure 2-20: Engine Data Window ........................................................................................................................ 2-38
Figure 2-21: Analyser Quantity Graph Comparison with Foreign Data......................................................... 2-42
Figure 2-22: Friction Model Window .................................................................................................................... 2-43
Figure 2-23: Quality Plot Engine Segment Simulation .................................................................................... 2-44
Figure 2-24: Report Generator Window................................................................................................................ 2-45
Figure 2-25: Spray Adjustment General Engine Data Window ....................................................................... 2-49
Figure 2-26: Spray Adjustment Sketcher Spray Box Window ...................................................................... 2-50
Figure 2-27: Spray Adjustment Sketcher Injector Window .......................................................................... 2-51
Figure 2-28: Spray Adjustment Mesher 2D Parameters Window................................................................. 2-52
Figure 2-29: Spray Adjustment Mesher 3D Parameters Window................................................................. 2-52
Figure 2-30: Simulation Parameters Window ...................................................................................................... 2-55
Figure 2-31: Spray Adjustment Quantity Plot .................................................................................................. 2-56
Figure 2-32: Relation of Gas Exchange Data........................................................................................................ 2-89
AST.08.0304.2014
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1. INTRODUCTION
This manual describes the usage of the 2D Sketcher. The 2D sketcher allows the interactive
generation of sketches consisting of points, lines, arcs and the definition of constraints and
dimensions. Sketches can be exported as in the standardized dxf- and in our native s2dformat. The main application of the sketcher for 8.5 is providing geometrical descriptions
for ESE Diesel. ESE Diesel supports the import of both, the dxf- as well as the s2d- files.
The advantage of the s2d-files is that all information contained in the file is parameterized.
Therefore all dimensions of sketches that are imported into ESE Diesel can be still
modified. This is of particular advantage when the user intends to perform parameter
studies or optimization tasks including geometrical parameter variations.
1.1. Symbols
The following symbols are used throughout this manual. Safety warnings must be strictly
observed during operation and service of the system or its components.
Convention
Meaning
Italics
monospace
MenuOpt
1.2. Configurations
Software configurations described in this manual were in effect on the publication date.
It is the users responsibility to verify the configuration of the equipment before applying
procedures.
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2. ESE DIESEL
ESE Diesel is the first CFD simulation tool, which allows beginners, intermediate users
and experts to set up, perform and analyze the injection and combustion process in diesel
engines reliably and accurately with minimum effort.
Although extremely simple to handle, online help is offered to assist the users of our
software in any situation, giving general information about the product and explaining
details useful to know for making use of all the capabilities of the tool.
Open or Ctrl O
Save or Ctrl S
Saves the input specified during the present ESE Diesel session.
When saving the input for the first time, the user is requested to
specify a file name. The default file name is <EngineName.ese>
and the default location is the projects-directory in the ESE Diesel
installation directory.
Default directory for saving and loading ESE Diesel projects can be
changed in configuration window (section 2.3).
Save as
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Saves the input specified during the present ESE Diesel session in
any location on network mounted hard disks using an arbitrary file
name. The default file name is <EngineName.ese> and the
default location is the projects-directory in the ESE Diesel.
installation directory.
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A *.ese file enables the user to resume an ESE Diesel session.
The default directory for saving the *.ese file is the projectsdirectory in the ESE Diesel installation directory. The default name
of the *.ese file is <EngineName.ese>.
Given <Filename.ese> file name, ESE Diesel will create
following files and following directory structure
FileName.ese
FileName.fpr
<Meshes>
FileName.flm
FileName.fmo
<Calculation>
<FileName>
FileName.dat
FileName.ssf
FileName.ese - contains information about all user inputs, piston
contour, topology information, etc.
FileName.fpr FIRE Workflow Manager project file (if the user
wants to load a project in FIRE Workflow Manager)
FileName.flm - mesh collection
FileName.fmo - mesh movement information
FileName.ssf - solver steering file
FileName.dat - contains connectivity information between solver
steering file and meshes.
Configuration
Exit or Alt F4
Help
User manuals
About
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In the input area the user is prompted to specify all input to describe the geometry to be
investigated, meshing parameters, initial and boundary conditions.
Engine segment
simulation
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2.3. Configuration
The user can change some running parameters for ESE Diesel in the configuration window.
Select File | Configuration to access the following parameters:
Directories
CFD-WM project
templates
ESE-D projects
Engine database
Injector templates
Piston templates
External Applications
2-4
AWS installation
directory
Calculation wizard
HTML browser
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Impress offline
Pdf browser
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General engine data allows the user to specify general parameters of the engine simulated
in the present project, i.e., data which is characteristic for this engine and therefore helps
to identify it among a number of previously performed or ongoing investigations.
Parameters are separated into two tabs:
General engine parameters contains input fields for engine name, number of
cylinders, bore, and compression ratio.
Piston movement specification contains input fields for crank radius, connecting
rod length, piston pin offset, etc.
Engine layout
Number of
cylinders [-]
Bore [m]
Stroke [m]
Connecting rod
length [m]
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Compression ratio
[-]
Connecting rod
length [m]
Stroke deflection
[m/Pa]
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0.00947905
0.0379116
0.0852841
0.151573
0.236748
0.340766
0.463579
0.605126
0.76534
10
0.944143
...
If a piston movement curve has already been calculated in another application, this curve
can be loaded in ESE Diesel by selecting Curve and clicking on Load curve.
The curve must be loaded from the plain text file that contains two columns separated with
tab or space character. The first column specifies crank angle in degrees and the second
column specifies piston position in meters (for that crank angle).
