Microgrid Tutorial

HICSS-34
Tutorial 14
January 3, 2001
mGrid Operation and Control

PSERC
Robert H. Lasseter
University of Wisconsin
Giri Venkataramanan
A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
Georgia Institute of Technology
2001 University of Wisconsin Board of Regents
University of Wisconsin and Georgia Institute of Technology
HICSS-34
Tutorial 14
Micro-Grid Operation and Control

Robert H. Lasseter
University of
Wisconsin
A.P.Sakis Meliopoulos Georgia Institute of
Technology
Giri Venkataramanan University of
Wisconsin
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Outline
1. Overview of Micro-sources (1/2 hr)
2. Problems and Issues related to
Distribution Systems (1 hr)
3. Power Electronics (1hr)
4. Operation and Control of Micro-Grids
Needs and Challenges (1/2Hr)
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Power Generation Applications

100s MWs
Central Plant
Power Generation
kWs
Distributed Generation
1 MW
T/D grid
On site generation
Peaking
units:
Cost
deferrals:
Voltage
support:
Back-up power
Local power & heat
Isolated site
Local voltage support
Cost reduction
Load management
Micro Grid
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Micro-Turbine Basics
Hot Air
Recuperator
Turbine
Generator
Air
Power
electronics
Compressor
3 Phase ~ 480V AC
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
70kW Micro turbine

Installed at $1000/kW
(target is $350/kW)
Efficiency 30%
Air foil bearings

expect in excess of
40,000 hours of
reliable operation.
Operation speed
90,000-100,000 RPMs
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Fuel cell System
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Automotive Influence on Fuel Cell

Development
Experimental
F.C. car
(Toyota)
1997
Prototype F.C.
cars (G.M., DC., Toyota)
Production of
F.C. vehicles
2005
2000
Daimler-Chrysler
$324 million
investment
Fuel cell buses

commonplace
Car Fuel Cells must be under

$100/kW
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Ballard PEM Fuel Cell
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
7 kW Plug Power System

PEM Fuel Cell/water heater
QuickTime and a
Photo - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Distributed Generation
Business Characterization
U. S. Electricity Market $250 Billion Per Year
Distributed Generation Expected to Capture 1020% of Market in 10 years
Players - Illustrative List
Allied-Signal
Micro-Turbines
Siemens
Fuel Cells
Solar Turbine/Caterpillar Tractor
Engines/turbines
Capstone Turbine
Micro-Turbines
GE
Fuel Cells/Turbines
Others - Ballard, Allison, Williams, Plug Power, PowerCell
R.H.Lasseter
Commercial Units/Packaged Solutions Coming to Market PSERC
Generation Efficiencies
1 MW
70%
With
CHP
60%
50%
CHP
Hybrid
Fuel cell
CCTG
Fuel Cell
Micro
Turbine
40%
Gas
Turbine
Reciprocating
Engines
30%
20%
10kW
100kW
R.H.Lasseter
1 MW
Old
steam
10MW
100MW
1000MW
PSERC
On Site Generation
Efficiencies
30/80%
Microturbine
30-200 kW
PA Fuel Cells
200-2000 kW 40/78%
PEM Fuel Cells
5-250 kW
Hybrid FC/MT
200-2500 kW <70%
Roof top PV
1-10 kW
Recip Engine
0.5-4 MW
R.H.Lasseter
40/78%
Power
Electronic
interface
38/80%
PSERC
Factors Impacting Grid

Connectivity
GENERATOR TYPE
Synchronous - hydro, engine-driven

Induction - wind turbines, small hydro
Power electronic - micro turbines, fuel cells,
self-commutated
line-commuted
INTERCONNECTION
VOLTAGE
Transmission
Sub transmission
Distribution
Customer
GENERATOR
ELECTRIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Rating Small
Fault Current
Islanding
Voltage Control
R.H.Lasseter
> 66 kV
24-66 kV
4-16 kV
120-480 V
PSERC
Micro-source Issues
Low power < 100 kw

Low voltage 120-480 volts
Inertia-less
Power electronic interface
Interconnection cost
Control (large numbers)
Market interactions
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Micro Source Dynamics

DC Bus
Generator
AC
AC
DC
Type of Inverter
Response of Prime Mover
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Inverter P-Q response
Line Commutated
pu
CSI - Line
Commutated
VSI - PWM
with
Voltage
Linecontrol
P
&
Q
R.H.Lasseter
Time seconds
PSERC
20 sec
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Micro-Source Dynamics
DC Bus
AC
AC
Power Source
DC
Power
1.0
Fuel Cells
20-100 seconds
Micro-turbine
0.5
0.0
R.H.Lasseter
10
time sec.
20
PSERC
Load Tracking Problem

