Sie sind auf Seite 1von 87

Chapter

p
3
Ti
Time
Value
V l off
Money
3-1

Pearson Education Limited 2004


Fundamentals of Financial Management,
Management 12/e
Created by: Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.
Carroll College, Waukesha, WI

After studying Chapter 3,


you should be able to:
1
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

8.

3-2

Understand what is meant by "the


the time value of money
money."
Understand the relationship between present and future value.
Describe how the interest rate can be used to adjust the value of
cash flows both forward and backward to a single point in
time.
Calculate both the future and present value of: (a) an amount
y; (b)
( ) a stream of equal
q
cash flows (an
( annuity);
y);
invested today;
and (c) a stream of mixed cash flows.
Distinguish between an ordinary annuity and an annuity due.
Use interest factor tables and understand how they
yp
provide a
shortcut to calculating present and future values.
Use interest factor tables to find an unknown interest rate or
growth rate when the number of time periods and future and
present values are known
known.
Build an amortization schedule for an installment-style loan.

Th Time
The
Ti
Value
V l off Money
M

The Interest Rate

Si
Simple
l Interest
I t
t

Compound Interest

Amortizing a Loan

3-3

Compounding More Than


per Year
Once p

Th Interest
The
I t
t Rate
R t
Which would you prefer -- $10,000
today or $10,000 in 5 years?
years
Obviously $10,000
Obviously,
$10 000 today.
today
You already recognize that there is
TIME VALUE TO MONEY!!
MONEY
3-4

Wh TIME?
Why
Why is TIME such an important
element in your decision?
TIME allows you the opportunity to
postpone consumption and earn
INTEREST.
INTEREST

3-5

T
Types
off Interest
I t
t
Simple

Interest

Interest paid (earned) on only the original


amount, or principal, borrowed (lent).
Compound

Interest

Interest p
paid (earned)
(
) on any
y previous
p
interest earned, as well as on the
principal borrowed (lent).
3-6

Si
Simple
l Interest
I t
t Formula
F
l
Formula

3-7

SI = P0((i)(n)
)( )

SI:

Simple Interest

P0:

Deposit today (t=0)

i
i:

I t
Interest
t Rate
R t per Period
P i d

n:

Number of Time Periods

Si
Simple
l Interest
I t
t Example
E
l
Assume

that you deposit $1,000 in an


account earning 7% simple interest for
2 years. What is the accumulated
interest at the end of the 2nd year?

SI

3-8

= P0(i)(n)
= $1,000(.07)(2)
$
( )( )
= $140

Simple
Si
l Interest
I t
t (FV)
What

is the Future Value (FV


FV) of the
deposit?
FV

Future

= P0 + SI
= $1,000 + $140
= $1,140

Value is the value at some future


time of a present amount of money, or a
series of payments
payments, evaluated at a given
interest rate.

3-9

Simple
Si
l Interest
I t
t (PV)
What

is the Present Value (PV


PV) of the
previous problem?
The Present Value is simply the
$1 000 you originally deposited.
$1,000
deposited
That is the value today!

Present

3-10

Value is the current value of a


future amount of money, or a series of
payments evaluated at a given interest
payments,
rate.

Why
Wh Compound
C
d Interest?
I t
t?
Future Va
F
alue (U.S
S. Dollars
s)

Future Value of a Single $1,000 Deposit

3-11

20000
10% Simple
Interest
7% Compound
Interest
10% Compound
Interest

15000
10000
5000
0

1st Year 10th


Year

20th
Year

30th
Year

Future Value
S
Single
Deposit (Graphic)
(G
)
Assume that you deposit $1,000 at
a compound interest rate of 7% for
2 years.
years

7%

$1,000
FV2
3-12

Future Value
Single
Si l Deposit
D
it (Formula)
(F
l )
FV1 = P0 (1+i)1

= $1,000 (1.07)
=$
$1,070
,

Compound Interest
You earned $70 interest on your $1,000
deposit over the first year.
This is the same amount of interest you
would earn under simple interest
interest.
3-13

Future Value
Single
S
Deposit (Formula)
(
)
FV1

= P0 (1+i)1

= $1,000 (1.07)
= $1,070

FV2

= FV1 (1+i)1
= P0 (1+i)(1+i) = $1,000
$1,000(1.07)(1.07)
= $1,000(1.07)
$1,000(
)2
= P0 ((1+i))2
= $1,144.90

You earned an EXTRA $4.90


$4 90 in Year 2 with
compound over simple interest.
3-14

General Future
Value Formula
FV1 = P0(1+i)1
FV2 = P0(1+i)2
etc.

