Din Vde 0210

DEUTSCHE NORM
DIN VDE 0210
December 1985
Planning and Design of Overhead Power

Lines with Rated Voltages above 1 kV
/-
,5.17:621.3.027.4:001.4 -
. DEUTSCHE NORM
December 1985
Planning and Design of Overhead Power

DIN
Lines with Rated Voltages above 1 kV VDE 0210
This standard that is approved by the Managing Committee of
the Association of German Electrical Engineers (VDE e.V.) is
thus also a VDE Specification within the meaning of VDE 0022.
It has been incorporated into the VDE Specifications Series
under the above-mentioned number and has been notified in the
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (etz).
This standard supersedes VDE
0210/5.69
No relevant regional or international standards exist
concerning the scope of this standard. The contents of the
standard was published in the draft DIN 57210/VDE 0210/4.83.
Commencement of validity
This standard (VDE Specification) applies as of lst December
1985.
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
Scope
Definitions
General requirements
_conductors
Conductor accessories
6
Insulators, insulator sets
7
Accessories for insulator sets and
other conductor attachments
8
Towers
9
Foundations
10
Earthing
11
Clearances within t~e overhead power
line
12
Clearances in rural areas
'
13
Clearances and specifications for line
design in the proximity of building
installations and traffic routes
14
Special specifications for crossings
and approaches
Appendix A: Galvanizing of towers and other
components
Quoted standards and other .documents
Previous editions
Amendments
Comments
Page
2
2
5
5
12
13
'
14
16
43
62
62
64
66
78
79
81
87
87
88
Continuation page 2 to 99
German Electrotechnical Commission within DIN and VDE
(DKE)
Page 2 DIN VDE 0210

PLANNING AND DESIGN OF OVERHEAD POWER LINES WITH RATED VOLTAGES
ABOVE 1 KV
1. SCOPE
This
standard
applies
to planning and design of overhead power
lines with rated voltages above l kV.
It also applies to telecommunication cables installed on supports
of overhead power lines.
2. DEFINITIONS
2.1 Overhead line
The
term
overhead line
includes
the
entire
installation for
transmission
and distribution of electrical power above ground,
consisting
of
supports
and
line components. Supports comprise
towers,
their foundations and earthing. Line components comprise
overhead
conductors
and insulators together with their accessories.
2.2 Towers and poles
Towers or poles are parts of the support~. Towers include the tower body, earthwire peak(s) and crossarm(s). According to Clauses
2.2.1 to 2.2.7 they serve for following purposes.
2.2.1 Suspension tower
line.
supports
the conductors
in
straight
2.2.2
Angle suspension tower
serves
as
suspension support for
the conductors where the line changes direction
2.2.3
Angle tower carries the resulting conductor tensile forces
where the line changes direction.
2.2.4
Section tower and angle section tower carry the conductor
ter.sile
forces in line direction or in the resultant
direction,
respectively,
and
serve
additionally
as
rigid
points in the
line.
2.2.5 Terminal tower
forces on one side.
carries
the
total
conductor
2.2.6 Special tower serves for one or several of

tioned purposes.
2.2.7 Guyed tower
is
additionally
order to stabilise the tower body.
provided
the
tensile
above men-
with staywires in
2.2.8 Net working force of a tower or pole is the permissible total

horizontal force at the tower top after deduction of a force
equivalent
to
the
wind load on the tower structure in terms of
the tower top.
2.2.9 Uplift or downward forces are represented by the components
of
the
conductor tensile forces due to differing heights of the
suspension
points.
They
act
against
or
in
direction of the
conductor deadweight forces, respectively.
DIN VDE 0210 Page
2.2.10 Additional load allows for

the
loading
of conductors ,
insulators and warning markers by glaze, rime or snow. It may be
assumed
that
the
additional load is equally distributed along
each span.
(Internationally additional load is usually referred
to as ice load).
2.2.11 Span length is
the horizontal distance between two adjacent
supports.
(When determining the horizontal distance of the
fixing
points of a
conductor the angle of the 6rossarm to the
line must be considered accordingly).
2.2.12 Wind span of a tower
is
the arithmetic mean value of the
lengths of the two adjacent spans.
all
components which are not
2.2.13 Tower eq~ipment summarizes
part of the tower structure or of the conductors. Insulators and
accessories are in this category.
2.3 Foundations
Foundations are
parts of
the
supports and fulfil the task of
transferring
the structural loads from the tower to the sub~oil,
and,
at
the
same
time,
protecting the tower against critical
movements of the subsoil.
2.3.1 Compact foundation