Power electronics
Inertia-less system
Fast response
Instantaneous power balance

Connect to grid
Use storage on dc bus
Storage on the ac bus
Include rotating machines in Micro-grid
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Quality of Power Perspectives

UTILITIES
CUSTOMERS
There are less than four
Electricity problems
disrupting equipment and
production are originated
by voltage sags, with
duration less than 1/2
second
interruptions per year

with a cumulative
interrupted average of
less than 2-hours/year
95 percent of
interruptions are due to
faults or outages on the
T/D system
80 percent of the
interruptions are due to
distribution system
components
R.H.Lasseter
There are about 10-15

times per year that voltage
sags occur with the
voltage dropping below
70%
Production equipment
contains electronics
sensitive to power quality
problems
PSERC
Micro-grid concept assumes:

Large clusters of micro-sources and
storage systems
Close to loads with possible CHP
applications
Provide Quality of Power required by
Customer
Presented to the grid as a single
controllable unit (load & source)
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Load Control using a

Connected Micro Grid
Load control
Pload
Control P set point

R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Next
1. Problems and Issues related to
Distribution Systems Power
2. Power Electronics Sources
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
mGrid Operation and Control

Problems and Issues
Related to
Distribution Systems
A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
Georgia Institute of Technology
Tutorial 14
HICSS-34
Jan 3, 2001
Georgia Tech
PSERC
1
The mGRID Concept Distribution System Backbone

Photovoltaics
Interface
Protection
RTU
Micro-Grid Management
System
Converter
CATV&
Communications
RTU
RTU
Control
Data
Aqcuisition
Sensitive Load
RTU
Static
Conditioner
Fuel Cell
Variable
Speed
Drives
Converter
Interface
Protection
Interface
Protection
Converter
Georgia Tech
Microturbine / Generator
PSERC
2
Distribution System Backbone Issues

Safety
Voltage Profile
Power Quality
Reliability
Protection
Unbalance/Asymmetry
Stray Voltages and Currents
Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues
Non-autonomous/Autonomous Operation
PSERC
Georgia Tech
Safety
Let-Go Current (Milliamperes) - RMS
100
80
60
40
sheep
300
Kiselev Dogs
Dogs
Ferris Dogs
Fibrillating Current (mA RMS)
Let-Go Current
200
100
50%
20
0.5%
Let-Go Threshold
Minimum
Fibrillating
Current (0.5%)
Maximum
Non-Fibrillating
Current (0.5%)
99.5%
Dangerous Current
pigs
calves
Ventricular Fibrillation
0
0
20
40
60
80
Body Weight (kg)
100
Safe Current
0
5
10
50
100
500
1000
Frequency (Hz)
Georgia Tech
5000
PSERC
4
The Electrocution Parameters
A1
A2
rbody
B
A1
A2
Veq
req
Georgia Tech
PSERC
5
Applicable Standards (IEEE & IEC):

Non-Fibrillating Body Current as a Function of Shock Duration
PSERC
Georgia Tech
Earth Current / GPR / Worst Case Condition
P ro g ra m X F M - P a g e 1 o f 1
c : \ w m a s te r \ ig s \ d a t a u \ g p r _ e x 0 1 - M a y 1 4 , 2 0 0 0 , 0 1 : 5 1 :4 4 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 s a m p le s / s e c - 2 4 0 0 0 S a m p le s
2 .5 0 1
P h a s e _ A _ L in e _ C u r r e n t_ _ B U S 1 0 (k A )
1 .6 9 4
8 8 7 .3 m
8 0 .7 6 m
-7 2 5 .8 m
-1 .5 3 2
-2 .3 3 9
-3 .1 4 6
-3 .9 5 2
1 .0 5 2
E a r t h _ C u r r e n t _ _ G r o u n d _ a t _ B U S 2 0 (k A )
7 1 7 .1 m
Important Issues
3 8 2 .5 m
4 7 .8 1 m
-2 8 6 .8 m
-6 2 1 .5 m
-9 5 6 .1 m
-1 .2 9 1
-1 .6 2 5
4 4 .0 2 0
4 4 .0 4 0
4 4.06 0
4 4 .0 8 0
4 4 .1 0 0
Grounding and Bonding