General Future Value Formula:


FVn = P0 (1+i)n
or FVn = P0 (FVIF
FVIFi,n) -- See Table I
3-15

Valuation
V l ti
Using
U i
Table
T bl I
FVIFi,n is found on Table I
at the end of the book.

3-16

Period
1
2
3
4
5

6%
1.060
1.124
1.191
1 262
1.262
1.338

7%
1.070
1.145
1.225
1 311
1.311
1.403

8%
1.080
1.166
1.260
1 360
1.360
1.469

U i
Using
Future
F t
Value
V l Tables
T bl
FV2

= $1,000
$1 000 (FVIF
FVIF7%,2)
= $1,000 (1.145)
= $1,145 [Due to Rounding]
Period
6%
7%
8%
1
1.060
1.070
1.080
2
1.124
1.145
1.166
3
1.191
1.225
1.260
4
1.262
1.311
1.360
5
1.338
1.403
1.469

3-17

TVM on the
th Calculator
C l l t

Use the highlighted row


of keys for solving any
of the FV,
FV PV,
PV FVA,
FVA
PVA, FVAD, and PVAD
problems

N:
Number of periods
I/Y:Interest rate per period
PV:
Present value
PMT:
Payment per period
FV:
Future value
CLR TVM: Clears all of the inputs
into the above TVM keys
3-18

U i The
Using
Th TI BAII+
BAII C
Calculator
l l t
Inputs

I/Y

PV

PMT

FV

Compute

3-19

Focus on 3rd Row of keys (will be


displayed in slides as shown above)

E t i
Entering
the
th FV Problem
P bl
Press:
2nd

3-20

CLR TVM

I/Y

-1000

PV

PMT

CPT

FV

S l i
Solving
the
th FV Problem
P bl
Inputs
Compute
N:
I/Y:
PV:
PMT:
FV:
3-21

-1,000

I/Y

PV

PMT

FV
1,144.90

2 Periods (enter as 2)
7% interest rate per period (enter as 7 NOT .07)
$1,000 (enter as negative as you have less)
Not relevant in this situation (enter as 0)
Compute (Resulting answer is positive)

St
Story
P
Problem
bl
Example
E
l
Julie Miller wants to know how large her deposit
of $10,000 today will become at a compound
annuall interest
i t
t rate
t off 10% for
f 5 years.
years

10%

$10,000

FV5
3-22

St
Story
P
Problem
bl
Solution
S l ti

Calculation based on general formula:


FVn = P0 (1+i)n
FV5 = $10,000 (1+ 0.10)5
= $16,105.10

Calculation

based on Table I:
FV5 = $10,000
$10 000 (FVIF
FVIF10%,
10% 5)
= $10,000 (1.611)
= $16,110
$16 110 [Due to Rounding]

3-23

E t i
Entering
the
th FV Problem
P bl
Press:
2nd

3-24

CLR TVM

10

I/Y

-10000

PV

PMT

CPT

FV

S l i
Solving
the
th FV Problem
P bl
Inputs
Compute

10

-10,000

I/Y

PV

PMT

FV
16,105.10

The result indicates that a $10,000


investment that earns 10% annually
for 5 years will result in a future value
of $16,105.10.
$16 105 10
3-25

D bl Your
Double
Y
Money!!!
M
!!!
Quick! How long does it take to
double $5
$5,000
000 at a compound rate
of 12% per year (approx.)?
We will use the Rule
Rule--of
of--72
72
.

