Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

DOI 10.1007/s00348-016-2139-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Dynamic responses ofasymmetric vortices overslender bodies

toa rotating tip perturbation
BaoFengMa1 YuHuang1 XueYingDeng1

Received: 17 October 2015 / Revised: 3 February 2016 / Accepted: 9 February 2016 / Published online: 30 March 2016
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Abstract The dynamic responses of asymmetric vortices over a slender body to a rotating tip perturbation were
investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel. A small rotating nose with an artificial micro-perturbation on the nose
tip was driven by a servomotor with various rates to change
azimuthal locations of tip perturbation. Wall pressures and
spatial velocity fields were measured using pressure scanner and particle image velocimetry based on a phase-locked
method. The results show that the spinning tip perturbation enables asymmetric vortices to exhibit significantly
dynamic characteristics different from a case with a static
perturbation. The orientations of asymmetric vortices and
associated side forces show apparent phase delay that are
enlarged with increasing rotational rates of the nose. The
switching rates of asymmetric vortices among various orientations also increase with the rotational rates increasing,
but asymmetry level of vortices is lowered, which reveals
that the asymmetric vortices change requires an amount of
time to switch from one orientation to another. The phase
delays of vortices, however, are determined by the amount
of time required for the propagation of disturbance waves
along a body axis. As the rotational frequencies are sufficiently high, the orientations of vortices almost hold to
be unchanged. The unchanged orientation of vortices is
asymmetric, depending on the directions of rotation. The
asymmetric vortices arising from high-frequency rotation
of the nose are attributed to wall effects induced by the
rotating nose with a finite length. In addition, there exist
small intrinsic vortex oscillations which are superimposed

* BaoFeng Ma
bfma@buaa.edu.cn
1

MinistryofEducation Key Laboratory ofFluid Mechanics,

Beihang University, 100191Beijing, China

on the average vortex structures with symmetric and asymmetric orientations for the cases of static and rotational tip
perturbations.

1Introduction
It has long been recognized that a slender body of revolution can produce time-averaged asymmetric vortices at high
angles of attack (AOAs), even without sideslip. Previous
research (Lamont 1982; Moskovitz etal. 1989; Zilliac etal.
1991; Degani and Tobak 1992; Bridges and Hornung 1994;
Chen etal. 2002) revealed that development of asymmetric vortices is significantly influenced by tip irregularities.
Tip irregularities, probably arising from manufacturing tolerance, will cause the orientations of asymmetric vortices
to change alternatively with the rotation of an axisymmetric slender body around the body axis. This phenomenon,
called Roll angle effect, can also be generated by rotating
only a small rotatable nose in the front of the fore body.
The change in asymmetric vortices with orientation of
the nose tip is ascribed to vortex sensitivity to tip irregularities. If far from the tip, the effect of these irregularities
will sharply be reduced. Tip irregularities were also commonly seen as perturbations, because most of the views on
the onset of asymmetric vortices are that asymmetric vortices over slender bodies are caused by flow instability (see
review paper by Bridge 2010), although this theory has not
been proven theoretically by stability analysis. Numerical
simulations (Degani and Schiff 1991; Levy etal. 1996)
revealed that the vortex pair over the fore body is symmetric in an absolutely axisymmetric slender body and that
adding geometric perturbation to the tip is vital to producing asymmetric vortices. Degani etal. called this phenomenon convective instability. Strictly speaking, the term

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convective instability holds only upon the assumption of

parallel flow (Schmid and Henningson 2001), while vortex
flows around slender bodies at high incidences are strongly
non-parallel. Therefore, it is more suitable by calling this
phenomenon spatial flow instability where the flow perturbation caused by tip irregularities will grow spatially
downstream, like a noise amplifier. If AOAs are increased
further and become very high, the asymmetric vortex flows
will also be able to exhibit apparent oscillations due to
global flow instability (Ma and Liu 2014; Ma etal. 2014).
Bernhardt and Williams (1998) were among the first to
demonstrate in experiments that perturbation energy of
flow over slender bodies would grow downstream along the
body axis with a finite speed. Recently, Zhu etal. (2015)
measured the initial growth of flow asymmetry around the
nose tip using particle image velocimetry and revealed
that the formation mechanism of initial vortex asymmetry
caused by tip imperfections.
Some experiments also showed that artificial perturbations on a nose tip (Moskovitz etal. 1989; Zilliac etal. 1991;
Chen etal. 2002) or a nose tip with elliptic cross sections
(Bridges and Hornung 1994) result in more regular experimental results. In experiments, an absolute axisymmetric
nose tip is impossible to obtain due to machining tolerance. Consequently, natural tip irregularities from tolerance
are distributed randomly on different models, causing poor
repeatability of experimental results by different researchers, even when using models with the same shape. An artificial tip perturbation could suppress inherent irregularities
on a nose tip and dominate the development of asymmetric
vortices, thereby ensuring reproducibility of results.
The tip sensitivity of asymmetric vortices has been
exploited to manage forebody vortex flows for suppressing or controlling side forces and yawing moments (Fidler
1981; Modi and Stewartf 1992; Maynes and Gebert 1995;
Bernhardt and Williams 1998; Ming and Gu 2006; Liu
etal. 2008; Porter etal. 2014) as well as suppressing wing
rock induced by forebody vortices (Ng etal. 1994; Deng
etal. 2011). In order to implement the flow control, the
relationship between tip perturbations and responses of vortex flows needs to be determined. Most of existing research
focuses on static responses of asymmetric vortices to stationary tip perturbations. Very limited experiments were
conducted to study dynamic effects of asymmetric vortices.
To date, only Bernhardt and Williams (1998) measured the
propagation speed of flow asymmetry downstream along a
body axis. However, the dynamic characteristics of asymmetric vortices are important, which can influence the
response speed of the vortex system as controllable tip perturbations are varied. In this paper, the dynamic responses
of asymmetric vortices to varying tip perturbations were
investigated in experiments using a rotating nose with an
artificial tip perturbation.

