Polar Bonds and Molecules Transcript

If two dogs of unequal strength pull on a bone in opposite directions, the stronger dog
will pull the bone closer to himself.
The video opens with a graphic of a dry-erase board. A graphic of two dogs appears on
the board. A large dog is holding a bone in its mouth, and a smaller dog is hanging from
the bone by his front paws.
Similarly, if two atoms of unequal strength share electrons, the stronger atom will pull the
electrons closer toward its nucleus.
A graphic of two atoms appears. The atoms have the symbols, Upper H and Upper C l,
meaning hydrogen and chlorine, respectively. The chlorine atom is larger, and it has
eight visible electrons: two above, two below, and two on each side of the symbol. The
hydrogen atom has two visible electrons to the right of the symbol. The two atoms
overlap and share those two electrons.
In this lesson you will learn about this unequal sharing of electrons, which forms polar
bonds. You will also examine attractive forces between molecules. There are two types
of covalent bonds: polar bonds and nonpolar bonds. Nonpolar covalent bonds occur in
molecules when electrons are shared equally between atoms, like between the two
atoms in any diatomic molecule or between a carbon and hydrogen atom in a methane
molecule.
Six figures appear on the right of the board. The figures look like two spheres that are
pressed together on their sides. Each figure is of a different color, and the figures get
successively smaller from the top figure to the bottom figure. Each figure represents a
molecule. The top, smallest figure represents fluorine (Upper F 2). Moving downward,
the figures represent nitrogen (or Upper N 2), oxygen (Upper O 2), chlorine (Upper C l
2), bromine (Upper B r 2), and iodine (Upper I 2).
The figures disappear, and a graphic of the molecular structure of methane appears. The
structure has a circle with the letter, Upper C, in its center. Lines protrude from the top,
bottom, left, and right surfaces of the circle, depicting a bond to the hydrogen atoms that
appear at the end of each line. The hydrogen atoms are represented by an orange circle
with the letter Upper H in the center. Under the structure is the word Methane and its
chemical symbol, Upper C Upper H 4.
In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not shared equally. One atoms nucleus has a
greater pull on the electrons than the other atoms nucleus.
An image of two different-size magnets, with lines that depict the magnetic pull of each
magnet, appears on the board. The lines on the larger magnet are bigger, meaning it
has a stronger magnetic pull than the smaller magnet.

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For example, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule form polar bonds.
The stronger oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons closer toward its nucleus, causing
the oxygen end of the molecule to be negatively charged and the hydrogen end of the
molecule to be positively charged.
A graphic of a water molecule appears. The molecule has a large red sphere to
represent oxygen and two smaller white spheres representing hydrogen. The two
smaller spheres are attached to the face of the red sphere. Above the white spheres are
positive symbols, and below the red sphere is a negative symbol.
Usually, if a molecule contains only two unlike atoms, like the carbon monoxide
molecule, or if it has a bent shape, like the water molecule, its covalent bonds are polar.
The water molecule graphic moves to the left of the board, and a graphic of a carbon
monoxide molecule appears on the right. The carbon monoxide molecule appears as a
large blue sphere attached to a smaller black sphere on its right. To the left of the blue
sphere is a negative symbol, and to the right of the black sphere is a positive symbol.
Now respond to the following question.

Review
A question is displayed with answer choices.

Question text: The hydrogen chloride (Upper H Upper C l) molecule most likely
contains which type of bond?
Answer choices
a) polar covalent
b) nonpolar covalent
c) ionic
The correct answer is a) polar covalent.
Feedback: The correct answer is a. Usually, if a molecule contains only two
unlike atoms, its covalent bond is polar.

The charges that atoms acquire when forming polar covalent bonds are represented by
the Greek letter delta if the charge is between negative one and zero or between zero
and positive one.
The Greek letter delta appears. The letter looks like a cursive lower letter o with a hook
on top.
Text below the Greek letter reads: Greek letter delta
For example, this is how the charges of the atoms in a hydrogen chloride atom are
represented.
The chemical symbols for hydrogen and chlorine appear with a line between them. The
symbols are Upper H and Upper C l, respectively. Under the Upper H, the Greek letter