3-26

Th RuleThe
Rule
R l -of
off-72
Quick! How long does it take to
double $5
$5,000
000 at a compound rate
of 12% per year (approx.)?
Approx. Years to Double = 72 / i%
72 / 12% = 6 Years
[Actual Time is 6.12 Years]
3-27

S l i the
Solving
th Period
P i d Problem
P bl
Inputs

N
Compute

12

-1,000

+2,000

I/Y

PV

PMT

FV

6.12 years

The result indicates that a $1,000


investment that earns 12% annually
will double to $2,000 in 6.12 years.
Note 72/12% = appro
Note:
approx. 6 years
ears
3-28

Present Value
S
Single
Deposit (Graphic)
(G
)
Assume that you need $1,000
$1 000 in 2 years
years.
Lets examine the process to determine
how much you need to deposit today at a
discount rate of 7% compounded annually.

7%

$1,000
PV0
3-29

PV1

Present Value
Single Deposit (Formula)
PV0 = FV2 / (1+i)2
= FV2 / (1+i)2
0

7%

= $1,000 / (1.07)2
= $873.44
$873 44
1

$1,000
PV0
3-30

General Present
Value Formula
PV0 = FV1 / (1+i)1
PV0 = FV2 / (1+i)
(1 i)2
etc.

General Present Value Formula:


PV0 = FVn / (1+i)n
or
3-31

PV0 = FVn (PVIF


PVIFi,n) -- See
S Table
T bl II

Valuation
V l ti
Using
U i
Table
T bl II
PVIFi,n is found on Table II
at the end of the book.
Period
1
2
3
4
5
3-32

6%
.943
.890
.840
.792
.747

7%
.935
.873
.816
.763
.713

8%
.926
.857
.794
.735
.681

U i P
Using
Presentt V
Value
l T
Tables
bl
PV2

3-33

= $1,000
$1 000 (PVIF7%,2)
= $1,000 (.873)
= $873 [Due to Rounding]
Period
6%
7%
8%
1
.943
.935
.926
2
.890
.873
.857
3
.840
.816
.794
4
.792
.763
.735
5
.747
.713
.681

S l i
Solving
the
th PV Problem
P bl
Inputs
Compute
N:
I/Y:
PV:
PMT:
FV:
3-34

I/Y

PV

+1,000

PMT

FV

-873.44

2 Periods (enter as 2)
7% interest rate per period (enter as 7 NOT .07)
Compute (Resulting answer is negative deposit)
Not relevant in this situation (enter as 0)
$1,000 (enter as positive as you receive $)

St
Story
P
Problem
bl
Example
E
l
Julie Miller wants to know how large of a
deposit to make so that the money will
gro to $10,000
grow
$10 000 in 5 years
ears at a disco
discount
nt
rate of 10%.

10%

5
$10,000

PV0
3-35

St
Story
P
Problem
bl
Solution
S l ti

Calculation based on general formula:


PV0 = FVn / ((1+i))n
PV0 = $10,000 / (1+ 0.10)5
= $6,209.21
,

Calculation based on Table I:


PV0 = $10,000
$10 000 (PVIF
PVIF10%, 5)
= $10,000 (.621)
= $6,210.00
$6 210 00 [Due
[D tto R
Rounding]
di ]

3-36

S l i
Solving
the
th PV Problem
P bl
Inputs
Compute

10

I/Y

PV

+10,000

PMT

FV

-6,209.21

The result indicates that a $10,000


f t
future
value
l that
th t will
ill earn 10% annually
ll
for 5 years requires a $6,209.21 deposit
t d (present
today
(
t value).
l )
3-37

T
Types
off Annuities
A
iti
Annuity represents a series of equal
payments
p
y
((or receipts)
p ) occurring
g over a
specified number of equidistant periods.

An

Ordinary

Annuity: Payments or receipts


Annuity
occur at the end of each period.

Annuity

Due: Payments or receipts


Due
occur at the beginning of each period.

3-38

E
Examples
l off Annuities
A
iti

3-39

Student Loan Payments

Car Loan Payments

Ins rance Premi


Insurance
Premiums
ms

Mortgage Payments

Retirement Savings

P t off an A
Parts
Annuity
it
(Ordinary Annuity)
End of
Period 1

Today
3-40

End of
Period 2

End of
Period 3

$
$100

$
$100

$
$100

Equal Cash Flows


Each 1 Period Apart

P t off an A
Parts
Annuity
it
(Annuity Due)
Beginning
g
g of
Period 1

$100

$100

$100

Today
3-41

Beginning
g
g of
Period 2

Beginning
g
g of
Period 3

Equal Cash Flows


Each 1 Period Apart

Overview of an
Ordinary Annuity -- FVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period