single foundation.
accommodates
the tower body within one
2.3.2 Separate footing foundation provides individual foundations

for each leg member of the tower.
2.3.3 Working load of a foundation
is the load transferred from
the tower-to the foundation for a given loading case.
2.).4 Failing load of a foundation
is
the
load under which the
foundation
fails.
The
failure is defined by inadmissible large
foundation
movements
and occurs in the transition range between
stable and unstable state of equilibrium.
2.4 Conductors
Conductors are the
bare or covered, insulated or earthed cables
strung between
the supports of an overhead line irrespective of
whether they are alive or not.
2.4.1 Bundle conductor
is an arrangement of two or more subconductors
used
instead of a single conductor and kept at approximately constant spacing over their entire length.
2.4.2 Failing load of a conductor
0,95 times the theoretical
is
failure
strength
according
standards
DIN 48201,
DIN
to
48204 and DIN 48206.
2.4.3 Unit deadweight force related to the cross-section (QLK) is
the
force
of
the
deadweight
of
1 m of conductor per mmz of
cross-sectional area.
2.4.4 Nominal cross-section of a conductor is the cross-sectional

parameter used for the designation of the conductor.
Page 4 DIN VDE 0210

2.4.5 Actual cross-section of a conductor is the cross-section of
metal resulting from the conductor design without considering tolerances due to manufacturing.
is
the
theoretical
value
2.4.6 Tensile stress of a conductor
the
conductor
tensile
force
which
results
from
the division of
by the actual cross-section.
2.4.7 Maximum working tensile stress
is the horizontal component
of
the
selected
maximum
conductor tensile stress which occurs
under
the
conditions
of installation and the specified loading
assumptions.
2.4.8 Permissible maximum working tensile stress
accordfhg
to
Table
3 Col~mn 6 is the horizontal component of the conductor
tensile stress.
2.4.9 Long-term tensile stress is the tensile stress which a conductor can withstand for one year without failing.
2.4.10 Everyday stress
is
the
horizontal component of the conductor tensile stress which occurs at the annual mean temperature
(normally +lO"C) without wind load.
2.4.11 Maximum working tensile force of a conductor
is
the product of actual cross-section and maximum working tensile stress.
2.4.12 Conductor temperature
is
the
temperature of a conductor
due to ambient temperature, wind and electrical load current.
2.4.13 Sag of a conductor
is
the
vertical distance between the
conductor
and
the
alignment of the conductor suspension points
(suspension
sets)
or
attachment
points (tension
sets) at the
supp9rts.
2.5 Insulators
Insulators serve
as insulation of live conductors against earth
or
other live components. The
definitions
for
insulators
are
given in DIN VDE 0441 Part 2 and DIN VDE 0446 Part 1.
2.5.1 Multiple insulator set
lator strings.
is
an arrangement of several insu-
2.5.2 Routine test load of an insulator

is
the
static force to
which
every
insulator
shall
be
subjected
according
to
the
conditions specified in DIN VDE 0446 Part 1.
2.6 Accessories
Accessories
serve
for the mechanical attachment, the electrical
connection and the protection of conductors and insulators.
The
definitions
for
fittings,
accessories
for conductors and
accessories
for
insulator
sets
and
for
other
conductor
attachments are laid down in DIN VDE 0212 Part 50.
DIN VDE 0210 Page
2.6.1 Accessories for conductors

are
components
which
are
directly connected
to
the conductor and serve tQ terminate, to
suspend
and
to
joint
the conductors.
Vibration
protection
fittings and bundle spacers are also in this category.
2.6.2 Accessories for insulator sets and other conductor attachments are
components which serve to connect the tension or suspension components
(accessories
for
conductors) with the supports.
In case of
insulator sets the components to connect insulators are also in this category. The insulators, however, are
excluded.
Usually,
these are all components
mechanically loaded
by the
conductor
tensile
force
or the
conductor deadweight
and
arranged
between
the assembly of
the
tension or suspension
clamp and the ~irst detachable part at the support, for example
the
jointing pin or the U-bolt, the insulators excepted. Arcing
and corona protection fittings are also included.
2.7 Layout of an overhead line