13

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

In previous studies, a rotating nose with or without

a small strake has been used to suppress the side forces
induced by forebody asymmetric vortices (Fidler 1981;
Modi and Stewartf 1992; Maynes and Gebert 1995). These
studies indicated that the side forces can be reduced, but
not be eliminated completely. Meanwhile, the reduction
in side forces can exist only in a range of spinning rates.
Modi and Stewartf (1992) even found in experiments that
the directions of the side forces depend on directions of
rotation of the nose. However, only force measurements
were conducted in these experiments, and no any information on flow fields was presented, so the reasons for these
phenomena are still not clear. Therefore, another objective of the investigation is to evaluate whether the rotating
nose can suppress the side force, exploring associated flow
mechanisms.

2Experimental setup
2.1Wind tunnel andmodel
The experiments were conducted in the wind tunnel of the
Institute of Fluid Mechanics of Beihang University. The
wind tunnel is a low-speed, closed-return tunnel with a
square test section of 1.5m1.5m, turbulence level of
<0.1% and maximum speed of 60m/s. The tunnel can be
run with either open or closed test section, and the open
test section was used in the experiment. The layout of the
experiments is shown in Fig.1a. The wall pressure and spatial vortex wakes were measured using pressure scanner
and particle image velocimetry (PIV) systems, respectively.
The pressure measurements could be sampled by continuous or phase-locked methods, and the PIV was necessarily
conducted by a phase-locked manner.
The experimental model was a pointed ogive-tangent
cylinder with a fineness ratio of 6, manufactured with aluminum, as shown in Fig.1b. The body diameter of the model
was D =200mm, and the shape of the forebody was the
same with the ones in previous studies (Ma etal. 2007, 2015;
Ma and Liu 2014). The angle of attack (AOA) was defined
by the included angle between the airstream direction and
body axis (x-axis). The model has a 35-mm-long rotatable
nose, driven by a small servomotor. The servomotor with
an encoder to record the information of locations, so the
spinning rates and rotational angles can be controlled accurately using a feedback algorithm of proportional integral
differential (PID). The maximum spinning rate was 50rps
(revolutions per second, 50Hz), and the minimum stepping
angle is 0.08. The servomotor can drive the rotating nose
with a tip perturbation to produce periodical disturbance for
asymmetric vortices. Theoretically, the rotatable nose can
be rotated and oscillated, both of which are suitable for the

Page 3 of 16 54

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

laser
camera

(a)
1200
600
35
D=200

x
servo motor
z

AOA

rotating nose-tip

-x/D=3.35 (pressure taps station)

0.

d=
oo

z Rear view

(b)

Rear view

(c)

Fig.1Experimental model. a Model layout in wind tunnel; b model dimensions, in mm (top view from a; Ufreestream velocity, AOA
angle of attack); c a picture for the tip perturbation

investigation, but the small servomotor with a constant rotation can be controlled more easily and accurately than with
an oscillatory manner where acceleration exists. Therefore, a
constant rotation was selected in the investigation to produce
periodic disturbance. An artificial perturbation with a diameter of 0.2mm was placed on the tip in order to suppress
natural irregularities coming from machining tolerance, and
its location was denoted by the azimuthal angle, . The zero
point of was set on the symmetry plane on the windward
side, and the direction of was defined by the right-hand
rule at the body frame of xyz. A picture for the tip perturbation attached on the nose is shown in Fig.1c. The perturbation is a spherical particle and needs to be added very carefully onto the nose tip using glue.
2.2Pressure measurements
A ring of pressure taps was distributed on the model at the
station of x/D =3.35. The surface pressures were integrated to obtain sectional side forces. The ring of pressure
taps consisted of 24 taps totally with an interval of 15
around the body axis, and their locations were denoted by
the azimuthal angle, , as shown in Fig.1b. The zero point

of was located on the windward side, and the clockwise

from rear view was positive. The pressure taps were connected with miniature pressure scanner through soft tubes
with a length of 0.6m. The pressure scanner used is the
ESP-32HD scanner of Pressure System Inc. with 32 channels and an accuracy of 0.5%, and the data acquisition
system is the DTC Initium. The sampling rate of the system was 660Hz, which is enough for continuous sampling
in the experiments. The time interval between channels is
50 s, which was sufficiently fast to ensure nearly synchronous sampling for the total of 32 channels. The surface
pressure was obtained through both a phase-locked method
and continuously in the experiment. As phase-locked sampling was used; the scanner was synchronized by an externally triggering signal from a host computer controlling the
rotating nose. When the nose rotates to any positions for
sampling, the host computer sends a triggering signal to the
pressure scanner and sampling pressures synchronously. If
using continuous sampling, only the initial location of the
tip perturbation at the beginning of sampling needs to be
synchronous.
Since the pressure tubes with finite lengths were used to
measure periodic pressures, inherent response characteristics

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Phase delay / deg

(a)

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

0
-20
-40

A0
A1
A2
A3
A4

-60
-80
-100

pout / pin

(b) 1.5

0.01807
-0.62634
0.00301
-1.0378E-4
4.60606E-7

y= A0+A1x+A2x +A3x +A4x

Experiment
Fitting polynomials

y= A0+A1x+A2x +A3x +A4x

1.4

A0
A1
A2
A3
A4

1.3
1.2
1.1

0.99401
-1.09536E-4
6.33689E-5
5.47361E-7
-8.02268E-9

1.0
0

20

40

60

Input frequency (Hz)

80

100

Fig.2Frequency response of pressure tubing with a length of 0.6m

to input pressure signals of various frequencies. a Phase delay; b
amplitude ratio of output pout to input pin pressure signals

of airflow inside the pressure tubes can influence the results.