. . .

i%
R

R = Periodic
Cash Flow

FVAn =
3-42

R(1+i)n-1 +

R(1+i)n-2 +

... + R(1
R(1+i)
i)1 + R(1
R(1+i)
i)0

FVAn

n+1

Example of an
Ordinary Annuity -- FVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period

$1,000

$1,000

7%
$1,000

$1,070
$
,
$1,145
FVA3 = $1,000(1.07)
$1 000(1 07)2 +
$1,000(1.07)1 + $1,000(1.07)0 $3,215 = FVA3
=$
$1,145
,
+$
$1,070
,
+$
$1,000
,
= $3,215
3-43

Hi t on Annuity
Hint
A
it Valuation
V l ti
The future
Th
f t
value
l off an ordinary
di
y can be viewed as
annuity
occurring at the end of the last
cash flow period, whereas the
future value of an annuity due
can be viewed as occurring at
the beginning of the last cash
fl
flow
period.
i d
3-44

Valuation
V l ti
Using
U i
Table
T bl III
FVAn
FVA3

= R (FVIFAi%,n)
= $1,000 (FVIFA7%,3)
= $1,000 (3.215) = $3,215
Period
6%
7%
8%
1
1.000
1.000
1.000
2
2.060
2.070
2.080
3
3.184
3.215
3.246
4
4.375
4.440
4.506
5
5.637
5.751
5.867

3-45

S l i
Solving
the
th FVA Problem
P bl
Inputs
Compute
N:
I/Y:
PV:
PMT:
FV:
3-46

-1,000

I/Y

PV

PMT

FV
3,214.90

3 Periods (enter as 3 year-end deposits)


7% interest rate per period (enter as 7 NOT .07)
Not relevant in this situation (no beg value)
$1,000 (negative as you deposit annually)
Compute (Resulting answer is positive)

Overview View of an
Annuity Due -- FVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period

i%
R

. . .

n1+
FVADn = R(1+i)n + R(1+i)n-1
... + R(1+i)2 + R(1+i)1
= FVAn (1+i)
3-47

n-1

FVADn

Example of an
Annuity Due -- FVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period

$1,000

$1,000

$1,070

7%
$1,000

$1,145
$1,225
FVAD3 = $1,000(1.07)
$1 000(1 07)3 +
$3,440
$3 440 = FVAD3
2
1
$1,000(1.07) + $1,000(1.07)
=$
$1,225
,
+$
$1,145
,
+$
$1,070
,
= $3,440
3-48

Valuation
V l ti
Using
U i
Table
T bl III
FVADn
FVAD3

= R (FVIFAi%,n)(1+i)
= $1,000 (FVIFA7%,3)(1.07)
= $1,000
$
(3.215)(1.07) = $3,440
$
Period
6%
7%
8%
1
1.000
1.000
1.000
2
2.060
2.070
2.080
3
3.184
3.215
3.246
4
4.375
4.440
4.506
5
5.637
5.751
5.867

3-49

S l i
Solving
the
th FVAD Problem
P bl
Inputs

-1,000

I/Y

PV

PMT

FV
3,439.94

Compute

Complete the problem the same as an ordinary annuity


problem, except you must change the calculator setting
to BGN
BGN first.
first Dont
Don t forget to change back!
Step 1:
Press
2nd
BGN
keys

3-50

Step 2:

Press
ess

2nd

SET
S

keys
eys

Step 3:

Press

2nd

QUIT

keys

Overview of an
Ordinary Annuity -- PVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period

n+1

. . .

i%
R

R
R = Periodic
Cash Flow

PVAn

PVAn = R/(1+i)1 + R/(1+i)2


+ ... + R/(1+i)n

3-51

Example of an
Ordinary Annuity -- PVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period

$1,000

$1,000

7%
$934.58
$873 44
$873.44
$816.30

$1,000

$2,624.32 = PVA3

3-52

PVA3 =

$1,000/(1.07)1 +
$1,000/(1.07)2 +
$1,000/(1.07)3

= $934.58 + $873.44 + $816.30


= $2,624.32

Hi t on Annuity
Hint
A
it Valuation
V l ti
The presentt value
Th
l off an ordinary
di
y can be viewed as
annuity
occurring at the beginning of the
first cash flow period, whereas
the future value of an annuity
due can be viewed as occurring
at the end of the first cash flow
period.
i d
3-53