Single Ground/Multi Ground
Load/DER Configuration
Transmission Interconnection
PSERC
Georgia Tech
Power Quality
Disturbances
Lightning
Switching
Power Faults
Feeder Energization inrush currents, Motor Start
Loading imbalance
Harmonics, Resonance
EMI
Impact on End User

Voltage Distortion, Sags, Swells, Outages and Imbalances
Design Options
Configuration
Grounding
Overvoltage Protection (arresters), Fault Protection
Use of Steel/Aluminum conduit, Etc.
Georgia Tech
PSERC
8
Lightning Caused Voltage Sags, Swells and Outages
S
wf
S
A
S
dt
PSERC
Georgia Tech
Lightning Caused Voltage Sags, Swells and

Outages
Effects of Grounding and Protection
PSERC
Georgia Tech
10
Voltage Sags & Swells and Grounding

R0/X1
6
Coefficient of
Grounding
95/164
100/173
90/155
actual
VLG
= no min al
VLG
85/147
2
80/138
75/129
70/121
X0/X1
0
57/100
2
65/117
Georgia Tech
PSERC
11
Voltage Sags & Swells During a Ground Fault

A
A
V
B U S 10
B U S 20
B U S 30
B U S 40
Close
Transmission Line Voltage & Current Profile

Distribution Line, 12 kV
Displayed Quantity
Voltage Reference
Volt age
Remote Earth
Current
Neutral
Nominal Voltage
6.92
Plot Mode
Absolute
kV (L-L)
Deviation
Voltage (kV)
Ground
2.00
Distance
1.250
0.00
_A
-5.810
-2.00
_B
0.3334
-4.00
_A
-6.00 _B
_C
_N
-8.00
0.00
BUS40
_C
0.9744
Comments
The Data of the Figure can
be used to generate
nomograms and statistical
distributions of voltage sags
and swells for a specific
location (IEEE P1346)
A better approach is outlined
next
_N
0.00
0.75
1.50
2.25
Distance (miles)
Program IGS - Form CODE_102A
Georgia Tech
3.00
3.75
BUS50
PSERC
12
Statistical Distribution of Voltage Sags/Swells

4.0
Fuse
Transformer
L1
N
L2
3.0
Sensitive
Electronic
Equipment
G
Ground Loop
Ground Rods
Probabilistic Approach to Power Quality

Analysis
Voltage (kV)
Arrester
2.0
1.0
PQ Characterization
106
Design Options for PQ Enhancement
Georgia Tech
105
104
103
102
10
PSERC
1
0.1
Frequency (Hz)
13
0.01
Ferroresonance
5
Comments
2 PHASES
ENERGIZED
Maximum Overvoltage (pu)
Resonance Between the

Inductance of a Steel Core
and the Circuit Capacitance
Vulnerable Systems:
Medium Voltage Cable with
Transformers/Regulators
1 PHASE
ENERGIZED
Cases of Stuck Pole

Single Phase Protection
1
0.1
10
100
Capacitive/Inductive Impedance Ratio
Georgia Tech
1000
PSERC
14
Comments
Harmonic Resonance
Harmonic Resonance Has

Multiple Modes and
Resonance Frequencies
BUS100
BUS90
System May Be Vulnerable

When Resonance Coincides
with a Harmonic Frequency
BUS80
1
BUS110
BUS120
BUS30
BUS40
BUS50
BUS60
When Problem is Known,

Solution is Very Simple Detuning
BUS70
Positive Sequence Frequency Scan at Bus BUS70/ P
Frequency Scan At 2-Node Port: BUS70_A to BUS70_N
Impedance Magnitude
Impedance Magnitude
334.5
100
334.5
10.0
Magnitude
(Ohms)
Magnitude
(Ohms)
163.4
10.0
Magnitude (Ohms)
1000
100
Frequency
(Hz)
872.1
1.00
0.100
1.00
0.00
400
800
1200
1600
2000
Table
0.00
400
800
1200
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Impedance Phase
Impedance Phase
Frequency
(Hz)
150
80.0
334.5
75.0
40.0
Phase
(Degrees)
120
Phase ( Deg)
Frequency
(Hz)
0.00
5.501
Phase ( Deg)
Magnitude (Ohms)
1000
1600
2000
Table
Frequency
(Hz)
0.00
Phase
(Degrees)
-75.0
-150
-40.0
-225
-80.0
0.00
400
800
1200
Frequency (Hz)
Pro gram WinIGS - Fo rm FSCAN_RES
Georgia Tech
1600
2000
Close
0.00
400
800
1200
Frequency (Hz)
Pro gram WinIGS - Fo rm FSCAN_RES
1600
2000
Close
PSERC
15
Reliability
Reliability Indices for Distribution Systems
(Utility Perspective)
Reliability Measures
(Customer Perspective)
SAIFI: System Average Interruption Frequency Index