A different length unit than SI unit can also be specified in the first line of the file. Allowed
units are "km" (kilometer), "dm" (decimeter), "cm" (centimeter) and "mm" (millimeter).
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2.4.2. Sketcher
2.4.2.1. Piston
The piston bowl shape can be defined by
using a template
or
using a curve
A template is a parameterized model consisting of a curve describing the shape of a piston
and the respective structure of a computational mesh.
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A curve is a model consisting of lines and points describing the shape of a piston.
Import piston
Export piston
Note: DXF-specific: To use the import filter, the curve describing the
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2.4.2.2. Injector
The shape of an injector and recessed injector can be included into the description of the
engine shape. Injector models are available as template only. Each injector template is a
parameterized model consisting of a curve describing the shape of the injector.
Create injector from
template
Number of injection
holes [m]
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If the injector contour is defined a set of additional parameters have to be defined (depends
from the type of injector template). For all injector templates a parameter of Nozzle point
X coord [m] is shown as information. It represents the horizontal distance of nozzle hole of
the segment center axis. This value is automatically transferred to the Spray solver GUI.
The recessed injector can be added or removed from the geometry and also the properties
can be changed. Select the check box to activate the fields for geometry manipulation.
Width
Height
Angle of line to
standard injector
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If DXF/FLM/S2D-files are used to describe the engine geometry, the block structure
contains only the injector block and the spray block. There are additional lines displayed,
but not taken into account for meshing.
The block structure should always be checked before starting the meshing process and care
should be taken especially about the block boundaries of the injector block and the spray
block. These boundaries must not intersect with other block boundaries (green lines in
above figure) or the geometrical description of the piston and the injector (blue lines in
above figure).
Topology
Topology type
For each topology there are few block structures to cover that
part of movement.
For Topology 0 there are 3 block structures:
1. Buffer layer - block structure has spray blocks, line of
blocks under spray part that compensate movement and
bowl blocks.
2. Without buffer layer - block structure has spray blocks
and bowl blocks. There is no buffer layer to compensate
movement. Movement is compensating with lower part of
bowl.
3. Paving - there is only one paving block for whole bowl.
For Topology 1 there is 1 block structure, spray blocks,
horizontal buffer layer and bowl.
Blocks
Piston
displacement [m]
Spray block:
This value defines the spray blocks end corner position on the
cylinder top.
This value defines the spray blocks end corner position in the
bowl volume.
Injector block:
Height A1 [m]
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Injector block:
Width A2 [m]
The Injector block width is the distance between point B and the
cylinder axis of the engine.
Injector block:
Bottom length A3
[m]
Axis crown
distance D [m]
This value defines the distance between piston crown and bottom
corner of buffer block below the injector (in Z axis). For very flat
piston bowls (for example piston template 1) this value has to be
increased in order to ensure enough space for paving meshing
underneath the buffer layer and spray block.
Injector block:
Bottom factor [m]
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Parameters
Range
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Weight
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Match
When compression ratio is locked and some parameters are defined, it is not possible to
change the locked parameters in the Piston tab. These fields are disabled as schown in the
following figure:
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2.4.2.5. Selections
Meshes created using the ESE Diesel environment can have different types of selections.
The creation of these selections is specified in Selections folder and creation of a selection
(or set of selections) can be switched on or off. By saving the ESE project these selections
will be transferred to cell selections by rotation.
Selections that can be defined and additional parameters
Standard selections
Consists of 4 selections:
Injector block - area of injector block
Spray block
Bowl
Cylinder
Circumferential
selections
Piston Rim
selection
Defines a circular selection in the piston rim area. The user can
specify Blow factor of circle to make it a desirable size.
If activated, then piston rim circle is displayed in the Drawing
area.
Defines the region on the cylinder liner where oil in the soot
module will be active. This module can be switched on under
Simulation parameters (for selection oilsoot_domain only). The
default value proposed in the input field corresponds normally to
the distance from the piston top to the first compression ring
(depending from the clearance gap and bore diameter). In this
region no oil is assumed to be present, thus no soot in oil
treatment is necessary there.
The box behind this entry shows the volume of the piston bowl in
o
[m3]. The value refers to the volume of a full model (360 ).
The box behind this entry shows the compression ratio calculated
from the current bowl shape.
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Display
characteristic
points
2.4.3. Mesher
The Mesher allows the user to define all meshing parameters which describe the entire
computational grid to be created for the engine geometry defined in the Sketcher.
The meshing process is performed in two steps:
1. 2D meshing
2. 3D meshing
1. 2D parameters
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Thickness of
boundary layers [m]
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Compensation
volume at
Blow by
Head
Piston
Head Center
Valve recess
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Figure 2-8: Diesel Bowl with Compensation Volume - Type Valve recess
Refine spray block
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Row Inserted
Figure 2-11: Mesh Created with Cell Size 0.001 for 0 to 28.7 degCA (left: mesh at 18.8
degCA; right: mesh at 28.7 degCA)
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Figure 2-12: Mesh Created with Cell Size 0.005 for Crank Angles > 28.7 degCA (left:
mesh at 28.7 degCA; right: mesh at 54.0 degCA)
After defining all meshing parameters, a set of two-dimensional meshes is created by
Generate 2D meshes. Meshes marked with an asterisk contain triangular patches. This
can be a hint that a smaller cell size should be chosen.
If the compensation volume is specified, then the meshing process can inform about
parameter values non-consistency.