Valuation
V l ti
Using
U i
Table
T bl IV
PVAn
PVA3

= R (PVIFAi%,n)
= $1,000 (PVIFA7%,3)
= $1,000 (2.624) = $2,624
Period
6%
7%
8%
1
0.943
0.935
0.926
2
1.833
1.808
1.783
3
2.673
2.624
2.577
4
3.465
3.387
3.312
5
4.212
4.100
3.993

3-54

S l i
Solving
the
th PVA Problem
P bl
Inputs
Compute
N:
I/Y:
PV:
PMT:
FV:
3-55

I/Y

PV

-1,000

PMT

FV

2,624.32

3 Periods (enter as 3 year-end deposits)


7% interest rate per period (enter as 7 NOT .07)
Compute (Resulting answer is positive)
$1,000 (negative as you deposit annually)
Not relevant in this situation (no ending value)

Overview of an
Annuity Due -- PVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period

PVADn

. . .

i%
R

n-1

R: Periodic
Cash Flow

PVADn = R/(1+i)0 + R/(1+i)1 + ... + R/(1+i)n-1


= PVAn (1+i)
3-56

Example of an
Annuity Due -- PVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period

$1,000

$1,000

7%
$1,000.00
$ 934.58
$ 873.44

$2,808.02 = PVADn

PVADn = $1,000/(1.07)0 + $1,000/(1.07)1 +


$1 000/(1 07)2 = $2,808.02
$1,000/(1.07)
$2 808 02
3-57

Valuation
V l ti
Using
U i
Table
T bl IV
PVADn = R (PVIFAi%,n)(1+i)
PVAD3 = $1,000 (PVIFA7%,3)(1.07)
= $1,000
$
(2.624)(1.07) = $2,808
$
Period
6%
7%
8%
1
0.943
0.935
0.926
2
1.833
1.808
1.783
3
2.673
2.624
2.577
4
3.465
3.387
3.312
5
4.212
4.100
3.993
3-58

S l i
Solving
the
th PVAD Problem
P bl
Inputs

I/Y

PV

-1,000

PMT

FV

2,808.02

Compute

Complete the problem the same as an ordinary annuity


problem, except you must change the calculator setting
to BGN
BGN first.
first Dont
Don t forget to change back!
Step 1:
Press
2nd
BGN
keys

3-59

Step 2:

Press
ess

2nd

SET
S

keys
eys

Step 3:

Press

2nd

QUIT

keys

Steps to Solve Time Value


of Money Problems
1. Read problem thoroughly
2. Create a time line
3. Put cash flows and arrows on time line
ete
e if itt is
s a PV o
or FV p
problem
ob e
4. Determine
5. Determine if solution involves a single
CF,, annuity
y stream(s),
( ), or mixed flow
6. Solve the problem
7 Check with financial calculator (optional)
7.
3-60

Mi d Flows
Mixed
Fl
Example
E
l
Julie Miller will receive the set of cash
flows below. What is the Present Value
at a disco
discount
nt rate of 10%
10%.

10%

$600
PV0
3-61

$600 $400 $400 $100

H
How
tto S
Solve?
l ?
1. Solve a piece
piece--at
at--a-time
time by
di
discounting
ti each
h piece
i
b k to
back
t t=0.
t 0
groupg
p-at
at--a-time
time by
y first
2. Solve a group
breaking problem into groups of
annuity
y streams and any
y single
g
cash flow groups. Then discount
each group
g
p back to t=0.
3-62

Pi
PiecePiece
-At
At--A-Time
Ti
0

10%
$600

$600 $400 $400 $100

$545.45
$545 45
$495.87
$300.53
$273.21
$ 62.09

$1677.15 = PV0 of the Mixed Flow


3-63

G
GroupGroup
-At
At--A-Time
Ti (#1)
0

10%

$600

$600 $400 $400 $100

$1,041.60
$ 573
573.57
57
$ 62.10
$1 677 27 = PV0 of Mixed Flow [Using Tables]
$1,677.27
$600(PVIFA10%,2) =
$600(1.736) = $1,041.60
$400(PVIFA10%,2)(PVIF10%,2) = $400(1.736)(0.826)
$400(1 736)(0 826) = $573.57
$573 57
$100 (PVIF10%,5) =
$100 (0.621) =
$62.10
3-64

G
GroupGroup
-At
At--A-Time
Ti (#2)
0

$400

$400

$400

$200

$200

4
$400

$1,268.00

Pl
Plus

PV0 equals
$1677.30.