(interruptions/year and customer)
Voltage Sags
Voltage Swells
Momentary Outages
Load Interruption
EMI
SAIFI =
Total Number of Customer Interruptions per Year

Total Number of Customers Served
SAIDI: System Average Interruption Duration Index

(hours/year and customer)
SAIDI =
Total Number of Customer Interruptions Durations per Year

Total Number of Customers Served
CAIDI: Customer Average Interruption Duration Index

(hours/interruption)
CAIDI =
Total Number of Customer Interruption Durations per Year

Total Number of Customer Interruptions
ASAI: Average Service Availability Index

Total Customer Hours Service Availability per Year
ASAI =
Customer Hours Service Demand
Georgia Tech
Comments
Good Methods for Utility
Applications Exists
(Markovian)
End User/DER Methods
Needs Further Research
(NonMarkovian Processes)
PSERC
16
Cost of Reliability
Example
Power requirements: 3000 VA power
Average power consumption is 2000 Watts
Power utility reliability: SAIFI = 1.5, SAIDI = 45, Momentary = 30
Sector customer damage function: commercial per Table Below
Calculations
MWhrs consumed: 17.52
Cost of two 20 minute outages: (3.0)(17.52)(2) = 105.12
Cost of five 1 minute outages: (1.0)(17.52)(5) = 87.60
Cost of momentary: (1.0)(17.52)(30) = 525.60
Annual cost of interruptions: 718.32
Comments
Cost of utility power (assuming $0.10 pwr kWhr): $1,752 per year
Survey of Cost of Interruption Sector Customer Damage Function ($/MWhr)

Sector\Duration
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Large User
Mom
0
1.0
6.0
2.0
Georgia Tech
1 Min
0
1.0
6.0
2.0
20 min
0.1
3.0
13.0
2.0
1 hr
0.4
10.0
24.0
3.0
4 hr
3.0
36.0
64.0
3.0
8 hr
6.0
74.0
106.0
4.0
24 hrs
20
94.0
135.0
5.0
PSERC
17
Reliability Research Issues

Battery Energy = 15 min
Cap Prob Freq Dur
R
0
300
600
900
5e-4
3e-6
3e-3
0.996
13.0
9e-4
0.46
13.5
0.3
30
58
648
Battery Energy = 30 min

I
Cap Prob Freq Dur

0
300
600
900
7.2e-5
13.0 0.3
2.7e-5 5e-3
47
3.8e-3 0.52 65
0.9961 13.5 648
PSERC
Georgia Tech
18
Protection
Typical DERs Protection
Protection Issues
Fault Protection (Current Limited
DERs, Remote Contribution,
Ground Impedance, etc.)
Faulted Circuit Indication
Fault Location and Isolation
Detection of Hot Down
Conductors
PSERC
Georgia Tech
19
Unbalance/Asymmetry
Most Power Circuits Are Asymmetric
1 zmax zmin
S1 =
2
z1
1 ymax ymin
S2 =
2
y1
Asymmetry Factor
0.06
0.04
Series Admittance
0.02
Shunt Admittance
0.0
180
660
1140
1620
2100
Frequency (Hz)
Other Sources
Single Phase Loads
End Use Equipment
Induction Motors
Georgia Tech
PSERC
20
Induction Motor Response to Unbalance/Asymmetry

Typical Distribution System Example
Close
Device Terminal Multimeter

Case:
BUS100
Device:
System Asymmetry and Imbalance Example

Induction Motor
BUS90
Total Power
Voltage
L-G
Phase Quantities
Per Phase Power
Current
L-L
Symmetric Comp
BUS80
1
BUS30
BUS110
BUS120
BUS40
MCLOAD1_A
BUS50
BUS60
BUS70
1
MCLOAD2
IM
Voltages
MCLOAD1_B
MCBUS1
MCLOAD1_C
RGROUND
ANGSPEED2
MCLOAD1
IM
ANGSPEED1
Combined Effects of System

Component Asymmetry and
Imbalanced Loads
Va
Sa
S
Sc
Ia
Sb
Ic
Ref Vc
Currents
MCLOAD1_A
Comments
Va
Vb
Vc
MCLOAD1_B
MCLOAD1_C
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ib
P 367.6 kW, Q 178.3 kVar