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delta appears, followed by a Superscript plus. Under the Upper C l, the Greek letter delta
appears, followed by a Superscript minus.
This is another representation. The arrow points in the direction of the more
electronegative atom, chlorine in this case.
The Upper H and Upper C l appear without the line between them. A vertical line
appears above the Upper H, and a horizontal line extends through the vertical line and
over the Upper C l, and then terminates in an arrowhead. Under the chemical symbols is
a two-by-three table. The heading in the left column is Atom, and the heading in the left
column is Electronegativity. The data shows that hydrogen has an electronegativity of
two point one, and chlorine has an electronegativity of three point zero.
Molecules that contain polar bonds may or may not be polar molecules. One way to
determine if a molecule is polar is to place the molecule in an electric field. Polar
molecules tend to align with an electric field so that the negative pole of the molecule
faces the positively charged plate, and the positive pole faces the negatively charged
plate. You can see that HCI is a polar molecule.
An image of two narrow silver rectangles appears, representing two metal plates. To the
right of the leftmost rectangle is a column of eight negative symbols. To the left of the
rightmost rectangle is a column of eight positive symbols. A horizontal bracket appears
under the plates under which the phrase Charged metal plates appears.
Between the two plates appears a chemical structure made of hydrogen and chlorine.
The hydrogen atom is on the left of the structure, and the chlorine atom is on the right.
Above the hydrogen atom is the Greek letter delta, followed by a Superscript plus sign.
Above the chlorine atom is the Greek letter delta, followed by a Superscript minus sign.
Respond to the following by typing your answer in the text-entry box.

Review
A question is displayed with a text-entry box below it.

Question text: If a polar covalent bond exists between two atoms, what do you
know about the electronegativities of the two atoms?
The correct answer is: The electronegativities of the two atoms must be different
values.

Table sugar, a covalent compound, melts in hot water, while table salt, an ionic
compound, does not. This difference in properties is due to the difference in attractive
forces between molecules.
A woman in a photo is putting pasta into a pot of boiling water.
The attraction between covalent molecules is usually weaker than the attraction between
ionic compounds. The two weakest forces of attraction between individual molecules are

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known as van der Waals forces. There are two different types of van der Waals forces.
The forces between molecules of nonpolar substances are called dispersion forces.
These are the weakest of all intermolecular forces.
Nine structures appear on the board. Each of the structures looks like two spheres
pressed together. The structures are all of equal size and color.
The force between polar molecules is called a dipole-dipole force. This force is the
attraction between oppositely charged ends of molecules. Dipole interactions are similar
to, but usually weaker than, ionic bonds.
A chemical structure appears on the board. The structure consists of 11 molecules
positioned in somewhat of a circular fashion. Eight molecules are on the outside of the
circle, and they are each joined by a single dotted line. Two molecules are in the center
of the circle. The final molecule is positioned to the lower left of the circle, and it is joined
by a double dotted line to a molecule on the circle.
Each molecule has two adjoined spheres, one larger and one smaller. Each smaller
sphere has a Greek letter delta with a plus sign, and each larger sphere has a Greek
letter delta with a minus sign. The two molecules in the center of the structure are
positioned vertically and joined by a double dotted line. Of these two molecules, the one
in the top position has a single dotted line to each of two molecules diagonally above it,
one to the left and one to the right. The central molecule in the bottom position has a
single dotted line to each of two molecules diagonally below it, one to the left and one to
the right. Each dotted line between the molecules is connected to the negatively charged
atom of one molecule and the positively charged atom of the other molecule.
A hydrogen bond, the only intermolecular force that is not a van der Waals force, is a
particularly strong force, although it is not as strong as most ionic or covalent bonds. A
hydrogen bond only forms between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a fluorine,
oxygen, or nitrogen atom of another molecule. For example, hydrogen bonds form
between molecules of water.
A graphic of a water molecule appears on the board above a graphic of five other water
molecules. The graphic of the top water molecule consists of three adjoined spheres,
one larger and two smaller. The larger sphere has a two and a Greek letter delta with a
Superscript minus sign. The two smaller spheres each have a Greek letter delta with a
Superscript plus sign. The five water molecules below are not labeled and are arranged
as follows: There is a central water molecule and four water molecules around it, like the
four corners of a square. An arrow extends from the molecule in the lower-left corner to
the central molecule and then to the molecule in the upper-right corner. Likewise, an
arrow extends from the molecule in the lower-right corner to the central molecule and
then to the molecule in the upper-left corner. On each side of the structure, and pointing
to the arrows, is a label that reads, Hydrogen bonds.
These bonds give water some of its unique properties, such as high surface tension.

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A photo of leaves floating on a pond appears on the board.

Now try the following problem.

Review
A question is displayed with answer choices

Question text: How do intermolecular forces compare to ionic or covalent bonds?

Answer choices
a) They are usually stronger than either type of bond.
b) They are usually weaker than either type of bond.
c) They are equal in strength to both types of bonds.
The correct answer is b) They are usually weaker than either type of bond.

The Polar Bonds and Molecules Teachlet tutorial has concluded. Please continue with
the rest of todays lesson.

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