If the tubes are too long, unsteady pressure signals will be
attenuated significantly when transmitting to the pressure
transducers. If they are too short, the pressure signals can
be amplified due to air resonance. Hence, the frequency
responses of the pressure tubes used needed to be determined. A device was specifically designed to measure the
frequency responses of the tubing with various lengths (see
Ma etal. 2014 for the schematic diagram of the measuring
system). The pressure scanner was placed at the rear end of
the model, to ensure that the all of pressure tubes were 0.6m
long. The response characteristics of the tubing with a length
of 0.6m to pressure signals with varying frequencies are
shown in Fig.2. The horizontal axis represents frequencies
of pressure signals at the input end of the tubing, and the vertical axis in Fig.2a denotes phase delays of output pressure
signals relative to input signals; the vertical axis in Fig.2b
denotes amplitude ratios of output to input signals (pout/pin).
The results show that both phase delays and amplitudes of
output pressure increase with increasing frequencies of input
pressure signals. In order to enable the frequency response
data of the tubing to correct the results of dynamic pressure
measurements, the experimental data were fitted into analytic formula using fourth-order polynomials for the phase
delays and amplitude ratios, respectively. The maximum fitting error at experimental data points is 0.5% for amplitude
ratios and 0.3% for the phase delays.
2.3Phaselocked PIV
A phase-locked PIV measurement was conducted to obtain
vortex flow fields. The snapshot section of the PIV measurements was x/D=3.35, which was the same with the

13

station of the pressure measurements. The PIV system

was a Dantec PIV with dual 350mJ Nd:YAG lasers. Airflow was seeded with micro-sized oil particles generated
by an atomizer and vegetable oil. The oil particles were
illuminated by a sheet of 3-mm-thick laser light. The laser
sheet is perpendicular to the body axis (x-axis). Images
were taken using a Hisense 4M digital camera (12 bit,
20482048 pixels). The FlowManager software of Dantec was used for PIV data processing. Image pairs were
correlated to obtain particle displacement and, then, velocity fields. The 3232 pixel interrogation windows were
used with a 25% window overlap, and the associated grid
size was g =5.2mm (g/D =0.026). The PIV measurement needed to be synchronously sampled with the rotating
nose by an external triggering signal. Considering that the
PIV sampling rate of only up to 7.5Hz was lower, however, phase-locked measurements were taken to obtain
the instantaneous vortex structures for various azimuthal
angles of the tip perturbation.
2.4Experimental conditions
The freestream speed in the experiment was 10m/s for
pressure and PIV measurements, and the corresponding
Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter D of the
body was 1.34105 (kinematic viscosity coefficient is
1.49105, determined from the freestream temperature).
At the Reynolds number, the boundary layers around the
slender body exhibit laminar separation where the boundary layers remain laminar before separation (Lamont 1982;
Ma etal. 2007). The AOA was fixed at 50 where asymmetric vortices are fully developed.
2.5Measurement precisions
The pressure and PIV measurements belong to dynamic
measurements as the nose rotating, because the flows will
be unsteady. The unsteady flows mainly come from the
rotation of the nose, but intrinsic unsteadiness of the vortex
flows over slender bodies also exists at the present AOA,
such as slight vortex fluctuations or turbulent eddies in free
shear layers and vortex cores, although it is probably weak
(Ma etal. 2014; Ma and Liu 2014). These small unsteady
fluctuations will be attributed to uncertainties as evaluating
the precision of phase-averaged results, while the reliability of instantaneous results will be guaranteed by the accuracy of measuring instruments. If the standard deviation of
transient data is defined by , and the one of average data
is defined by m, the relation between both them according

to statistical theory of error is m = / n (n is sampling

numbers).
The precision of average results has been evaluated
for phase-locked PIV and pressure measurements at

Page 5 of 16 54

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

3Results

(a) 1.5

0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5

(b)

Cymin
0

60

120

180

/o

240

300

360

1.0
0.5

3.1Mean side forces andpressure distributions

0.0
-0.5

Cp

The results of pressure measurements at x/D=3.35 with

statically varying azimuthal angle of the tip perturbation
are shown in Fig.3. The sectional side force coefficients
coming from pressure integration are regular and exhibited
double-cyclic patterns with changing the tip perturbation,
as depicted in Fig.3a. The variation of the side forces is
attributed to the switching of orientations of asymmetric vortices. The changing of vortices between two nearly
mirror-imaged orientations is also called a bi-stable state,
and the bi-stability is essentially a time-averaged phenomenon as revealed by previous studies. In order to define
conveniently amplitudes of variations of side forces in the
following, the maximum positive value is denoted as Cymax,
and the minimum minus value is Cymin.
Previous experiments (Lamont 1982; Moskovitz etal.
1989; Zilliac etal. 1991; Degani and Tobak 1992; Bridges
and Hornung 1994; Chen etal. 2002; Ming and GU 2006;
Ma etal. 2007) and numerical simulations (Degani and
Schiff 1991) have shown the double-cyclic pattern, in
which there exist four azimuthal angles of tip perturbation
roughly at 0, 90, 180 and 270 where the vortices will
change their orientations, However, it should be noted that
although the double-cyclic pattern has been confirmed in
experiments, it is still not clear why the side forces exhibit
the double-cyclic pattern with variation of tip perturbation.
It is understandable for the vortices switching their orientations near =0 and 180, because the azimuthal angles of
=0 and 180 locate at symmetry plane, while the cases
for =90 and 270 are not so intuitive. Actually, the
orientations of asymmetric vortices depend on the microasymmetries of flows near the nose tip caused by geometric
micro-perturbations. As long as the variation of the tip perturbation can change flow orientations around the nose tip,