S = 4 08.5 kVA, PF = 89.97 %
Pa 120.2 kW, Qa 69.04 kVar
Pb 114 .8 kW, Qb 50.20 kVar
Pc 132.5 kW, Qc 59.09 kVar
Va = 255.2 V, 55.34 Deg
Vb = 24 5.3 V, -63.85 Deg
Vc = 24 9.0 V, 175.7 Deg
Ia = 54 3.0 A, 25.4 7 Deg
Ib = 510.9 A, -87.4 6 Deg
Ic = 582.9 A, 151.6 Deg
Vb
Pro gram WinIGS - Fo rm FDR_M ULTIM ETER
Important Factors:
Configuration
Transformers
Load Balancing
Georgia Tech
PSERC
21
Stray Voltages and Currents

~
I sky
Sky Wire
Comments
HA
LA
HB
LB
LC
HC
Neutral
~
I neutral
Counterpoise
Ground Mat
~
I counterpoise
Ground Rod
Ground Rod
~
I earth
CATV
Single Phase Loads Generate

Current Flow in the Parallel Path of
Neutral and Soil/Grounds
Typical Distribution 50-70% in
Neutral, 50-30% in Soil/Grounds
Neutral Voltage Typically 2 to 12
Volts
Properly Designed mGRIDs can Practically Eliminate Stray Voltages and Currents
Georgia Tech
PSERC
22
Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues

SOURCE
BUS10
Magnetic Field Near Nonmagnetic Conduit Enclosed Circuit
BUS100
Plot Circle Radius
0.500
Return
Plot Along Straight Line

Plot Along Conduit Centered Circle
Feet
Update
BUS200
Magnetic Field
6.00 inches
375
Example of Two Series

Circuits in Magnetic and
Aluminum Conduits
MilliGauss
300
225
150
BUS400
75.0
1Ph
0.00
0.00
Magnetic Field Near Steel Conduit Enclosed Power Circuit (ID=3)

Plot Circle Radius
0.50
Zoom All
Angle
319.1
Field
270
360
365.9
Update
Magnetic Field
6.00 inches
Zoom Out
180
Angle(Degrees)
Program GEM I - Form EM F_CI RCLE
Plot Along Conduit Centered Circle
Feet
Zoom In
Return
Plot Along Straight Line
90.0
Comments
76.0
72.0
EMI can generate serious

problems
MilliGauss
68.0
64.0
60.0
56.0
0.00
Zoom In
Zoom Out
Zoom All
Angle
Program GEM I - Form EM F_CI RCLE
Georgia Tech
90.0
244.1
180
Angle(Degrees)
Field
270
360
75.81
The mGRID concept offers an

opportunity to rethink design
issues and optimize EMI
performance
PSERC
23
WEMPEC
Inverters in Microgrids
Giri Venkataramanan
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Madison
3 Jan 2001
Giri@engr.wisc.edu
3 Jan 2001
Microgrids Short Course
GV 1
WEMPEC
Outline
Description of inverter types and
characteristics
Inverter control objectives
Inverter dynamic modeling
Summary
3 Jan 2001
GV 2
WEMPEC
Inverter types
PWM inverter
z Multilevel inverter
z Naturally commutated current source
inverter
z
3 Jan 2001
GV 3
WEMPEC
PWM Synthesis A, B & C phases

Vdc
Va
Vb
Vc
Phase shift between waveforms

may be varied
Amplitude of waveforms may be
dissimilar
All the three phase voltages
could have an average Vdc/2
common mode voltage
Causes a neutral shift
Will cancel out in the line-line
voltages
3 Jan 2001
GV 4
WEMPEC
Realization using IGBTs
Vdc
3 Jan 2001
Va
Vb
Vc
GV 5
WEMPEC
Multilevel Inverters
Vdc
+ other phases
Vdc
Vdc
+ other phases
Vdc
3 Jan 2001
GV 6
WEMPEC
Typical waveforms
Pole voltage
Vdc
Vdc/2
Line-Line Voltage
Stepped synthesis
also possible
3 Jan 2001
GV 7
WEMPEC
Three Phase Current Source Inverter

Two Pole Three Throw Switches
Stiff Current
1P3T
1P3T
3 Jan 2001
GV 8
WEMPEC
CSI Converter Realization (Thyristors)

z
1P3T
Stiff current
Natural
commutation
Leading power
factor load
Three phase a
voltages
1P3T
3 Jan 2001
GV 9
WEMPEC
3 wire direct output

