Optically

p
y Stimulated Luminescence
(OSL) dosimetry in radiotherapy
Joanna E.Cygler
yg 1 and Eduardo Yukihara2
The Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Canada
2Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
1

The Ottawa
LHopital
Hospital
d
dOttawa
Ottawa
Regional Cancer Centre

Disclosure
The authors have received research
support from Landauer Inc.
Inc

Outline

Principles of OSL dosimetry

OSL readers and stimulation methods
Optically Simulated Luminescence Dosimeters (OSLDs)
Dosimetric characteristics of Al2O3:C OSLDs for
radiotherapy applications

Environmental corrections
Linearity of dose response
Dose-rate dependence
Energy dependence
Directional dependence
Fading
g

Advantages and disadvantages

Clinical dosimetry applications
Summary

OSL dosimetry - Introduction

OSL known for more than 50 years
Widely used in luminescence dating
Highly sensitive Al2O3:C introduced in 90s
Developed for personal dosimetry at
Oklahoma State University

OSL dosimetry - Introduction

Used in the LuxelTM and
InLightTM dosimetry systems
(Landauer Inc.)
>1.5 million users (25% of world
market)
Used in space by NASA
Starting
g to be adopted
p
in
radiotherapy and diagnostic
radiology

LuxelTM (Landauer Inc.)

Introduction to luminescence
dosimetry
EXPOSURE

Radiation

Radiation sensor
(insulating crystal)

Introduction to luminescence
d i t
dosimetry
STORAGE

Introduction to luminescence
d i t
dosimetry
READOUT

Light emission
(e.g., blue, UV)

Thermal
stimulation
ti l ti
(heating)

Introduction to luminescence
d i t
dosimetry
READOUT
Light
stimulation
(e.g., green)

Light emission
(e.g., blue, UV)

Introduction to luminescence
d i t
dosimetry
READOUT

Optically Stimulated
Luminescence detectors
(OSLD )
(OSLDs):
Al2O3:C (TLD500)

Thermoluminescence detectors
(TLDs):
LiF:Mg,Ti, CaF2

Light
stimulation
(e.g., green)

Thermal
stimulation
ti l ti
(heating)

Light emission
(e.g., blue, UV)

OSL readout system

Light source

PMT
Detection filters
Stimulation
filters

OSL
Dosimeter
(OSLD)

Methods of OSL stimulation

CW-OSL ((continuous wave OSL))

POSL (pulsed
( ls d OSL)

LM-OSL (linearly modulated OSL)

CWCW
-OSL readout method

CW
W-OSL (a
arbitratry u
units)

400

300

constant

200

100

0
0

100

200

300
Time (s)

400

500

600

Stimulatio
on intensity

POSL readout method

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Gate S
State

on

off

Time (s)

Commercial OSL dosimetry systems

(L d
(Landauer
I
Inc.))
InLightTM

One manufacturer
MicroStarTM

Two types of readers

CW- stimulation readout
Detectors
D t t
from
f
L
Landauer
d
Inc. only

www.Landauer.com, www.osldosimetry.com

OSL dosimeters

Dot

nanoDot

Characteristics of Al2O3:C OSLDs

for radiotherapy applications
Ideal detector
Small size
Good reproducibility
None
None or well defined environmental corrections
Dose linearity
Dose
D
rate
t independence
i d
d
Energy independence
No directional dependence -isotropic response to
radiation

OSLD reproducibility
40
35

% number

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00

1.02

1.04

Relative sensitivity
y

Courtesy of C. Yahnke

1.06

1.08

Environmental corrections
Temperature dependence
During irradiation
During readout

OSL temperature dependence

during irradiation

Jursinic, Med. Phys. 34(12), 4594-4604, 2007

Temperature effect during OSL

stimulation
ti l ti ((readout)
d t)

Andersen et al, Radiation Measurements, 43, 948 9532008

OSLD dose linearity, 6 MV

1200

Rdg
g (arbitrary
y units)

1000
800
600
400
200
0
0

100

200

300

400

Dose / cGy

Viamonte et al Med. Phys. 35(4), 1261-6, 2008

500

OSL dose supralinearity at

hi h doses
higher
d

Schembri V and Heijmen BJM. Med. Phys. 2007; 34:2113-2118.