Cymax

1.0

Cy

AOA=50, with azimuthal angle of perturbation =45,

and the spinning rate of 1, 6, 15 and 35Hz. The maximum
relative standard deviation in 24 pressure taps was 3.2% for
fifty phase-locked pressure measurements. In phase-locked
PIV measurements, the average relative standard deviation
in velocity fields was 3.1% for ten snapshots. Fifty phaselocked values for pressure and ten for PIV measurements
were averaged to obtain final results. More samplings were
also tried to average the results, and the results were nearly
the same. In addition, for the pressure measurements with a
static tip perturbation, one thousand sampling points with a
sampling rate of 100Hz were acquired for each location of
tip perturbation in order to analyze unsteady characteristics
of vortices.

-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0

60

120

180

240

300

/ o
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345
360

360

Fig.3Static variations of a mean sectional side force coefficients

Cy = Fy/0.5v2 (Fy is sectional side force) and b pressure distributions with azimuthal angle of tip perturbation

the vortices downstream will vary accordingly. An analysis

of spatial stability probably needs to be conducted in order
to solve this problem theoretically. Additionally, it is also
not validated whether the so-called bi-stable state of asymmetric vortices is a real bi-stable state in theory or simply
the results of nonlinear saturation of the vortex development downstream owing to finite amplitude perturbation,
although the existing experimental evidence more supports
the latter.
The asymmetric pressure distributions corresponding to
the sectional side forces are shown in Fig.3b, which indicates the boundary layers around the slender body exhibit
typical laminar separation. Laminar boundary layers have
weak ability to overcome adverse pressure gradients and,
thus, will separate earlier. After separation, the associated
pressure distribution becomes a plateau. The static results
are in good agreement with those in previous studies using
the models with the same shape (Chen etal. 2002; Ma etal.
2007).

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Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

the amplitude becomes slightly larger. The larger side

forces relative to a static case are repeatable at repeated
tests, so it is a real dynamic phenomenon. One possible
explanation about this is that the vortex system has an
intrinsic response frequency similar to a natural frequency
of a spring, so the amplitude will increase due to resonance as the frequencies of external actuation approach to
the intrinsic frequency. Up to 40Hz, the amplitude of side
forces has reduced to 9.2% of the static case. Figure5 also
shows that the corrections in amplitude are small relative to
the measured values.
Figure 6 shows the variations of time-averaged side
forces under clockwise and counterclockwise rotation, and
the variations of peak values of side forces are also presented. The mean values start to apparently increase as rotational rates are more than 7Hz. At the present experiment,
1.50
1.25

0.5(Cymax-Cymin)

The sectional side force coefficients with various rotational rates of the rotating nose are shown in Fig.4. The
clockwise rotation at a rear view is taken as a positive
direction. In the following, if no special statements, the
rotational direction means clockwise. Figure4 shows the
measured pressure data with continuous sampling, and the
results have been corrected in amplitude and phase angles
using the formula in Fig.2. It should be noted that the side
forces change two cycles as the tip perturbation rotates one
cycle, so the rotational frequencies needed to be multiplied
by two as the data were corrected. The corrected side forces
are almost the same with the measured ones, indicating that
the alterations of amplitudes and phase angles owing to
pressure tubing are relatively little.
As the rotational rates are <2Hz, the patterns of side
forces are similar to the static one in Fig.3b and still
exhibit quasi-square-wave patterns, just with smaller
amplitude. With increasing rotational frequencies, the side
forces are reduced continuously in amplitude, and beyond a
rotational rate of 35Hz, the amplitude has been attenuated
significantly, until almost unchanged. Furthermore, as the
rotational rates are more than 6Hz, the patterns of quasisquare-waves cannot be remained for side forces. The side
force is a good indicator of asymmetry level of vortices.
The unchanged side forces indicate that the orientations of
asymmetric vortices cannot vary with the tip perturbation
any more. Figure4 also reveals that the time-averaged side
forces gradually are enlarged from zero with increasing
rotational rates. The variation of side forces in amplitude
and mean values is illustrated more clearly in Figs.5 and 6
with more rotational frequencies.
One half of peak-to-peak values of side forces was used
to represent the amplitude of side forces. The whole trend
of the amplitude is being smaller with increasing rotational
frequencies with an exception of the case with 1Hz where

raw data
Corrected

1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00

10

40

1.2

1.0

Counterclockwise
Cy mean
Cy max
Cy min

Clockwise
Cy mean
Cy max
Cy min

1.8

0.6

0.5
0.0

Cy

Cy

30

Fig.5Variation of amplitude of side forces with rotational rates

1.5

rps

-0.5

1 hz
2 hz
6 hz
15 hz
35 hz

-1.0
-1.5

20

rps (hz)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Time (s)

Fig.4Variation of sectional side forces with time at various rotational rates (rps is revolutions per second), measured by a continuous
sampling. Corrected results by formula in Fig.2

13

0.0

rps (hz)
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-0.6
-1.2
-1.8

Fig.6Variation of side forces with rotational rates (Cymeanmean

side forces; Cymaxmaximum side forces; Cyminminimum side
forces)