DC voltage level has to
be bigger than peak lineline voltage
No path for zero
sequence currents from
inverter
3 Jan 2001
GV 10
WEMPEC
4 wire interface using star-delta

transformer
DC voltage level free
variable because of
transformer turns ratio
Zero sequence currents
on star side circulates
within the loop of the delta
side
3 Jan 2001
GV 11
WEMPEC
Single line equivalent circuit and phasor

diagram
Vi
Vi
IL
IL
Vo
It
Vo
It
Vac
Vac
Vac PCC voltage

Vo Point of Load (POL)
Voltage
3 Jan 2001
GV 12
WEMPEC
Microgrid Energy and Power Quality

Management Functions
Load profile control
Source utilization
Peak-shaving
Reactive power injection
POL voltage control
Voltage imbalance correction
3 Jan 2001
GV 13
WEMPEC
Voltage sag correction

Nominal condition
Vi
IL
Vo
It
Vac
Operation under sag

(Same real power transfer
level)
Operation under sag

(Reduced real power to
grid)
3 Jan 2001
GV 14
WEMPEC
Voltage imbalance correction
Input voltage Brown

Output voltage Cyan
Phase currents Green
Note increase in current
stress on phases with
large sag
3 Jan 2001
GV 15
WEMPEC
Fault Management
Vi
IL
It
Vo
Vac
Fault
3 Jan 2001
GV 16
WEMPEC
Operation under transients

Load transients
z System transients
z
Capacitor switching
Power quality events
Delayed source response

z Islanding
z Reconnection
z
3 Jan 2001
GV 17
WEMPEC
Key Control Issues

Power flow control
z Frequency control
z Local voltage control
z Reactive power control
z
Power sharing
z Frequency matching
z
3 Jan 2001
GV 18
WEMPEC
Power throughput of inverter

VacVo
sin
P=
Xt
2
Vo VacVo
cos
Q=
Xt
Xt
3 Jan 2001
Angle between Vac and

Vo determines power flow
Magnitude of Vo
determines reactive power
flow
GV 19
WEMPEC
Modeling objectives
Need to model dynamic properties
Control input and real power flow or power
angle
Control input and reactive power flow or
voltage magnitude
3 Jan 2001
GV 20
WEMPEC
Typical controller structure

(classical)
+ Vac
1
+
Voltage
command
Current
Regulator
Voltage
Controller
-
PWM
Converter
and
LC Filter
Vo
Ls
It
IL
Vi
Current
feedback
Voltage feeback
3 Jan 2001
GV 21
WEMPEC
Typical controller structure

Flux vector
+ Vac
1
+
Flux
command
PWM
Converter
and
LC Filter
Flux
Regulator
Vo
Vi
Flux
feedback
1
i
Vi
IL
3 Jan 2001
It
Ls
Vo
It
Vac
GV 22
WEMPEC
Key control variables

Magnitude and Phase angle
Modulation input
z Inverter output
z Filter inductor current output
z Capacitor voltage output
z
3 Jan 2001
GV 23
WEMPEC
Key control variables
m(t ) = m(t ) e
jm ( t )
vi (t ) = vi (t ) e
jvi ( t )
iL (t ) = iL (t ) e
jiL ( t )
vo (t ) = vo (t ) e
jvo ( t )
Instantaneous phase quantities are projections of the

rotating vectors on appropriate axes
3 Jan 2001
GV 24
WEMPEC
Dynamic Equations
d
L iL = vdc m cos(m iL ) vo cos(vo iL )
dt
d
L iL
iL = vdc m sin(m iL ) vo sin(vo iL )
dt
vo
d
C vo = iL cos(iL vo )
dt
R
vo
d
C vo vo = iL sin(iL vo )
dt
R
3 Jan 2001
GV 25
WEMPEC
Steady state operating condition

0 = Vdc M cos(M I L ) Vo cos(Vo I o )
L I L = Vdc M sin(M I L ) Vo sin(Vo I L )
0 = I L cos(I L Vo )
Vo
R
C Vo = I L sin(I L Vo )
3 Jan 2001
Vo
R
GV 26
WEMPEC
Steady state operating condition

0 = Vdc M cos( miL ) Vo cos voiL
L I L = Vdc M sin miL Vo sin voiL
0 = I L cos iL vo
Vo
R
C Vo = I L sin iLvo
Vo
R
Classical phasor solution