2.7.1 Section
is
the
part of an
between two adjacent ~ection supports.
overhead
line
situated
2.7.2 Span is the part of an overhead line situated between two

adjacent supports.
2.7.3 Crossing span is the part of an overhead line over or under

a crossed installation situated between two adjacent supports.
2.7.4 Clearances
according to
Clauses 11,
12 and 13 are
minimum clearances and shall not be infringed under conditions of
maximum sag at the selected conductor temperature according to
Clauses 4.3.1 and 4.3.2, respectively.
3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
All
components of an overhead line shall be selected, designed
and
installed in such a manner that they perform reliably during
operation under the climatic conditions to be regularly expected,
under
the maximum operating voltage, under the effects of the
electrical load current and under the short circuit loadings to
be expected.
If necessary the
influence of atmospheric and
switching overvoltages shall be taken into consideration.
These requirements are met if an overhead line is designed and
installed according to the following stipulations.
DIN VDE
0105
Part
applies
to
operation
and
maintenance.
4. CONDUCTORS
4.1 Rating
4.1.1 Thermal rating
Material and cross-section Of a conductor shall be selected such
that the conductor will not reach a temperature which would lead
to
an
inadmissible
reduction
of
its
mechanical
strength
while
being
subjected
to the maximum electrical load current
Page 6 DIN VDE 0210

of ambient conditions
or of the maximum short
taking account
to be expected.
circuit load condition
The standards of
contain data for
conductors.
the series DIN 48201, DIN 48204 and DIN 48206

the current-carrying capacity of standardized
DIN VDE 0103 applies to the mechanical and thermal short circuit
strength. Departing from this specification the permissible conconductor temperatures
shall
be limited to the values given in
Table 1.
Table 1.
Permissible conductor temperature in case of short-circuit loading
Material
Permissible conductor
temperature c at
short circuit
Homogeneous
conductors
Copper
AAC
AAAC
Steel
170
130
160
200
Reinforced
conductors
ACSR
AACSR
160
160
Type of
conductor
..
4.1.2 Mechanical rating

4.1.2.1 Loading according to maximum working tensile stress
At a
temperature
of -5"C with the normal additional load
according to Clause 8.1.1.2 and
at -20"C without additional or wind loads and
at +5"C and wind load according to Clause 8.1.2.1
~the
horizontal component
of the conductor tensile stress shall
not
exceed the
permissible maximum working tensile stress
according to Table 3 Column 6.
Additionally, under these conditions the conductor tensile stress
at
the
support
positions
may exceed
the permissible maximum
working
tensile
stress
by not more
than
5 %.
In case of
approximately level
spans
a check is not
necessary
if the
sag according to Clause
4.3 does not exceed approximately 4 % of
the span length.
At -5"C with the increased additional load ace. to Clause 8.1.1.2
and
at -5"C with the normal additional load combined with wind load
ace. to Clause 8.2.1.3 and
at -5"C with the
increased additional load combined with wind
load ace. to Clause 8.2.1.3
the
permissible maximum working tensile stress ace. to Table 3
-Column
6 need not
be adhered to, however, the specifications
related
to
the
long-term tensile stress ace. to Clause 4.1.2.2
shall be met.
DIN VDE 0210 Page

-
For
selfsupporting metal-reinforced
telecommunication aerial
cables
the
permissible maximum working tensile stress shall be
selected with regard
to Table
3 Column 6 taking account of
material and design of the supporting reinforcement.
4.1.2.2 Loading according to long-term tensile stress
At
-5"C with three
times the normal
or twice the increased
additional load ace. to Clause 8.1.1.2 or
at
-5"C with the normal additional load combined with wind load
ace. to Clause 8.2.1.3 or
at -5"C with the
increased additional load combined with wind
load ace. to Clause 8.2.1.3
the conductor tensile stress at the support positions shall not
exceed
the
loqg-term
tensile stress ace. to Table 3 Column 8
whereby the higher value of stress will apply.
_ For
selfsupporting metal-reinforced
cables
the long-term tensile stress shall be selected related to
Table
3 Column 8 taking care of material and design of the
supporting reinforcement.
4.1.2.3 Loading according to everyday stress
At
the annual mean temperature, which can be assumed to be +lO"C
normally,
the horizontal component of
the conductor tensile
stress without wind
load should not exceed the everyday stress
ace. to Table 3 Column ~c:-Depending on the design of the suspension fittings and on the
efficiency of the vibration protection the horizontal component
of
the conductor tensile
stress may exceed the everyday stress
ace. to Table 3 Column 7 by up to 3..2J_tn individual cases.
In case of selfsupporting metal-reinforced
telecommunication
aerial cables the everyday stress shall be selected in relation
to Table
3
Column~, depending on material and design of the
supporting reinforcement.
4.1.2.4 Stress due to aeolian vibrations
Conductors are excited
to vibration by laminar windflows which
may
lead
to damag~
by
failures
of individual strands and,
eventually,
of the whole conductor. Occurrence and intensity of
the
vibration to be expected depend on the material, design and
cross-section of the conductor, on the magnitude of the everyday
stress,
on the local wind and terrain conditions, on the design
of
the
suspension arrangements and on the fittings used as well
as
on the span length and on the height of the conductors above
ground level.
When selecting the everyday stress ace. to Clause 4.1.2.3 there
will
be only a small risk of vibration failure of reinforced
conductors made of aluminium and
steel as well as in case of
homogeneous
conductors
made
of
copper,
of
steel,
of
copper wrought alloys
or of aluminium clad
steel,
assuming
Page 8 DIN VDE 0210