DoseDose
-rate dependence
6 MV

Viamonte et al Med. Phys. 35(4), 1261-6, 2008

Absorbed dose energy dependence

f(Q) for Al2O3:C and LiF TLD
Energy
60Co

gamma rays

Mean Energy
(keV)

Q
F
Al 2O3 Co

Q
F
LiF Co

Ratio
Al 2 O3 /LiF

1250

1.000

1.000

1.00

50 kV X-rays

29

3.219 0.3%

1.463

2.20

100 kV X-rays

60

2.861 0.3%

1.376

2.08

150 kV X-rays

105

1.607 0.3%

1.245

1.29

250 kV X-rays

170

1.449 0.3%

1.192

1.19

6 MV X
X-rays

2020

0 990 0.3%
0.990
0 3%

0 987
0.987

1.00
1 00

10 MV X-rays

3050

0.983 0.3%

0.976

1.00

15 MV X-rays

4180

0.980 0.3%

0.976

1.00

25 MV X-rays

6600

0.973 0.3%

0.976

1.00

Mobit et al. Radiat Prot Dosim 119, 497-499, 2006).

Absorbed dose sensitivity

y relative
to 6 MV photons as a function of
beam quality for Al2O3:C
OSLD 60Co: Viamonte et al
2008, Reft, 2009

Jursinic, Med. Phys. 34(12), 4594-4604, 2007

Yukihara et al, Phys Med Biol 53,

R351-R379, 2008

OSL LET dependence

Yukihara et al. 2006

OSL LET dependence in carbon

beam
beam

Reft, Med. Phys. 36(5), 1690-9, 2009

Directional dependence

Jursinic, Med. Phys. 34(12), 4594-4604, 2007

Fading of OSL signal

1.2

Q(t))/Q(1min)

1.0
0 8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Time / min

Reft, Med. Phys. 36(5), 1690-9, 2009

10

12

Fading of signal with time

S ( t ) A B e kt

Jursinic, Med. Phys. 34(12), 4594-4604, 2007

OSL dosimetry
Advantages
Ad
t
vs. disadvantages
di d
t
Advantages

Disadvantages

High sensitivity
Sensitivity to light
High precision
Non-tissue equivalent energy
Size
d
dependence
d
Convenience
Only 1 material currently
Readout flexibility
available (only 1 provider)
Fast non-destructive
Fast,
non destructive readout
Narrow stimulating beams may
could allow dose mapping
No significant fading - dose
storage
No need for annealing
Although it can be bleached
and re-used if needed*

Clinical dosimetry applications

In phantom
PDD
ROF
IMRT QA
In vivo
external beam (entrance, exit dose)
brachytherapy

60Co

relative output factor

Viamonte et al Med. Phys. 35(4), 1261-6, 2008

In vivo dosimetry
y

J Danzer* et al AAPM 2007

The small Al2O3:C

C crystals

M Aznar,
M.
Aznar Phys.
Phys Med.
Med Biol.
Biol 49,
49 1655
165569
69, 2004

courtesy of C. Andersen, Ris

Riso OSLOSL-optical fibre dosimetry

system
t

OSL c e t dt

OSL c e t dt

Both RL and OSL signals are seen

on the
th computer
t screen
M. Aznar, Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 165569, 2004

courtesy
t
off C
C. Andersen,
A d
Ri
Ris

In - vivo measurements for

a b
brachytherapy
h h
patient
Cervix recurrence just above the vaginal wall
Treated in 15 needles OSL crystals in 2 needles
30 Gy delivered in 50 pulses over 50 hours

courtesy of C. Andersen, Ris

Stability of the Ris system

OSL measured pulse dose between each pulse
RL signal
g
integrated
g
to give
g
pulse
p
dose
TPS with +/- 1 mm uncertainty

courtesy of C. Andersen, Ris

Remote dosimetry application

Recently evaluated by Radiological Physics Center
(RPC) for remote dosimetry
y application
pp
OSL dosimeters were irradiated in an acrylic minip
phantom
Results indicated that the precision of OSL
dosimeters is comparable to that provided by
TLDs used for remote dosimetry

Summary
OSLD have linear dose response and good
reproducibility (screened) for standard clinical doses
Minimal energy dependence in megavoltage photon
beams
Suitable
bl for
f accurate d
dosimetric measurements
individual calibration factors
Can
C b
be used
d in
i variety
i t of
f clinical
li i l applications
li ti
surface dose detectors
entrance
t
and
d exit
it dose
d
measurements
t
brachytherapy
dose mapping
Are suitable for remote dosimetry

Acknowledgements
Claus Andersen, Ris National Laboratory
Cliff Yahnke, Landauer Inc.

Thank you

Energy dependence
Al2O3:C
water

Zeff=10.2
Zeff=7.2

LM-OSL arbitrary un
nits

LMLM
-OSL readout method

Time (s)