3 Jan 2001
GV 27
WEMPEC
Small signal model at operating point

x&= Ax + Bu
y = Ex + Fu

IL
A=
Vo
RC I L

I
L
3 Jan 2001
I L
0
~
u= m
Vo
LR I L
C Vo
2
IL L
Vo
1
RC
1
RC
Vo
2
C Vo
2
IL L
2
Vo
2
LR I L
Vo
1
RC
~
iL
~
i
x = ~L
v
o
~
vo
Vdc cos miL
L
V sin
dc
miL
B=
L IL
GV 28
WEMPEC
Transfer function
z
Magnitude of modulation to output voltage

60
MG(f k)
40
20
0
10
1 .10
100
1 .10
1 .10
fk
0
AG( f k) 90
180
10
1 .10
100
fk
3 Jan 2001
GV 29
WEMPEC
Perturbations in time domain

200
Voac( t , 1000 )
Voa ( t , 1000 )
200
10
t 1000
50
Ioa( t , 1000 )
Ioac( t , 1000 )
50
10
t 1000
3 Jan 2001
GV 30
WEMPEC
Vectors on the Complex Plane

300
200
100
Im( Vocomplex( t , 1000 ) )
0
100
200
300
300
200
100
100
200
300
Re( Vocomplex( t , 1000 ) )
60
Output current complex vector

40
20
Im( Iocomplex( t , 500 ) )
0
20
40
60
60
40
20
20
40
60
Re ( Iocomplex( t , 500 ) )
3 Jan 2001
GV 31
WEMPEC
Properties of the dynamic model

Eigen frequencies of small signal model
313.396 + 629.17i
313.396 629.17i
313.396 + 509.17i
313.396 509.17i
3 Jan 2001
Eigen frequencies of LC filter

(incl. damping effects)
= 569 Hz
Excitation frequency
= 60 Hz
GV 32
WEMPEC
Dynamic interaction issues

z
z
z
z
z
z
z
3 Jan 2001
Angle input to output transfer functions

Cross coupling transfer functions
Selection of controllers and tuning
Outer loop effects (Real and reactive power,
droop, etc.)
Frequency synchronization
Interactions between multiple parallel units
EMI filter interactions
GV 33
WEMPEC
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
3 Jan 2001
Summary
Inverter modeling important aspect of

microgrid design
Stiff dc bus with adequate storage
decouples prime mover dynamics
Inverter dynamic model based on rotating
vectors
Model reduces to phasor model at steady
state
Small signal model properties outlined
Various transfer functions can be
determined, (esp. angle and frequency)
Extend and integrate into system models
GV 34
Operation and Control of

Micro-Grids
Robert H. Lasseter
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Micro-grid concept assumes:

Large clusters of micro-sources and
storage systems
Close to loads with possible CHP
applications
Customer Quality of Power
Presented to the grid as a single
controllable unit (load & source)
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Solid state breaker

Generation & storage
Motor Loads
Micro Grid
open
13.8 kV
480V
480V
6
5
8
M5
M8
R.H.Lasseter
480V
9
M9
PSERC
Control of P &Q using PWM

Inverters
Vinv
Inverter
P p 0
Q Vinv
Vinv
0
R.H.Lasseter
E
PSERC
Basic P Q Controller
Va
V
Vc
E
Ec
v
Flux
Vector
Calculator
v o
Inverter
Flux
Vector
Control
Flux
Vector
Calculator
Ea
Eb
Ec
R.H.Lasseter
Po
Ib
c
Switch
P o
Ia
I
Inverter r
P&Q
Calculation
P _
_
Q
p-i
P o
p-i
v o
Qo
PSERC
Basic P & Q Response
Current
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Micro Grid connected to T/D Grid

Micro-Sources Provide
Control of local bus voltage
Control of base power flow
Fast Load tracking is provided by the grid
Micro Grid: Dispatchable load to the grid
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Micro Grid
P control
V control of 8 & 9
13.8 kV
480V
480V
6
5
8
M5
M8
R.H.Lasseter
480V
9
M9
PSERC
P V controller
8 on
Bus 8
9 on
Bus 9
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Isolated Micro Grid

Issues
Instantaneous power balance
Use storage on dc bus
Storage on the ac bus
Include rotating machines in Micro-grid
Load Sharing
Frequency Control
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Island System
P ~ Sin(12)
V2 / 2
L2 Increase L 2
R.H.Lasseter
V/
1 1
L1
PSERC
P ~ Sin(12)
0
V1
0 > 1 > 2
V2
2
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Frequency Droop
P02
P01
min
P
P2max P1max
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Power Droop
i (t) = 0 mi (Pc,i Pi (t))
+
+
s
_
k"
s
Pc
_
m
1
s
_
k'
p-i
P o
Po
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
P V Controller with Droop
E0
Eo
+
_
Flux
Vector
Calculation
I
o
Po
R.H.Lasseter
Q E
P&Q
Calculation
p-i
vo
Inverter
Flux
v Vector
Control
P
Power with droop
Po
PSERC
Island
Micro Grid
Solid state breaker