$347.20

Plus
$62.10
3-65

5
$100
$

Solving the Mixed Flows


Problem using CF Registry
Use

the highlighted
key for starting the
process of solving a
mixed cash flow
p
problem

Press

3-66

the CF key
and down arrow key
y
through a few of the
keys as you look at
the definitions on
the next slide

Solving the Mixed Flows


Problem using CF Registry
Defining the calculator variables:
For CF0:
This is ALWAYS the cash flow occurring
at time t=0 (usually 0 for these problems)
For Cnn:* This is the cash flow SIZE of the nth
group of cash flows. Note that a group may only
contain a single cash flow (e.g., $351.76).
For Fnn:
Fnn:*
This is the cash flow FREQUENCY of the
nth group of cash flows. Note that this is always a
positive whole number (e.g., 1, 2, 20, etc.).
3-67

* nn represents the nth cash flow or frequency. Thus, the


first cash flow is C01, while the tenth cash flow is C10.

Solving the Mixed Flows


Problem using CF Registry
Steps in the Process

3-68

Step 1:
Press
Step 2:
Press
Step
p 3: For CF0 Press

CF
2nd
0

CLR Work
Enter

key
keys
keys
y

Step 4:
Step 5:
Step 6:
Step 7:

600
2
400
2

Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter

keys
keys
keys
keys

For C01 Press


For F01 Press
For C02 Press
For F02 Press

Solving the Mixed Flows


Problem using CF Registry
Steps in the Process

3-69

Step
p 8: For C03 Press

100

Enter

keys
y

Step 9: For F03 Press

Enter

keys

Step
p 10:
Step 11:

NPV

Step 12: For I=, Enter

10

Enter

Step 13:

Press

CPT

R
Result:
lt

P
Present
t Value
V l = $1,677.15
$1 677 15

Press
Press

keys
y
key

keys
key

Frequency of
C
Compounding
ompounding
General Formula:
FVn = PV0(1 + [i/m])mn

3-70

n:
m:
i:
FVn,m:

Number of Years
Compounding Periods per Year
Annual Interest Rate
FV at the end of Year n

PV0:

PV of the Cash Flow today

I
Impact
t off Frequency
F
Julie Miller has $1,000 to invest for 2
Years at an annual interest rate of
12%.
Annual

FV2

= 1,000
1,000(1+ [.12/1])(1)(2)
= 1,254.40

Semi

FV2

= 1,000
1,000(1+ [.12/2])(2)(2)
= 1,262.48
1 262 48

3-71

I
Impact
t off Frequency
F
Qrtly

FV2

= 1,000
1,000(1+ [.12/4])(4)(2)
= 1,266.77

Monthly

FV2

= 1,000
1,000(1+ [.12/12])(12)(2)
= 1,269.73

Daily

FV2

)( )
= 1,000
1 000(1+
1,000(1+
000 [.12/365]
[ 12/365])((365)(2)
= 1,271.20

3-72

Solving the Frequency


Problem (Quarterly)
Inputs
Compute

2(4)

12/4

-1,000

I/Y

PV

PMT

FV
1266.77

The result indicates that a $1,000


investment that earns a 12% annual
rate compounded quarterly for 2 years
will earn a future value of $1,266.77.
$1 266 77
3-73

Solving the Frequency


Problem (Quarterly Altern.)
Press:

2nd P/Y
2nd

QUIT

12

I/Y

-1000

PV

PMT

2
3-74

CPT

ENTER

2nd xP/Y N
FV

Solving the Frequency


Problem (Daily)
Inputs

2(365) 12/365 -1,000

N
Compute

I/Y

PV

PMT

FV
1271.20

The result indicates that a $1,000


investment that earns a 12% annual
rate compounded daily for 2 years will
earn a future value of $1,271.20.
$1 271 20
3-75

Solving the Frequency


Problem (Daily Alternative)
Press:

2nd P/Y 365 ENTER


2nd

QUIT

12

I/Y

-1000

PV

PMT

2
3-76

CPT

2nd xP/Y N
FV

Effective Annual
Interest Rate
Effective Annual Interest Rate
The actual rate of interest earned
(paid) after adjusting the nominal
rate for factors such as the number
of compounding periods per year.