If the given compression ratio from General data is larger than the actual compression
ratio then adding compensation volume cannot resolve it. There are 2 possibilities:
1. If the given compression ratio is slightly larger than the actual, then it is possible
to handle it with squish volume. In this case the following message is displayed:
2. If the given compression ratio is much larger than the actual, so that squish
volume cannot handle the difference, then the following message is displayed:
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2. 3D parameters
2-26
Number of
subdivisions in
angular direction
Distribution factor
in angular direction
Angle of cyclic
boundary layers
[deg]
If selected, then the first and last layer in the angular direction
are set to defined angle.
Recessed injector
offset
Injector offset
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The volume around the spray line can be refined (red line). Spray
line properties are defined in the Injector tab of Sketcher frame.
Spray line is defined with the Nozzle point and spray angle.
Refinement is defined in 3D meshing parameters in the Mesher
frame. Volume to refine is cylinder with user defined diameter of
base around nozzle point and length in spray line direction.
Cylinder diameter
Cylinder length
Number of
subdivisions on
cylinder base
The following figure is an example of refined cells in spray line part. The displayed
selections are mostly refined cells.
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With these parameters it is easy to calculate that each spray line volume has to have more
than 15000 small cells. Since there are layers of cells that compensate for the shrinking of
the cell size, theoverhead of one spray line is around 20000 cells in this example. That is
usually around or more than the number of cells in the initial 3D mesh. With a smaller
cylinder diameter or a larger number of subdivision, it is easy to get meshes with more
cells.
Export 2D meshes
Export 3D meshes
In the drawing area of the Mesher the following options are available:
2-28
Set
Freeze zoom
After zooming the required area of the mesh, activate this toggle
switch to keep the zoom fixed when another mesh is selected.
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Mesh statistics
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Check meshes
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The name of the criterion which a cell has to fulfill. Turn on the
relevant toggle switch on the left to include it in the quality
check. The following types are available:
Negative area
Partially negative area
Partially negative area (alternative)
Aspect ratio
Cell / cell / face angle
Cell / cell non-orthogonality
Cell / face angle
Skewness
Number
Percent
Lower limit
If a criterion has bounds, then this is the lower bound for the
criterion.
Upper limit
If a criterion has bounds, then this is the upper bound for the
criterion.
Save defaults
The criteria and limits are stored in the configuration file. If they
are contained in the configuration file they will be used as default
whenever the Mesh quality window is opened.
Restore defaults
Defaults from
installation
Summary
2-30
Create Selection
Check
After the desired criteria is selected and bounds are defined, the
check is performed by clicking Check.
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4. Aspect ratio
Aspect ratio is defined as a = emax / emin, where emax (emin) is maximum (minimum)
edge length.
5. Cell / cell / face angle
Look at two adjacent cells, with cell centers C1 and C2. If n is normal unit vector on
the edge between these cells and n12 normal unit vector from C1 in direction to C2,
than cell/cell/face angle is the angle between n and n12.
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8. Skewness
Skewness is defined as s = (dmax-dmin) / dmax, where dmax (dmin) is maximum
(minimum) distance between cell center and vertex.
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From that point on, new projects will be created by using the user's Case.ssf as default.
In the case of Simulation based on BOOST data and BOOST coupled simulation project
settings in Initial conditions part for Phase_1, the parameters Pressure, Temperature,
Turb. kin. energy and EGR mass fraction are disabled because they are imported from
the BOOST file.
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2.4.5. Simulation
Start calculation
wizard
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Start Calculation Workflow
Prepare calculation does all necessary steps used to create a runable case and creates a
script called run_calculation.csh (located in the case directory) containing the correct
command to start the calculation out of the shell.
If Restart option is available but not required, select Next and proceed with Userfunctions.
If Restart is required, activate the Start mode toggle switch and select the desired restart
or backup file from the pull-down menu of available files. Select Next to continue.
If User-functions are not required, select Calculate to start the simulation.
If User-functions are required, select Add File to open the File Manager window. Check if
the file filter is set to FORTRAN file (*.f). Select the appropriate files from the location
and select OK. If two or more .f-files are required, select them by pressing Ctrl and then
OK. The selected files are displayed in a list with the full path. Select Calculate to start the
simulation with user-functions.
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These values will be written in the BOOST dat file which will be used by BOOST solver.
Start calculation
wizard
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2.4.7. Analyser
Engine specific
output graphs
Engine specific
output
Quantity plots
Performing either task is based on evaluating the average two-dimensional data stored in
the file FileName.fl2, usually Case.fl2. If there is available appropriate
FileName.fl3 file in the same folder, its content will be loaded for Quality plot data.
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Loads fl2 and fl3 files stored in the database (DB) location.
Select to display the main engine parameters stored in the *.ese
files in the database location.
File list
All loaded files are numbered. The file number is displayed in the
first column.
File name
Min
Max
Avg
The width of each of the five columns of the File list can be changed using the left mouse
button, after moving the pointer above any vertical gridline of the table. If the total width
of the five columns exceeds the width of the input area, a scroll bar appears below the input
area.
The following options are available by pressing the right mouse button, after moving the
pointer above any entry in the File list:
Edit engine data
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Note: If the simulation was set up using ESE Diesel, only Friction power
should be modified using this option. Modifying the Friction power causes
quantities like BSFC, FMEP, BMEP and Mechanical efficiency to be recalculated. Click Compute to calculate friction power parameter (see
Friction power window below).
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Graph properties
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Save to database
Remove file
Load results
Loads fl2 and fl3 files stored in the database (DB) location.
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#.......comment line
User must use the quantity notation of the two comment lines.
Additional supported format is direct BOOST result format (gid
format). By loading BOOST results data automatically cylinder
pressure, temperature and Rate of heat release (ROHR) will be
loaded. User has to select tCY1____1.gid file from the BOOST
result file list.