Generation & storage
Motor Loads
open
13.8 kV
480V
480V
Non-critical Loads
6
5
8
M5
M8
Critical Loads
R.H.Lasseter
480V
9
M9
Critical Loads
PSERC
Voltage on Buses 8 & 9
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Injected P & Q Buses 8 & 9
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Frequency Droop
P02
P01
min
P
P2max P1max
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Frequency Hz
Frequency at bus 8
Time seconds
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Sensitive loads
(Quality & Service)
Power Quality is the attribute of

electric power which enables
utility customers electrical and
electronic equipment to operate
as intended
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Voltage Sensitivity
5-10 cycles
150
100
CBEMA
Type 1
50
Type
2
CBEMA
0
1 0 -1 100
R.H.Lasseter
101
102
103
DurUniversity-of-Wisconsin
at ion ( 6 0 Hz Cy c les)
PSERC
Shunt current injection

Restored Voltage
Voltage Sag
1.0
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
injected current
Critical Load
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Premium Power Micro Source
Power Power Source

UPS
Voltage control
unbalance
frequency
R.H.Lasseter
AC
DC
DC
DC
PSERC
Voltage Sag Regulator

-*
Vs=0
V
d
dq
abc
-
Negative component
V
c
V
s
PID
V
q
dq-
s
V
dq
V
+
V
dq
V
s
abc
+*
Inverter
+
V
c
d
abc
dq-
dq+
PID
+
V
q
dq+
dq
abc
Positive component
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Inverter Response to SLG
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Micro Grids & Premium Power

Generation Close to loads
Local reliability
Possible CHP applications
Premium Power
UPS functions
Back-up service
Custom Power functions
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC
Research Needs
1. Clear interfaces/functions to the
Grid
2. Micro-Grid protection
3. Plug & play controls
4. Placement tools including CHP.
R.H.Lasseter
PSERC

Microgrid Tutorial

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Microgrid Tutorial

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HICSS-34

mGrid Operation and Control

University of Wisconsin and Georgia Institute of Technology

Micro-Grid Operation and Control

Power Generation Applications

70kW Micro turbine

Air foil bearings

Fuel cell System

Automotive Influence on Fuel Cell

Fuel cell buses

Car Fuel Cells must be under

Ballard PEM Fuel Cell

7 kW Plug Power System

PEM Fuel Cells

Factors Impacting Grid

Synchronous - hydro, engine-driven

Low power < 100 kw

Micro Source Dynamics

Inverter P-Q response

Load Tracking Problem

Instantaneous power balance

Quality of Power Perspectives

There are less than four

interruptions per year

There are about 10-15

Micro-grid concept assumes:

Load Control using a

Control P set point

mGrid Operation and Control

The mGRID Concept Distribution System Backbone

Distribution System Backbone Issues

Let-Go Current (Milliamperes) - RMS

Fibrillating Current (mA RMS)

The Electrocution Parameters

Applicable Standards (IEEE & IEC):

Earth Current / GPR / Worst Case Condition

Grounding and Bonding

Impact on End User

Lightning Caused Voltage Sags, Swells and Outages

Lightning Caused Voltage Sags, Swells and

Voltage Sags & Swells and Grounding

Voltage Sags & Swells During a Ground Fault

Transmission Line Voltage & Current Profile

Program IGS - Form CODE_102A

Statistical Distribution of Voltage Sags/Swells

Probabilistic Approach to Power Quality

Design Options for PQ Enhancement

Maximum Overvoltage (pu)

Resonance Between the

Cases of Stuck Pole

Capacitive/Inductive Impedance Ratio

Harmonic Resonance Has

System May Be Vulnerable

When Problem is Known,

Positive Sequence Frequency Scan at Bus BUS70/ P

Frequency Scan At 2-Node Port: BUS70_A to BUS70_N

Pro gram WinIGS - Fo rm FSCAN_RES

Pro gram WinIGS - Fo rm FSCAN_RES

SAIFI: System Average Interruption Frequency Index

Total Number of Customer Interruptions per Year

SAIDI: System Average Interruption Duration Index

Total Number of Customer Interruptions Durations per Year

CAIDI: Customer Average Interruption Duration Index

Total Number of Customer Interruption Durations per Year