(1 + [ i / m ] )m - 1
3-77

BWs Effective
Annual Interest Rate
Basket Wonders (BW) has a $1,000
CD at the bank. The interest rate
is 6% compounded quarterly for 1
year What is the Effective Annual
year.
Interest Rate (EAR
EAR)?
EAR = ( 1 + 6% / 4 )4 - 1
= 1.0614 - 1 = .0614 or 6.14%!
3-78

Converting
C
ti
to
t an EAR
Press:

3-79

2nd

I Conv

ENTER

ENTER

CPT

2nd

QUIT

Steps to Amortizing a Loan


1
1.

C l l t the
Calculate
th paymentt per period.
i d

2.

Determine the interest in Period t.


(Loan Balance at t-1) x (i% / m)

3.

p
principal
p
p payment
p y
in Period t.
Compute
(Payment - Interest from Step 2)

4
4.

Determine ending balance in Period t.


t
(Balance - principal payment from Step 3)

5
5.

St t again
Start
i att Step
St 2 and
d repeat.
t

3-80

Amortizing a Loan Example


Julie
J
li Miller
Mill is
i borrowing
b
i
$10 000 att a
$10,000
compound annual interest rate of 12%.
Amortize the loan if annual payments are
made for 5 years.
Step 1: Payment
PV0
= R (PVIFA i%,n)
$10,000
= R (PVIFA 12%,5)
$10,000
,
= R ((3.605))
R = $10,000 / 3.605 = $2,774
3-81

A
Amortizing
ti i a Loan
L
Example
E
l
End of
Year
0

Paym ent

In te re s t

P rin c ip a l

---

---

---

E n d in g
B a la n c e
$ 1 0 ,0
000

$ 2 ,7 7 4

$ 1 ,2 0 0

$ 1 ,5 7 4

8 ,4 2 6

2 ,7 7 4

1 ,0 1 1

1 ,7 6 3

6 ,6 6 3

2 ,7 7 4

800

1 ,9 7 4

4 ,6 8 9

2 ,7 7 4

563

2 ,2 1 1

2 ,4 7 8

2 ,7 7 5

297

2 ,4 7 8

$ 1 3 ,8 7 1

$ 3 ,8 7 1

$ 1 0 ,0 0 0

[Last Payment Slightly Higher Due to Rounding]


3-82

S l i
Solving
for
f the
th Payment
P
t
Inputs
Compute

12

10,000

I/Y

PV

PMT

FV

-2774.10

The result indicates that a $10,000 loan


that costs 12% annually for 5 years and
will be completely paid off at that time
will require $2,774.10
$2 774 10 annual payments
payments.
3-83

Using the Amortization


Functions of the Calculator
Press:
2nd

Amort

ENTER

ENTER

Results:
BAL = 8,425.90
8 425 90*

PRN = -1,574.10*

,
-1,200.00*

INT =

Year 1 information only


3-84

*Note: Compare to 3-82

Using the Amortization


Functions of the Calculator
Press:
2nd

Amort

ENTER

ENTER

Results:
BAL = 6,662.91
6 662 91*

PRN = -1,763.99*

,
-1,011.11*

INT =

Year 2 information only


3-85

*Note: Compare to 3-82

Using the Amortization


Functions of the Calculator
Press:
2nd

Amort

ENTER

ENTER

Results:
BAL =

0 00
0.00

PRN =-10,000.00

,
-3,870.49

INT =
3-86

Entire 5 Years of loan information


(see the total line of 3-82)

U f l
Usefulness
off Amortization
A
ti ti
1.

2
2.

3-87

Determine Interest Expense -Interest expenses may reduce


taxable income of the firm.
C l l t Debt
Calculate
D bt Outstanding
O t t di -The quantity of outstanding
debt may be used in financing
y
y activities of the
the day-to-day
firm.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen