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Maximize
well yield
pump performance
Minimize
Contamination
Cost.
Select
construction
materials
1. Casing material
2. Screen material
3. Type of screen wire wounded,
bridge slot, etc.
4. Gravel pack
5. Screen slot size
6. Hydraulic suitability of the well
design
7. Grouting materials
Establish
sampling
requirements
Choose drilling
method
Choose
development
method
Components of Well
Three key
components of a
well are the pump,
the lining pipe
(pump casing) and
the intake section.
Well
components
Well Casings
(a) Well Diameter and Well Depth
Well Diameter: The casing diameter of the pumping well
should accommodate an appropriately sized pump with
adequate clearance for installation and hydraulically efficient
operation.
The annular space between the pump and the inner diameter
of the housing pipe also permits the measurement of the
depth to pumping water level.
Generally, the pump chamber casing should have a nominal
diameter at least 5 cm larger than the nominal diameter of
the pump bowls.
Casing
Relationship between
well discharge and well
radius
Where,
Q = the design flowrate of the well (m3/s)
Ve = the permissible velocity of water through pipe (m/s)
a = the cross-sectional area of the pipe (m2)
(e)
A well log gives clear picture for the location of water bearing
formation.
From the well log, the water bearing formations where well
screen has to be installed are identified. In deep wells and/or
multiple aquifers, the casing and screen can be placed in
several sections with reducers between each section.
If the various casing or screening sections are to be installed
in separate sections, then it is to be ensured that they will nest
inside each other.
(f)
Steel, in particular;
- black steel;
- galvanized black steel;
- steel covered with a plastic film;
- aluminium chrome steel;
- stainless steel.
Use
- PVC, ABS, SS
- SS
- PVC, ABS, or PTFE
- PVC, ABS, or PTFE
- PVC, ABS, or PTFE
- PVC, ABS, or PTFE
- PVC, ABS, or PTFE
- PVC, ABS, or PTFE
- SS, PTFE
- threaded PVC casings
- threaded SS casings
- ASTM NSF approved
PVC well casings
D1785 and F480
- ASTM approved SS304
and SS316 casings
A312.
- ASTM approved ABS
casings F480
length of sections: 3 6 m;
thickness: 2 11 mm (steel), 4 16 mm (PVC);
diameter: 100 2500 mm (steel), 60 315 mm (PVC)
conection: welded collars, threaded end-fitting (steel),
screw-threaded (PVC).
Strength
- Polyvinylchloride
(PVC)
- PVC casing joint
- Stainless steel (SS)
- SS casing joint
Polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE)
- PTFE casing joint
- Epoxy fiberglass
- Epoxy casing joint
- Arcylonitrite butadienestyrene (ABS)
- ABS casing joint
Casing collapse
strength Ib/in2
2 In
nominal
4 In
nominal
2 In
nominal
4 In
nominal
7,500
22,000
307
158
2,800
37,760
15,900
6,050
92,000
81,750
300
896
No data
150
315
No data
3,800
No data
No data
No data
540
22,600
14,000
8,830
1,890
56,500
30,000
22,000
No data
330
230
No data
No data
250
150
No data
3,360
5,600
No data
No data
Chemical resistance/interference
Recommendation regarding chemical interactions with well casing
Best choices
If monitoring for:
Avoid if possible
Ist choice
2nd choice
Metals
PTFE
PVC
Organics
SS 304 &
SS 316
PVC
Galvanized steel
and PTFE
None
PVC &
PTFE
Gravel Pack
Stabilize the formation
Prevent or reduce pumping of fines and sand
Enable larger screen openings
Establish transitional velocity and pressure fields between
the formation and the well screen.
Where,
D50= the sieve opening size that allows
50% of the gravel pack material to pass
d50= the sieve opening size that allows
50% of the aquifer materials to pass
Upack= the uniformity coefficient of the
gravel pack materials.
Where,
Where,
Cu= uniformity coefficient
d60= grain size that is 60% finer by weight
d10= grain size that is 10% finer by weight
(effective grain size)
Well Screen
ensure the maximum yield of clear sand-free water;
resist corrosion by aggressive waters;
resist the crushing pressure exerted by the aquifer
formation during its development;
have the longest life-span;
induce minimal pressure-head losses.
Where,
h = minimum length of the well screen (m)
Q = maximum expected discharge capacity of the well
screen (m/min)
Ao = effective open area per meter length of the well
screen (m)
V = entrance velocity (3 cm/s or 1.8 m/min) (m/min)
(c)
Where,
d60 = the sieve opening size that allows 60% of the sample
by weight to pass and therefore retains 40% of the sieve
diameter that allows 10% of the sample to pass thus
retaining 90%.
d10= the sieve diameter that allows 10% of the sample to
pass and thus retaining 90%.
The criteria for determining the slot size of the screen are:
For naturally developed well,
Cont.
Q
L
AeVc
Where
L
Q
Ae
Vc
Cont.
Diameters and weights of Johnson screens-Irrigator series after documentation
from Johnson Filtration Systems, 1992).
External diameter
(overall)
Internal diameter
(slot size)
Inches
Inches
mm
Inches
mm
Resistence to
crushing (bar)
Weight
(kg/m)
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
4 1/2
6 5/8
8 5/8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
114
168
219
273
324
356
406
457
508
610
3
5
7
9
11
13
14
16
18
22 3/4
95
146
197
247
298
330
374
425
476
577
104
33
15
33
20
15
10
7
5
3
9.1
13.3
17.4
35.2
41.7
45.8
52.3
58.9
65.4
78.5
Nominal
diameter
Cont.
Our choice of gravel pack depends on the uniformity of the aquifer formation as
determined from the particle-size distribution curves:
If the aquifer is poorly sorted (uniformity coefficient >3), then a natural pack
can be developed. The screen slot width should be the average D40 of the
aquifer samples (based on the finest layer in a heterogeneous aquifer
system). If the D40 size gives a slot width <0.5 mm, then we can use an
artificial gravel pack to allow a larger slot width.
If the aquifer is well sorted (uniformity coefficient <3), then an artificial pack
is needed. Design the pack by plotting two curves parallel to the particlesize distribution curves of the finest aquifer sample, but four to six times
coarser than the curve. The grading of the gravel pack should lie between
these two new curves. The screen slot width should be approximately the
D10 of the gravel pack and not larger than D40.
Annular sealants
Grout materials
-Cement
-Bentonite
Example
Sample
WELL DESIGN
LAB ANALYSIS
1
2
Average
Recommendation
Size of slot
opening screen
(mm)
0.27
0.50
0.39
0.4
Size of gravel
filter pack
(mm)
0.3 2.5
0.3 2.5
0.3 2.5
0.4 2.5
DEPTH OF WELL
WELL DIAMETER
Total Water Requirement = 774.63mm/season
Q = 109.3 m3/day
Q = 4.55 m3/hr
Minimal interval diameters
of casings (inches)
50
140
10
250
SCREEN LENGTH
L=
40 m
L=
0.024(
Q
AeVc
0.076 (m3/min)
x 1.83( m/min)
m2/m)
L = 1.73m
RESULT
Design
Depth casing
Diameter casing
Slot screen
Gravel filter pack
Size
40 m
6 inch
0.3 mm
0.4 2.5mm
Screen length
1.73 m