Page 7 of 16 54

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

the rotational rates can reach to 40Hz in maximum owing

to the limit of the servomotor power. If the rotational rates
are increased further, it can be reasonable to expect that
the mean side forces will likely continue to increase up to
the maximum values in the static case, although the amplitude probably eventually reduced to approach zero. One
interesting phenomenon can also be seen in Fig.6, where
the mean side forces will change to negative values as the
rotating nose takes a counterclockwise rotation, which indicates that orientations of asymmetric vortices depend on
rotational directions of the rotating nose. Figures4, 5 and 6
also indicate that the rotating nose with a tip perturbation
cannot eliminate the side forces, but can reduce the magnitude. The maximum side forces are reduced by 31% relative to the static one.
Besides the amplitude and mean values, phase angles of
side forces are also influenced greatly by dynamic effects
arising from the rotating tip perturbation. The cases in
lower frequencies are shown in Fig.7a in order to illustrate
more clearly the variation of phase shifts, and the data have
been corrected. The pressures for obtaining the side forces
were measured by a phase-locked method. The results show
that the square-wave curves of side forces corresponding to
various azimuthal locations of the tip perturbation exhibit
significant phase delays with increasing rotational rates.
Figure 7b further presents quantitatively the magnitude
of phase shifts of side forces shown in Fig.7a, including
the data before and after corrected. The phase shifts were
calculated by comparing zero points of side forces at horizontal axis with the static case. The averaged value of four
zero points for each case was taken as a final phase shift.
Comparing the measured and corrected phase shifts, it
can be seen that corrections in phase are relatively small.
Although Fig.2 shows that the phase corrections are larger
at higher frequencies, the real phase shift of side forces

also increases at higher frequencies. As a result, the corrections will be still small quantities relative to the real phase
shifts at the same frequency. Figure7b also presents estimated phase shifts (x0/Uc) based on a convective velocity
Uc. The Uc is the travel speed of flow disturbance downstream. Bernhardt and Williams (1998) have ever measured
the speed around a slender body with 0.76 at AOA=45
and 0.93 at AOA=55, non-dimensionalized by incoming
velocity. These results indicate that the propagation speed
of disturbance is close to incoming velocity, although specific values probably depend on models and experimental conditions. Therefore, here the incoming velocity is
selected as Uc to estimate phase shifts. The estimated phase
shifts agree well with the experimental values. The results
clearly indicate that the phase shifts mainly come from the
propagation of disturbance with finite speeds.
Typical pressure distributions at various rotational rates
are presented in Fig.8, all of which indicate that boundary
layers are laminar separation. The states of boundary layers identified by pressure distributions have been studied on
the circular cylinders (Roshko 1961, and also see Batchelor
1967) and slender bodies (Lamont 1982; Ma etal. 2007).
The transition of boundary layers will delay separation
points, so altering pressure distributions. Therefore, the
dynamic effects have no influence on the states of boundary
layers. The pressure distributions with 1Hz (Fig.8a) are
similar to the static one (Fig.3b). With increasing rotational
frequencies, the pressure curves change gradually from
scattering to concentrating, indicating that the switching
extent of vortices is decreased, which corresponds to the
variation of side forces. Eventually, as the rotational rates
reach to 35Hz, the pressure curves at various angles of
concentrate totally together, as shown in Fig.8d. Interestingly, the asymmetry orientations of pressure distributions
depend on the rotational directions of the rotating nose, and
(b)

(a)
1.5

100

1.0

Cy

0.5
0.0
rps (hz)
static
0.5 Hz
1.5 Hz
2.5 Hz
3.4 Hz

-0.5
-1.0
-1.5

60

120

180

240

300

360

Fig.7Phase shift of side forces Cy. a Variation of sectional side

forces with at various rotational rates, measured by phase-locked
sampling; b comparison between experimental and estimated

Phase shift (deg)

80
60
40
Phase shift of Cy (raw data)
Phase shift of Cy (corrected)
x0/Uc

20
0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

rps / hz

2.5

3.0

3.5

phase shift (x/Uc =360rps; x0 is the distance from tip to

x/D=3.35; Uc is the incoming velocity)

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0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345

0.5
0.0

Cp

-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0

60

120

180

240

300

0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345

0.5
0.0

Cp

-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5

60

120

180

240

300

0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345

0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0

/o

/o

1.0
0.5

360

(c) 1.0

-3.0

(b)

Cp

/o

1.0

(d)

60

120

180

240

300

360

/o

1.0

0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345

0.5
0.0
-0.5

Cp

(a)

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0

360

60

120

180

(e)

240

300

360

/o

1.0

0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
345

0.5
0.0

Cp

-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0

60

120

180

240

300

360

/o
Fig.8Pressure distributions with various rotational rates, Cp=p/0.5v2 (p denotes wall pressure). a 1Hz, b 6Hz, c 15Hz, d 35Hz, e 35Hz

for a counterclockwise rotation, the pressure distributions

are reversed (Fig.8e).
3.2Phaseaveraged PIV results
Phase-averaged PIV snapshots at the section of
x/D=3.35 are shown in Figs.9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14
for the rotating nose with various rotational rates. The z
component of two velocity components was subtracted a
minor quantity of 1.5m/s from to more clearly demonstrate
the streamlines of vortices in all figures at this section. PIV
snapshots with static tip perturbations are first presented in

