Mira Bhasin

Mr. Morford
HWORLD2-7
12 January 2017

1. How did the changes of the previous decades contribute to a new global order, and how
was the rise of a variety of prophetic crusades a response to this new order?
The previous decades brought new ideas of capitalism and colonialism in the new global order
due to the new work structure of the Industrial revolution. The French and American revolutions
changed the way equality and government were ordered. The Industrial Revolution promoted
free-market capitalism, new technologies, and industrial government. Both of these changes the
way that most of the globe was ordered in terms of trade and especially government. Many
people from various parts of the world felt like they were moving away from their old traditions
due to tensions which are a result of cultural and religious differences. In China, Hong Xiuquan
had dreams of Christian rule, and he later created a movement in support of his prophetic visions.
In the United States, Tenkswatawa had prophetic visions of returning to their native customs and
being pure. These visions occurred and challenged superior powers.

2. What is Wahhabism, and why did it arise?

Wahhabism was a powerful reformist movement which occurred on the Arabian Peninsula.
Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab, a religious cleric, wanted Islam to return to the purest form. At
this time, he saw that many Islamic people had polytheistic beliefs and were extolling the lives

of saints over the worship of God (603). It arose because Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab had
the ability to spread his message to his local people, who were threatened by the new
commercial activities and fresh intellectual currents swirling around them (603). He was very
well educated, therefore giving him the means to speak out. The movement also gained support
through a political ally, the Najdian House of Saud. This family had a lot of followers, and
undertook a militant religious campaign (604) which gave power to the movement. It was so
powerful that the Ottoman empire felt threatened and sent an Egyptian army to fight. Although
they won, Wahhabism still had the ability to attract many people to Islam.

3. Who was Hong Xiuquan, what was his vision, and why was he able to unite such a large
movement as the Taiping Rebellion?
Hong Xiuquan was a 19th century prophet who was a native of Guangdong province in the
southernmost part of the country (609). He only wanted to pass his civil service exam, and after
failing the third time, he claimed to suffer an illness, where he saw visions of demons, including
mysterious figures. He soon returned to his normal state, but after failing the exam again, Hong
immersed himself

in a Christian tract entitled Good Words for Exhorting the Age (609). After
reading this, he was able to put together the pieces of his old dreams and realized it was a vision
with several symbols, in which the Old Father, he concluded, was the Lord Ye-huo-hua (a
Chinese rendering of Jehovah), the creator of heaven and earth The Elder Brother was
Jesus the savior (609). He believed that this was his calling to destroy the evil in the world. He
was able to unite this large movement because he would preach his doctrines openly, baptizing
converts and destroying Confucian idols and ancestral shrines (610). But what made this

movement effective was the reception of the audience he was preaching to. His followers were
composed of Christians and people that were angry at the Qing government. They were so
passionate about their cause that they followed strict rules and were so powerful that they
captured cities. This is what made the Taiping Rebellion successful.

4. What was the Restoration period in European history, and how did it illustrate the
differences between reactionaries and liberals?
The Restoration period was the social and political ferment of the efforts to restore the old
order (612) from 1815 to 1848. This period gave way for change between the downfall of
Napoleon and revolutions later in history. Everyone had to justify their ideas and decide whether
they accepted change or not. Reactionaries wanted a return to the world that existed before the
French Revolution; they rejected change (612). But, liberals believed in an individuals right to
make decisions and vote without the government interfering. They believed in the French
Revolution as it was an effort to overthrow Aristocratic privilege. During this time, both sides
were trying to go back in time to bring back order that would make sense to the present.

5. What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocate, and how were their ideas a
reaction to the economic and social changes of the Industrial Revolution?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocated for scientific socialism, which later became the bigger
concept of Marxism. This is based off of the materialist theory of history, and how they were
produced and manufactured. They were strongly against the capitalist exploitation that was
occurring during the Industrial revolution between the producers and the wage workers. Marx

believed that soon enough there would be a proletarian revolution because of the overproduction
and underconsumption of good, which would lead to lower wages. Together they wrote The
Communist Manifesto, in which they asked people to overthrow capitalism, which became a way
of life during the Industrial revolution. Their goal was to get rid of the several classes and make a
world where everyone received the same wages, which was relatively unsuccessful.

6. Who were Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, what was their movement, and how was it a
reaction to the westward flow of white settlers?
Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh were brothers who both shared a desire to unify the Native
Americans by returning to their original customs. Tenskwatawa, born in 1775, had always been
described as obnoxious, until 1805. He experienced a vision, in which he saw a heaven where
everyone followed the traditional Shawnee ways and all evildoers were punished. Inspired by
this dream, he stitched these together into a new social gospel that urged disciples to abstain
from alcohol and return to traditional customs (618). He emphasized that independence from
Europeans and Christians were necessary in order to return to their original state. He soon gained
followers, who stood strong against European forces, for example William Henry Harrison.
Although the Europeans tried to defeat him, they were not able to. This movement also separated
Native Americans based on beliefs, which did not unify the people, but it did give hope to more.
Tecumseh, born in 1768, helped circulate the message of Native American renaissance among
Native American villages from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast (619). He encouraged his
people to destroy relations with the white settlers by preventing the trading of land. They
prepared for combat soon after, and lost a few battles, which resulted in the fleeing of

Tenskwatawa to Canada as he promised no harm would come from the Americans. Once he was
discredited and Tecumseh died, the unity of the movement demolished.

7. What were the context, cause(s) and the ultimate outcome of the Caste War of the
Yucatan?
The context of the Caste War of the Yucatan was the increased racial tensions, high taxes,
lessened independence. This was the result of the regional elites, consisting of mainly white
people but with the support of mestizo population, wanting control in Mexico over the Mayan
population. Taxes increased because of the war with the U.S. in 1846, and plantations
encroached on Mayan properties (621), which threatened the corn cultivation. Power was no
longer in their hands, and Mayans had to pay a special tax. The war started by a small band of
Mayans using firearms to injure the white intruders. The main cause of the war was the Mayans
want for legal and political equality with the whites. The ultimate outcome of the war was the
success of the Mexican government under the rule of General Porfirio Daz and Ignacio Bravo,
who were able to defeat Chan Santa Cruz, a leader in the rebellion. The declining economic
conditions, widespread hunger, and forcefulness of the soldiers lead them to work on White
Mexican plantations.

8. What sparked the Rebellion of 1857 in India, and how did the British respond (both
militarily and politically)?
The Rebellion of 1857 in India was sparked by the greased cartridge movement, in which
rumors existed that the use of cow and pig fat was being used to grease the cartridge of rifles.

This meant that the British manufacturers were violating Hindu and Muslim sepoys religious
traditions (624). The rebellion spread because the people believed that by using these products,
the British were trying to convert them all to Christianity. The battle became against 270,000
Indian soldiers compared to the 40,000 British soldiers. This actually helped to unify the
Muslims and Hindus because they had the same enemy. The British responded by torching
villages and attaching rebels to cannons to teach Indians a lesson in power (626). This strong
military power allowed Britain to restore power, but a month later, they abolished the company
rule. The parliament handed power over to the queen, who emphasized the importance in
religious toleration and equal opportunities for Indians. The British then resumed to in
transforming India into a modern colonial state and economy (626).