Use this option to extend the engine specific output for full cycle
values of IMEP and BMEP.
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Quantity group
embedded in the solver steering file used for the ESE Diesel simulation.
The formula is available via:
Write 2D result file >>
New quantity by formula >>
Formula_x >>
Import Example >>
Engine_segment_swirl.h
When using the default solver steering file of ESE Diesel, the formula is
already included.
Quantity
Show legend
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Note: Engine specific output is not stored in the fl2 file. It is calculated
via formulae based on data contained in the fl2 file and the Friction
power [W]. The default value of the Friction power is 1000 W.
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Data steps
Enables the user to select the data steps for which colored plots
should be created.
Cuts
Enables the user to select the cuts for which colored plots should
be created.
Image properties
Create report
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2.4.8.1. General
General allows the contents of the report to be defined. Up to four chapters can be included
in the document.
In order to create a report the following requirements have to be fulfilled:
A project including Meshes directory, Calculation and Case directory must exist.
The *.ese file, the *.fl2 file and the *.fl3 file of the simulation case for which
the report should be created, must be located in the Case-directory.
A correct set-up of the project directory is ensured by using File | Export | CFDWM project
from the Windows menu bar after creating two-dimensional computational meshes.
The fl2 file can be loaded using Select fl2-file.
The contents of the report can be defined by selecting the following chapters:
Engine data /
Injector data
Writes the data listed on the right hand side of the sheet into the
report (Engine segment simulation / Spray adjustment).
Mesh statistics
Writes the mesh statistics of each mesh set to into the report.
Engine specific
output
Writes all engine specific output data into the report (Engine
segment simulation only).
Impress offline
Note: If any switch is disabled, the data required could not be found.
If a *.ese file or a *.fl2 file is missing, report generation is not possible.
If a *.fl3 file is missing, Impress offline cannot be included in the report.
If a *.flm file is missing, mesh statistics cannot be included in the report.
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This displays all data sets available in the fl3 file of the actually
analyzed simulation.
Select the data steps for which two-dimensional plots should be
created.
Select all
Enables the user to activate all data steps shown in the list.
Deselect all
Enables the user to deactivate all data steps shown in the list.
This displays all quantities available in the fl3 file of the actually
analyzed simulation.
Select the quantities for which two-dimensional plots should be
created.
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Select all
Deselect all
2.4.8.3. Cuts
Cuts enables the cross-sections to be defined for which two-dimensional plots can be
created. By default two Predefined cuts are defined.
Formula (half
stroke)
y constant
The user can create additional cuts. The following types can be added:
surface cuts
phi cut - phi is an angle, describing how many degrees the cutting plane is rotated
around the z axis. phi=0 is identical to y constant = 0.
Add cut
Edit cut
Remove cut
Rotated copies
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Image background
[-]
Vector scaling
[m/(m/s)]
Spray droplet
scaling [m/m]
All images of the report are stored in *PNG format in the newly created directory
report_images.
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Injector type
2.5.2. Sketcher
The Sketcher allows the user to define spray adjustment model geometry. Spray
adjustment models are simple pyramid/cylinder geometries that have the same topology on
both bases. Each model has parameters for specifying bases geometry and model height.
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Base parameters are the length of the core and core-arc distance.
Truncated pyramid
Specifies the width of the spray box model. Values are defined in
meters.
Height
Specifies the height of the spray box model. Values are defined in
meters.
The box behind this entry shows the volume of spray box in [m3].
The value refers to the volume of a full model (360 deg).
After changing the input parameters the spray box shape is redrawn and the Box volume
value will be recalculated.
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2.5.2.2. Injector
The Injector enables the user to specify injector and spray cone parameters. Spray cone is
displayed with a gray area in a model.
2.5.3. Mesher
The Mesher allows the user to define meshing parameters, create a 2D mesh and export a
3D mesh. In the 2D parameters tab it is possible to specify meshing parameters:
- number of cells per model characteristic edges
- compression distribution on edges
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Number of cells in
radial directions
(x and z)
Grid compression
factor in directions
(x and z)
Maximum cell
dimension in
directions (x and z)
Number of
subdivisions in
angular direction
Export 2D meshes
Export 3D meshes
Select to create the three-dimensional mesh based on the twodimensional mesh displayed in the 2D Mesh view. Afterwards the
mesh will be exported to a user-specified location.
Select Export 3D meshes and specify the mesh file name
<MeshFileName> and location to which the mesh should be
exported.
Click OK to create and save the file MeshFileName.flm to disk.
In the drawing area of the Mesher the following mesh statistics of output parameters are
available:
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Number of faces
Number of
triangular faces
Number of
boundary faces
The Number of faces multiplied with the Number of subdivisions in angular direction is
the number of elements of the three-dimensional mesh.
From then on, new projects will be created with the user's Case.ssf as default.
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2.5.5. Analyser
Refer to section 2.4.7 for details on Quantity graphs and the Analyser.
Time
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Point
2D point
Direction
Line
Arc
Sets of elements:
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Contour
Parameters
Injector
CompensationVolume
Topology
Topology:<number>
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Predefined elements:
Set Parameters:
Stroke
CRLength
BoundaryLayer_Num
BoundaryLayer_Width 0.0005
Zero
Set Contour:
Origin Point (0.,0.)
x
Direction (1.,0.)
-x
Direction (-1.,0.)
Direction (0.,1.)
-z
Direction (0.,-1.)
Offset
Bore
Injector_Real_Width
Injector_Real_Height
Injector_Width
Injector_Height
Injector_TopWall_Point
Injector_Axis_Point
Every element has a unique name and it is referenced by it in model functions ('Point1').
Most elements are formed from other simpler elements (e.g. point from 2 coordinates.)
These parts of elements can be referenced by part specifier. Syntax for referencing element
part is <element name>.<part specifier> (e.g. 'Point1.X'.)
Specifiers for elements:
Point
X
X coordinate parameter
Z coordinate parameter
Direction
R
Line
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E
TF
TT
Arc
Note:
Tangents in arcs are oriented. Tangent in starting point points 'in' arc, and tangent in
ending point points 'out' of arc. It is also the same for line element, but in that case these 2
tangents have the same value.
2.6.2. Functions
Functions are model functions, so they have to be prefixed with object model.
e.g.
Most functions have (first) parameter set name (e.g. 'Contour', 'Injector', ...) and (second)
parameter name.
Parameter functions
CreateParameter( string setn, string n, double v )
Creates new parameter element in the set.
Parameters:
setn
Set name
Parameter name
Parameter value
Set name
Parameter name
fs
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Examples of expressions.
sqrt( 2 )
P('Offset') + 0.03
P('Offset') + P('TDC')
Predefined python functions (file func.py):
SegmentArcHeight(length, radius, angle)
Description: <later>
CreateModelParameter( string n, double v )
Creates new parameter element in the set 'Parameters'.
Parameters:
n
Parameter name
Parameter value
Parameter name
Parameter value
Parameter name
Set name
Parameter name
x coordinate parameter
y coordinate parameter
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setn
Set name
Parameter name
edge
Edge name.
lambda
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Examples
CreatePointOnEdgeLambda( 'Contour', 'HalfLine1', 'Line1', 'Line1.S', 0.5 )
Creates point on the half of segment Line1.
CreatePointOnEdgeLambda( 'Contour', 'HalfLine1', 'Line1', 'Line1.S', 0.2 )
Creates point on 20% of segment Line1 from the starting point.
CreatePointOnEdgeLambda( string setn, string n, string edge, string p, string lambda
)
Same as previous function, but last parameter is a name of element parameter.
Set name
Parameter name
edge
Edge name.
lambda
Examples:
CreatePointOnEdgeLength( 'Contour', 'HalfLine1', 'Line1', 'Line1.S', 1 )
Creates point on the distance 1 from the starting point.
CreatePointOnEdgeLength( string setn, string n, string edge, string p, string length )
Same as previous function, but last parameter is a name of element parameter.
CreatePointIntersect( string setn, string n, string p1, string d1, string p2, string d2 )
Creates new point element as intersection of 2 lines. Lines are given with a point and a
direction.
Parameters:
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setn
Set name
Parameter name
p1
d1
p2
d3
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Set name
Parameter name
Point
Orientation:
0 - Negative oriented point counter clock wise
1 - Positive oriented point clock wise
Example 1:
c, r
n orientation 1
(o=1)
n orientation 0 (o=0)
tangent
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Example 2:
model.CreatePointTangent(Contour', 'T7_A', 'C7', 'R7', 'Axis.E', 1 )
AXIS.E
T7_A
RADIUS OF ARC, R7
'
AXIS.E
T7_A
RADIUS OF ARC, R7
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CreatePointArcTangent( string setn, string n, string c1, string r1, string c2, string r2, bool
oriented, bool outer )
Creates new point element on a circle. Point is tangential point on first circle from
second circle. Circles are given with centers and radii. In general position, there are 4
tangent on 2 circles. On each 'side' one that separate circles (inner) and one that
doesn't separate circles (outer). Last 2 parameters (orientation and outer) specify
which tangent (point) will be chosen. Point orientation is defined as orientation to line
c1-c2 (line between centers). Positive orientation means left (positive) from point c2,
looking from c1. Parameter outer specifies tangent that doesn't separate circles.
Parameters:
setn
Set name
Parameter name
c1
r1
c2
r2
oriented
Orientation:
0 - Negative oriented point
1 - Positive oriented point
outer
Example 1:
c2, r2
outer = 1
outer = 0
c1, r1
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c2, r2
oriented = 0
c1, r1n
oriented = 1
Example 2:
model.CreatePointArcTangent( 'Contour', 'T2_A', 'C2', 'R2', 'C3', 'R3', 0, 0 )
R2
C2
T2_A
C3
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T2_A
C2
R2
C3
C2
T2_A
R2
C3
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2.6.3. Directions
CreateDirection( string setn, string n, double r )
Creates new direction element with given radian value.
Parameters:
setn
Set name
Direction name
Radian value
Set name
Direction name
Degree value
Examples:
CreateDirectionDeg( 'Contour', 'alpha', 30 )
Creates direction element with the value 30 deg.
CreateDirectionDeg( string setn, string n, string d )
Same as previous function, but last parameter is a name of element parameter.
Set name
Direction name
Example:
CreateDirectionRef( 'Contour', 'alpha_below_x', 'x', 0, 'alpha' )
Creates direction element with value -30 degree (alpha is 30 deg.)
CreateDirectionRef( 'Contour', 'alpha_plus_y', 'y', 1, 'alpha' )
Creates direction element with value 120 degree (alpha is 30 deg.)
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2.6.4. Lines
CreateLine( string setn, string n, string p1, string p2 )
Creates line element between 2 points.
Parameters:
setn
Set name
Direction name
p1
Starting point
p2
Ending point
Set name
Direction name
sp
Starting point
Line direction
Segment length
2.6.5. Arcs
CreateArcRPF2T( string setn, string n, string r, string pf, string tf, string tt, bool pos )
Creates arc element with a given radius, starting point, tangent in starting point and
tangent in ending point.