13

Fig. 9, corresponding to eight typical locations of the tip

perturbation. As azimuthal angle of tip perturbations is
=0, the vortex pair over the slender body is symmetric, the induced side force is also zero (Fig.3). As =45
and 225, the right vortex in the vortex pair reaches to the
furthest position from the body, and as =135 and 315,
the left vortex reaches the furthest. The vortex pair switches
cyclically between the two mirror-imaged orientations.
However, the orientations of vortices are extremely sensitive to transitional azimuthal angles between two orientations. It can be seen that except for =0, the vortex pair
is not fully symmetric at =90, 180 and 270, although

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

Page 9 of 16 54

Fig.9Phase-averaged PIV results with static tip perturbation, rear view. Tip perturbation locations: a =0; b =45; c =90; d =135;
e =180; f =225; g =270; h =315

Fig.10Phase-averaged PIV results with a rotational rate of 1Hz, rear view. Tip perturbation locations: a =0; b =45; c =90;
d =135; e =180; f =225; g =270; h =315

it should be symmetric theoretically at these locations.

Actually, the symmetric vortices at =0 were obtained
by adjusting slightly azimuthal angles of the rotating nose
for several times. By doing this, the zero point of azimuthal
angles was determined at the beginning of testing.
As the rotational rate is rps=1Hz, the vortices still
switch back and forth between two orientations with the

nose rotating, but apparent phase delays have occur, as

shown in Fig.10. At =0, the vortex pair still remains
the preceding orientation due to time hysteresis, exhibiting
apparent asymmetry relative to the static case. By contrast,
at =45, the vortices are almost symmetric instead due
to the phase shift. The vortices at =135 and at =315
also have smaller asymmetric level.

13


54
Page 10 of 16

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

Fig.11Phase-averaged PIV results with a rotational rate of 6Hz, rear view. Tip perturbation locations: a =0; b =45; c =90;
d =135; e =180; f =225; g =270; h =315

Fig.12Phase-averaged PIV results with a rotational rate of 15Hz, rear view. Tip perturbation locations: a =0; b =45; c =90;
d =135; e =180; f =225; g =270; h =315

With rps=6Hz, the asymmetry level of vortices has

started to be reduced apparently, and the vortices exhibit
greater phase delays than the case with the rotation of 1Hz,
as shown in Fig.11. The vortex system, however, becomes
more complicated owing to dynamic switching of vortex
orientations, and the vortex patterns exhibit a three-vortex structure at any azimuthal angles . The multi-vortex

13

structure is a typical pattern over slender bodies (see Chen

etal. 2002; Ma and Liu 2014), but for the present body, the
measurement section is located at a two-vortex region for
the static case. Therefore, the dynamic effects result in the
third vortex downstream to move forwards.
As rps reaches to 15Hz, the asymmetry level of vortices
has been reduced greatly, and the phase-averaged vortices

Page 11 of 16 54

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

Fig.13Phase-averaged PIV results with a rotational rate of 35Hz, rear view. Tip perturbation locations: a =0; b =45; c =90;
d =135; e =180; f =225; g =270; h =315

Fig.14Phase-averaged PIV results with a rotational rate of 35Hz (minus sign denotes counterclockwise rotation), rear view. Tip perturbation
locations: a =0; b =45; c =90; d =135; e =180; f =225; g =270; h =315

has also become asymmetric, and the vortex patterns still

vary but around an asymmetric average orientation
As rps reaches to 35Hz, the vortex orientations are
almost unchanged, remaining a fixed asymmetric pattern,
but the asymmetric orientations are dependent on rotational
directions of the nose, as shown in Figs.13 and 14, which
is in accordance with the variations of the side forces and
pressure distributions as mentioned above.

3.3Dynamics ofthe vortices

The average results on the vortex behaviors have been
presented above, and some interesting phenomena were
shown. However, absolutely steady flows are very few,
especially in experiments. From a perspective of fundamental research, the mean results are unable to reveal all
behaviors of vortices, and more importantly, time-averaged

13


54
Page 12 of 16

13

(a) 1.5
1.2
0.9

Cy*

0.6

/o

0.3

0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315

0.0
-0.3
-0.6
-0.9
-1.2
-1.5

Time (s)

10

(b) 15
St=0.06

Manitude

12
9
6

St=0.33

3
0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.0

0.2

0.4

St

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.6

0.8

1.0

(c) 15
12

Manitude

symmetric flows are likely caused by statistical averaging

so that large-scaled unsteadiness is probably neglected, as
revealed by Grandemange etal. (2012). Therefore, this subsection will present unsteadiness of the vortices under the
conditions of static and rotational perturbations in order to
make the investigation more complete.
Figure 15 shows time histories of instantaneous sectional side forces at static tip perturbation with various
azimuthal angles. The wall pressures integrated for side
forces were acquired continuously by a rate of 100Hz, and
phase-locked sampling is not needed owing to the static
perturbation. The instantaneous side force is denoted by
Cy* in order to distinguish them from the mean side forces
in Fig.3a, and accordingly, the instantaneous pressure is
denoted by Cp*. It can been seen that the side forces all
exhibit slight fluctuations around certain mean values,
which depend on azimuthal angles of perturbation, and
the mean values correspond to the average side forces in
Fig.3a. The frequency spectra of the fluctuations are shown
in Fig.15a for =0 and Fig.15b for =45. The frequency spectrum with =0 has two apparent peaks in
which the dimensionless dominant frequency is 0.06
(St=fD/U, f-frequency), while the one with 0.33 should
be the harmonic frequency of the dominant frequency.
However, the frequency spectrum with =45 has no particularly apparent dominant frequency but exhibit several
isolated peaks with similar magnitudes. The frequency of
0.06 in Fig.15a is close to the frequency for vortex oscillations found in previous studies (Ma and Liu 2014, Ma
etal. 2014). In Ma and Liu (2014) and Ma etal. (2014), the
tip perturbation was fixed at =45 in which the results
showed that there was no big vortex fluctuations and associated dominant frequencies of side forces until AOAs are
more than 65. The present results are consistent with the
previous ones with =45, but for =0 where average vortices are symmetric, the present results seem implying that vortices can also exhibit regular oscillations even
at AOA=50 although the amplitude is much lower. For
other cases of with asymmetric average vortices, frequency spectra are similar to the case with =45.
In order to further explore the reasons for the fluctuations of side forces, instantaneous pressure distributions
are presented in Fig.16, which can provide information
about behaviors of average symmetric and asymmetric
vortices. Figure16a shows the standard deviations (STD)
of instantaneous pressure distributions with various azimuthal angles of perturbation. The results clearly indicate that the fluctuations of side forces come from vortex
fluctuations, because the large STDs concentrate under
the vortices for all cases. For average symmetric vortices ( =0) and nearly symmetric vortices ( =90),
the STDs are distributed more uniformly and no apparent peaks, but for average asymmetric vortices, the high