Parameters:
setn
Set name
Direction name
Radius parameter
pf
Starting point
tf
tt
pos
CreateArcCPP( string setn, string n, string c, string pf, string pt, bool pos )
Creates arc element with a given centre point, starting point, and ending point.
Parameters:
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setn
Set name
Direction name
pf
Starting point
pt
Ending point
pos
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0 - Arc is constructed in negative orientation from starting point.
Orientation 1 is mathematically positive direction in counter clockwise. 0 is
mathematically negative direction clockwise. The same is for the command
CreateArcRPTF2T.
Example:
CreateArcCPP( 'Contour', 'A4', 'C4', 'T4', 'T3', 1 )
2.6.6. Alias
CreateAlias( string setn, string n, string a )
Creates alias to given element.
Parameters:
setn
Set name
Alias name
Set name
Parameter name
String value.
2.6.8. Sets
CreateMeshTopology( string setn, double o )
Creates new topology set on the given offset.
Note: After creating new topology and before creating elements in that topology, it is
required to set offset to same value as second parameter in function
CreateMeshBlocking().
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2.6.9. Blocks
CreateBlock( string setn, [string block_name,], string p1, string p2, string p3,
string p4 [, int subset] )
CreateBlockPaving( string setn, [string block_name,], string p1, string p2, string p3,
string p4 [, int subset] )
CreateBlockHybrid( string setn, [string block_name,], string p1, string p2, string p3, string
p4 [, int subset] )
Creates new block in the given topology. Function name defines which type of meshing
will be used for that block:
CreateBlock
Interpolation.
CreateBlockPaving
Paving.
CreateBlockHybrid
Block can be named with optional parameter block_name. Named blocks can be
manipulated by SetBlock*() functions.
Each set (Topology:*) can contain more subsets of blocks. A subset in which there is a
block, is given with optional parameter subset. Default value is 0. Definition of more
subsets is useful when a boundary is required inside paving region (e.g. if user wants
to have paving on whole model, but to separate spray or injector region to prevent cell
deformation in that part.)
Parameters:
setn
Set name.
block_name
subset
Interpolation.
SetBlockPaving()
Paving.
SetBlockHybrid()
Hybrid.
Parameters:
setn
Set name.
block_name -
Block name.
subset
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setn
Set name
seted
Subset
2.6.10. Selections
CreateContourSelection( string setn, string n, string p1, string edge, string p2 )
Creates new contour selection.
Parameters:
setn
Set name
Selection name
p1
edge
p2
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BoundaryLayer_Width - Boundary layer width.
2.6.14. Miscellaneous
Model can be positioned in positive or negative x half-plane. Moving of points from axis and
injector points depends on that. To set in which half-plane is contour use function
SetModelPositioning( bool p ).
Parameter for this function is 1 (positive half-plane) or 0 (negative).
SetMinDistribution( string setn, string edge_point1, string edge_point2, int d )
Sets minimum distribution on edge bounded with edge_points.
Parameters:
setn
edge_point1
edge_point2
Number of distribution.
topo
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Parameter name.
Parameter description.
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SetStretchingFactors2Rezone( string setn, int n, double s1, double e1, double s2, double
e2 )
Sets stretching factors for topology as function of rezone number.
If rezone number <= n then sets first pair of factors, otherwise sets second pair of
factors.
Parameters:
setn
s1
e1
s2
e2
SetStretchingFactorsLinear( string setn, double f_c, double f_n, double s_c, double s_n )
Sets stretching factors for topology as linear function of rezone number.
Starting factor = f_c + f_n * rezone_number
Ending factor = s_c + s_n * rezone_number
Parameters:
setn
f_c, f_n
s_c, s_n
Note:
By default this value is not set.
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If this value is set, then the number of rezones in topology will be linear to length of
topology offset range. In original case the number of rezones is around logarithmic to
length of topology range.
Example:
model.SetRezoneStepOffsets( 'Topology:0', 0.002 )
new_dist
Defines new distance for second rezone mesh. New distance is:
new_dist * old_distance * stretch / enlargement_factor
Recommended value is < 1.
Default values are 1.5, 0.9.
2.6.17. Print
Print()
Prints all model elements to std output.
Print( string n )
Prints given model elements to std output.
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pressure data.
First the function needs to be interpolated, in order to have x-values spaced uniformly.
Then the function needs to be transformed from time domain to frequency domain using
discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The algorithm for DFT is Cooley-Tukey and is described
in section 2.7.1.3. Afterwards the frequencies, amplitudes and phases for the transformed
function will be calculated and also the mean amplitudes for frequency band. From these
values noise will be calculated. Depending on given filters four different values will be
calculated for combustion noise.
2.7.1.1. Interpolation
Given a discrete function
y i = y (t i ) , i = 0,..., N 1 .
Linear interpolation in interval [
where
A=
With interpolated function new
t j +1 t
t j +1 t j
B = 1 A =
t tj
t j +1 t j
xi , y i are calculated.
Let
t =
t N 1 t 0
.
N
Then
x0 = t 0 ,
xi = xi 1 + t , i = 0,..., N 1
2.7.1.2. FFT
The Fourier transform is a mathematical transform from a time domain to a frequency
domain. For any given continuous signal the Fourier transform provides a decomposition of
the signal into the amplitudes and frequencies of a set of sine waves which would reproduce
the original signal when summed.
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To perform the transform by machine the signal has to be sampled and the discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) used.
For a finite duration discrete time signal
X k = xm e
2 i
mk
N
m =0
Where
k = 0,.., N 1
index k corresponding to the magnitude of the sine waves resulting from the
decomposition of the time indexed signal.
The inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) is given by
1
xm =
N
N 1
X
k =0
2 i
mk
N
m = 0,.., N 1
From Equation above the direct calculation of the Fourier transform requires
N ( N 1)
2 i
N
Examining the equation we can see that the calculation of the DFT would be of complexity
O(N 2 ). The direct implementation of this equation would require considerable hardware
complexity and would be slow. The complexity of the DFT calculation is greatly reduced
with the use of fast algorithms based on the nested decomposition of the summations
within the DFT. The seminal work produced on fast Fourier algorithms are the CooleyTukey radix-r decimation in time (DIT).
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Perform
N 1 DFTs of size N 2 .
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Perform
Typically, either
N 2 DFTs of size N 1 .
Let
M 1 = ( N 2 ) 1 mod N 1 , M 2 = ( N 1 ) 1 mod N 2
and
x ( k1 , k 2 ) = x ( N 2 k1 + N 1 k 2
and
X (n1 , n2 ) = X ( M 1 N 2 n1 + M 2 N 1 n2
).
Then we get
X (n1 , n2 ) =
N1 1 N 2 1
x(k , k
k1 = 0 k 2 = 0
)W Nn11k1W Nn22 k 2
This decomposition procedures can be extended for composite sequence lengths. Then the
sequence N is a composite number expressed by
N = 2 m p1 p 2 p M 1 p M ,
where
nonnegative integer.
2.
3.
n, n = r m
4.
split array of
5.
6.
recursively calculate values for m samples according formula below, and join the r
= n/m parts of each m samples
r 1
nm
x j x jMODm * e
k =0
2i
* j *k
n
j = 1,.., m
For calculation of FFT we use functions written by Peter Valkenburg (no documentation).
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X k could be written as
X k = a k + ibk , k = 0,..N 1
Let
Ak =
X k ak
b
=
+ i k , k = 0,..N 1 .
N
N
N
n=
n
are
2
N +1
.
2
1
* j , j = 1,.., n
x N 1 x0
Im(A j ) 180
, j = 1,.., n
phas j = arctg
Re(A )
j
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Table 2-1: 1/3 Octave Frequency Bands
Center frequency
(Hz)
Lower frequency
(Hz)
Upper frequency
(Hz)
fc
f lower
f upper
100
0.01
125
112
141
160
141
178
200
178
224
250
224
282
315
282
355
400
355
447
500
447
562
630
562
708
10
800
708
891
11
1000
891
1122
12
1250
1122
1413
13
1600
1413
1778
14
2000
1778
2239
15
2500
2239
2818
16
3150
2818
3548
17
4000
3548
4467
18
5000
4467
5623
19
6300
5623
7079
20
8000
7079
8913
21
10000
8913
11220
1/3 octave
number (N)
112
0.01 is used in our calculation. Lower frequency for the center frequency 100 is 89.1.
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The interval is closed at the lower end and open at the other end, i.e. the lower frequency
belongs to the frequency band, whereas the upper frequency does not.
The Y value for the interval for a specific band is calculated as mean amplitudes by
ampl ( f )
2
Y freq _ band =
f _ in _ freq _ band
Convert it to dB:
Y freq _ band
refValue
Noise in dB:
10
Y freq _ band
10
).
nr _ of _ f _ in _ freq _ band
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Table 2-2: A and CAV Filter
1/3 octave band
CAV
100
-143
-19.1
125
-137.5
-16.1
160
-132.4
-13.4
200
-127.8
-10.9
250
-122.3
-8.6
315
-117.2
-6.6
400
-112.3
-4.2
500
-108.2
-3.2
630
-103.8
-1.9
800
-100
-0.8
1000
-96.5
0.0
1250
-93.3
0.6
1600
-90.8
1.0
2000
-89.7
1.2
2500
-89.5
1.3
3150
-90.6
1.2
4000
-94.2
1.0
5000
-99.2
0.5
6300
-105.6
-0.1
8000
-116
-1.1
10000
-127.8
-1.5
10
nr _ of _ f _ in _ freq _ band
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10
nr _ of _ f _ in _ freq _ band
10
nr _ of _ f _ in _ freq _ band
y=
1
y ( ) d
CD CD
y ( ) variable depending on
crank angle
average value of
CD
cycle duration
TMS =
T ( ) m ( ) d
CD
m ( ) d
CD
TMS
T ( ) temperature depending on
m ( ) mass flow rate depending on
=
VC + VD
VC + VD
VC
VC
VD
displacement
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Note: The same definition is used for two and four stroke engines.