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

9
6
3
0

St

Fig.15Sectional side forces at static tip perturbation. a Time histories of Cy* at various azimuthal angles. b frequency spectrum of Cy*
at =0; c frequency spectrum of Cy* at =45

STDs are concentrated underneath lower vortices with

clear peaks. Figure16b, c further depicts typical instantaneous pressure distributions for symmetric vortices
(=0) and asymmetric vortices (=45), respectively.
In Fig.16b, mirror-imaged curves A and B indicate the
alternate oscillation of vortices, and transient symmetric
vortices also exist, as illustrated by the B curve. The average pressure distribution and vortex orientation are symmetric at =0 as mentioned above in Figs.3b and 9a.

Page 13 of 16 54

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

(a)

0.40

0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315

STD of Cp*

0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10

0.9
0.6

(b)

-0.9
-1.2
-1.5

60

120

180

/o

240

300

10

20

30

40

50

Phase-locked numbers

360

(b) 0.5

1.0
0.4

STD of Cp*

0.0
-0.5

Cp*

0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315

0.0
-0.6

0.5

-1.0

-2.0

A
B
C

-2.5
-3.0

/o

0.3

0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315

0.2
0.1

-1.5

(c)

/o

0.3
-0.3

0.05
0.00

1.5
1.2

/o

0.35

Cy*

(a)

60

120

180

/o

240

300

360

1.0

0.0

60

120

180

240

300

360

Fig.17Instantaneous phase-locked results with a rotational rate of

35Hz. a Variation of sectional side forces Cy* with sequence of
phase-locked measurements at various ; b STD of Cp* distributions
at various

0.5
0.0

Cp*

-0.5
-1.0
-1.5

A
B
C

-2.0
-2.5
-3.0

60

120

180

240

300

360

/o
Fig.16Instantaneous pressures Cp* at static tip perturbation. a STD
of Cp* at various azimuthal angles ; b three instantaneous pressure
distributions at =0; c three instantaneous pressure distributions at
=45

By contrast, in Fig.16c, the pressure distributions indicate that only the lower vortex in the asymmetric vortex
pair oscillates, but the higher vortex is almost unchanged.

Figure 17 shows the instantaneous side forces and

STDs of pressure distributions with rotational perturbation of 35Hz, and the corresponding phase-averaged
PIV results are depicted in Fig.14 above. In this case,
the pressure measures were conducted in a phase-locked
method and the total of 50 points were sampled for each
azimuthal angle of perturbation, . For the phase-locked
cases, fluctuations of results arise from not only natural
flow unsteadiness but also phase-locked accuracies. The
phase-locked accuracy is 0.08 in the experiment, and the
results in Fig.17 indicate that the characteristics of fluctuation under conditions of rotational perturbation are similar
to the case of static perturbation, and no big fluctuations
exist. Figure18 further compares the STDs of Cy* for the
cases with static and rotational perturbations, and it can be
seen that both of them are similar. Therefore, the rotation
of a nose and phase-locked measurements cannot result in
extra fluctuations.
All transient data in this subsection are presented without correcting, because the correcting amount is pretty
small due to the lower frequencies of fluctuations. In terms

13


54
Page 14 of 16

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

0.15

Static
rps=-35 Hz

STD of Cy*

0.12

0.09

0.06

0.03

0.00

60

120

180

240

300

360

Fig.18Standard deviation of instantaneous sectional side force Cy*

(STD)

of the frequencies of St=0.06 (3Hz) and 0.33 (16.5Hz)

shown in Fig.15b, the correcting amounts will be 1.1
and 1.2%, respectively, according to the correcting curve
in Fig.2b. Therefore, the conclusions are the same with or
without correcting.

4Discussion

to switch from one orientation to another one. This can be

understood better in a time domain, as shown in Fig.19, if
the tip perturbation rotates instantly one location (Fig.19a)
to another and then holds there (Fig.19b), the vortices
require the amount of time tc to switch from a high-onleft orientation to a high-on-right orientation. Therefore,
the dynamic responses of the asymmetric vortices to tip
perturbations should be divided into two steps: the propagation of the upstream disturbance waves and the switching of vortex orientations. Since the switching of vortex
orientations needs the amount of time (tc), the vortices
will have no sufficient time to reach maximum asymmetry
like the static case as the geometric tip perturbation varies
quickly. As a result, the asymmetry level of vortices and
induced side forces are reduced.
As the rotational rates are sufficient high, the vortices hold an unchanged asymmetric orientation, and the
unchanged asymmetry level can increase with the rotational
rates increasing, as shown above. This phenomenon can be
attributed to the moving wall effects (Ericsson 1988) produced by the rotating nose with a finite size, as illustrated
in Fig.20. The flow micro-asymmetry coming from the
moving wall can overwhelm the geometric tip perturbation,
dominating the formation of asymmetric vortices. Meanwhile, the moving wall effects depend on the rotational
directions, which agree well with the experimental results.
Based on this, a rotating nose with a finite length can only

4.1Dynamic response ofvortices totip perturbation

The above experimental results indicate that the dynamic
responses of phase-averaged asymmetric vortices to the
rotating tip perturbation exhibit phase delay (phase shift),
reduction in amplitude and asymmetric time-averaged orientations of vortices with increasing rotational frequencies.
The phase delay is mainly attributed to finite rate propagation of disturbance from the tip downstream, which was
revealed first by Bernhardt and Williams (1998) in experiments. However, the reduction in amplitude with increasing rotational rates is unable to be explained only by the
propagation of disturbance along the body axis, which
also depends on the switching rate of vortex orientations
after upstream disturbance wave travels to the measurement section. If the vortices are able to immediately finish
the switching of orientations as the upstream disturbance
waves arrive with a constant speed, the faster rotation of the
nose enables only faster vortex switching, and the asymmetric level of vortices and the amplitude of associated side
forces should not be influenced. The reduced asymmetry
indicates that the asymmetric vortices cannot immediately
respond to the upstream disturbance signals. As the disturbance waves propagate to any locations downstream at
a speed of Uws, the vortices need an amount of time (tc)

13

t c

(a)

(b)

Fig.19Switching of vortex orientations, rear view. a High-on-left

orientation; b high-on-right orientation

(a)

(b)

Fig.20Flow micro-asymmetry around the nose tip owing to moving wall effects of a rotating nose, rear view. a Clockwise rotation; b
counterclockwise rotation

Page 15 of 16 54

Exp Fluids (2016) 57:54

alleviate the side forces induced by asymmetric vortices,

unable to eliminate them, unless the nose is infinitesimal.
4.2Spatial bistability andnatural unsteadiness
It is interesting to compare the present results with flows
around three-dimensional (3D) bluff bodies to better understand dynamics of vortices over slender bodies.
Recently, Grandemange etal. (2013) found an interesting bi-stable flow phenomenon in the wake past a 3D bluff
body where the wake vortices have two stale states, being
able to shift each other with time, and the long time-scaled
vortex shift is superimposed by small oscillations that are
related to the instability of shear layers. If a small cylinder
as a perturbation was put in the wake with various locations,
the average wakes can be symmetric or select either of two
stable states to become asymmetric (Grandemange etal.
2014). This interesting phenomenon holds some similarities
with the present one, because the vortices over slender bodies also have bi-stability and small-scaled oscillations.
However, both of them also have some differences. Firstly,
the present results indicate that two mirror-imaged orientations for slender-body vortices are unable to switch each
other with time if locations of a tip perturbation are fixed,
even the perturbation located at the plane of symmetry. The
reason for this probably lies on the fact that the asymmetry of
slender-body vortices arises from spatial instability where
tip geometric imperfections or perturbations are necessary to
produce asymmetric vortices. As a result, the associated bistability can also be called spatial bi-stability where the
geometric tip perturbation is necessarily slightly deflected
away from the plane of symmetry to make the vortices selecting one from two mirror-imaged states. Previous and present
results all support this conclusion. By contrast, the bi-stability
studied by Grandemange etal. (2013, 2014) can be called
by temporal bi-stability, for which two unstable states are
likely caused by global instability, so initial disturbances
in the flow, e.g., turbulent fluctuations as mentioned by the
authors, can result in the shift of vortices between two states.
However, it should be noted that the statement on the
spatial bi-stability of slender-body vortices should be
limited to the present experimental conditions. In other
conditions, such as various fineness ratios of models and
turbulent levels, new phenomena probably exist, which is
worth studying further in the future.

5Conclusions
The dynamic response of asymmetric vortices over a slender body to a rotating tip perturbation was investigated
experimentally in a wind tunnel. Some conclusions are
drawn as follows:

The spinning tip perturbation enables asymmetric vortices

to exhibit significantly dynamic characteristics different from
a static case. The orientations of phase-averaged asymmetric
vortices and associated side forces show apparent phase delays
that are grown with increasing rotational frequencies. The
switching rates of asymmetric vortices among various orientations increase with the rotational rates increasing, but asymmetry level of vortices is lowered, which reveals that the asymmetric vortices change requires an amount of time switching
from one orientation to another. The phase delays of vortices,
however, are determined by the amount of time required for
the propagation of disturbance waves along a body axis.
As the rotational rates of the rotating nose are sufficiently high, the orientations of vortices almost hold to
be unchanged. The unchanged orientation of vortices is
asymmetric, depending on the directions of noserotation.
The asymmetric orientations with the high-frequency rotation are attributed to wall effects induced by the rotating
nose with a finite length. Therefore, the rotating nose with
a finite length is unable to eliminate completely the side
forces induced by asymmetric vortices.
The results on the dynamics of the vortices indicate that
small intrinsic vortex oscillations exist, which are superimposed on the average vortex structures with symmetric
and asymmetric orientations for the cases of static and rotational tip perturbations.
Acknowledgments The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 11272033.
The authors also thank the anonymous reviewer for suggesting to add
Fig.7b and the results on dynamics of vortices, which is very helpful
to improve the quality of the paper.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict
of interest.

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