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IMEP =
pc
cylinder pressure
cylinder displacement
1
pc dV
VD CD
Indicated torque:
IT =
IT
indicated torque
k cycle
cycle parameter:
IMEP VD
k cycle
ncycle =
n
2
ITs =
IT
VD
Indicated power:
Pi = IMEP VD ncycle
Indicated specific power:
Pis =
Pi
VD
Inj. Fuelmass:
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Asp. Fuelmass:
mastr , FV = mc , FV minj , FV
mastr , FV
Fuelmass (tot.):
tr , F =
mc , FV
mt , FV
ISFCtr =
mc , FV ncycle
Pi
ISFCtt =
mt , FV ncycle
Pi
FMEP =
Pfr
Pfr
VD ncycle
friction power
Note: FMEP does not contain the Work caused by Scavenging Pumps,
Crankcase Scavenging or mechanically driven Supercharging Devices
SMEP =
PS
PS
VD ncycle
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AMEP =
PCS
PCS
PCS
VDE
Engine Displacement
m =
FMEP
BMEP
BMEP
= 1
=
IMEP
IMEP BMEP + FMEP
BSFC =
ISFC
Indicated efficiency:
T =
Hu
dV
CD
mc , FV H u
IMEPex =
1
pc dV
VD =180
IMEPin =
2-84
1
pc dV
VD =360
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IMEP gas exchange (= pumping mean effective pressure PMEP; only four-stroke):
540
1
PMEP =
pc dV
VD =180
Air fuel ratio of Combustion:
AFCmb =
mc , A t
mc , FV
AFCmb
AFStc
mc , A t
Airpurity:
AP =
mc , A t
mc , SHP
RG =
mc , CP
mc , SHP
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Air delivered:
D ,a =
m as , A
a VD ncycle
mas , A
m DR , a
D ,m =
m as , A
m VD ncycle
mas , A
m DR , m
Mass delivered:
mass of fresh charge aspirated
mas
Airmass trapped:
mtr , A mass of air trapped
Trapping efficiency air:
tr =
mtr , A
mas , A
V , a =
m tr , A
m tr , A
a VD ncycle
mtr , A
m DR , a
V , m =
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m tr , A
m VD ncycle
mtr , A
m DR , m
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Scavenge ratio:
SR =
ref
m as
m
= as
(VD + VC ) ncycle mSR
m as
mSR
Scavenge Loss:
SL =
m sl msl
=
m as mas
m sl
msl
Scavenging efficiency:
SC =
mtr
mC
mtr
mC
hw =
1
hw ( ) d
CD CD
hw
Effective mean gas temperature for wall heat transfer in the cylinder (M. Eff. Temp.):
Tg ,eff =
TG
1
TG ( ) h( ) d
CD hw CD
gas temperature
AFEO =
mc , CP , EVO mc , FB , EVO
mc , FB , EVO
mc , CP , EVO
mc , FB , EVO
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2.7.2.3. Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used:
BDC
BMEP
BSFC
CRA
Crank angle
DPF
EVC
EVO
FIE
FMEP
IMEP
ISFC
IVC
IVO
PFP
PMEP
TDC
VGT
VNT
Toil
+ FMEPIP )
T =90C
oil
The last term takes the effect of a changing oil viscosity (as a function of oil temperature)
into account (Shayler et al). The specific contributions are described in the following
sections.
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2.7.3.1.1. Crankshaft
The crankshaft mean effective pressure can be expressed as follows:
N Db3 Lb nb
Db
N 2 Db2 nb
FMEPCS = ccb
+
C
+
C
cs
td
2
2
nc
B S nc
B S nc
where:
B
S
Db
Lb
nb
nc
N
Ccb
Ccs
Ctd
Bore
Stroke
bearing diameter
bearing length
no. of bearings
no. of cylinders
Engine rotational Speed
Coefficient of the hydrodynamic losses in main bearings
Coefficient of friction losses in main bearing seals
Coefficient of friction losses due to viscous dissipation
[m]
[m]
[m]
[m]
[-]
[-]
[rpm]
[Pa/rpm m]
[Pa m2]
[Pa s2/m2 rpm]
N Db3 Lb nb
103 1
Vp
FMEPP = c pb
2
+ C ps B + C pr 1 + N B 2
B S nc
2
P
(1.33 2.3810 VP )
Co i 0.088 rc + 0.182 rc
Pa
where:
Ccb
Cps
Cpr
Co
Vp
[Pa/rpm m]
[Pa s]
[Pa m2]
[Pa]
[m/s]
Nn
L1.5 N 0.5 nv
103 Lv nv
+ Cvm 1 +
B S nc
B S nc
Flat Cam Follower:
103 nv
FMEPCF = Cvf 1 +
N S n c
N n
FMEPCF = Cvr v
S nc
where:
30-Sept-2014
2-91
FIRE v2014
ESE Diesel
Cvb
Cvh
Cvm
Cvo
Lv
nv
Cvf
Cvr
[Pa m3/rpm]
[Pa m0.5/rpm0.5]
[Pa]
[Pa]
[m]
[-]
[Pa m]
[Pa m]
105 VD
0.0025
0.0785 + 4.02 10 5 N + 1.06 10 8 N 2 + 4.64 10 8 IMEP + 2.17 10 10 N IMEP
FMEPIP =
2.7.3.2.1. Crankshaft
The FMEP in the crankshaft group is calculated using the following equation:
N 0.6 Db3 Lb nb
FMEPCS = ccb
2
B S nc ref
+ Ccs 2 Db
B S nc
where:
Ccb
Ccs
n
ref
[Pa/rpm m]
[Pa m2]
[-]
[Pa.s]
[Pa.s]
2-92
30-Sept-2014
ESE Diesel
FIRE v2014
N 0.6 Db3 Lb nb
V p0.5
V p0.5
+ C ps
FMEPP = c pb
B + C pr B 2
B 2 S nc
ref
where:
Cpb
Cps
Cpr
n
1.5 0.5
+ Cvs + Cvh L N nv
BSn
c
ref
10 Lv N v
Cvm 2 +
+ FMEPCF
5 + N S n c
N 0.6 nb
FMEPVT = cvb 2
B S nc ref
10 nv
FMEPCF = Cvf 2 +
5 + N S n c
N nv
FMEPCF = Cvr
S
n
c
where:
Cvb
Cvh
Cvm
Cvs
Cvf
Cvr
n
[kPa mm3/rpm0.6]
[Pa m0.5/rpm0.5]
[Pa]
[Pa]
[Pa m]
[Pa m]
[-]
30-Sept-2014
= + N + N
ref
2-93