favourable environmental conditions and a suitable design of the
suspension
arrangements.
In case of
lines susceptible
to
vibration possible damage can be effectively counteracted by
provision of vibration protection fittings.
Conductors
with
a small proportion
of steel,
homogeneous
conductors made
of aluminium or aluminium alloy and reinforced
conductors made
of aluminium alloy and steel, conductors with
diameters larger than 25 mm as well as conductors in spans longer
than 500 mare more susceptible to vibration.
If an
increased
susceptibility to vibration has to be assumed
or has been observed the design of the suspension set and of the
damping devices shall be suitably selected in order to guarantee
an effective protection of the conductors.
4.2 Conductor make up
4.2.1 Materials
The materials for
standardized conductors are specified by the
relevant DIN standards.
Where non-standardized
conductors are made up by materials the
mechanical and
electrical characteristics of which correspond
to
Table 3 and
to the DIN standards,
a proof of their
qualification is not necessary.
Where materials are used which deviate from the mechanical and
electrical data given
in Table 3 and the DIN standards their
characteristics
and their qualification for the individual case
of application shall be proved.
4.2.2 Properties
The
properties
and dimensions of standard conductors are specified
in standards of the series DIN 48200, DIN 48201, DIN 48203
as well as in DIN 48204 and DIN 48206.
For non-standard
conductors
the properties and suitability for
the
individual case of application shall be approved. This also
applies
to self-supporting
reinforced telecommunication aerial
cables ace. to DIN VDE 0818.
DIN VDE 0210 Page
4.2.3 Minimum cross-sections

Table 2. Minimum cross-sections
Material
Nominal
cross-section
mm 2
ACSR ace. to DIN 48204

AAC ace. to DIN 48201 Part 5
AACSR ace. to DIN 48206
AAAC ace. to DIN 48201 Part 6
Copper ace. to DIN 48201 Part 1
Copper wrought alloy ace.
to DIN 48201 Part 2
Steel ace. to DIN 48201 Part 3
Aluminium clad steel ace.
to DIN 48201 Part 8
35/6
50
35/6
35
25
25
25
25
Single-wire conductors shall not be used.

4.2.4 Tests
For
testing of conductors the standards of the series DIN 48203
are mandatory.
4.3 Sag
4.3.1 Maximum sag shall be the greater of the values resulting
from a
conductor
temperature of -sc with normal or increased
additional load ace.
to Clause 8.1.1.2
or
from a conductor
temperature of +40"C without additional load.
4.3.2 In case of overhead lines for which a high electric current
is
likely to occur in summer a higher conductor temperature, in
excess of +40 c, shall be considered when evaluating the maximum
sag.
4.3.3 If the sag is calculated using the specific characteristics
of the
conductor,
the data shown in Table 3 apply for standard
conductors.
In case of non-standard conductors the unit deadweight related
to the cross-section expressed by the unit
kg/(m*mm 2 )
will be converted to the unit weight force related to
the
cross-section
(QLK)
expressed by the
unit N/(m*mm 2 )
by
multiplying by the factor 10.
4.3.4
During
their life
the conductors will suffer permanent
elongation
(creep)
resulting in an increase of the sag. At no
time
shall this
increase of sag cause the clearances to fall
below the specified values.
'U
Table 3. Composition, mechanical characteristics, permissible maximum working stress, everyday stress and ultimate
long-term stress for standard conductors ace. to DIN 118201, DIN 48204 and DIN 48206
Ill
()q
ro
.......
Conductor type and

rna terial
1
Crosssectional
ratio
Stranding
3
Unit deadweight force
related to
cross-section
QLK
ACSR ace. to
DIN '48204
1,4
and
AACSR (A1drey/
Steel) ace. to
DIN 48206,
respectively
Coefficient
of thermal
expansion Et
-6
(!2_)
K
14/7
111/19
0,0491
1,7
12/7
0,0466
15,3
4,3
30/7
0,0375
6,0
6/1
26/7
0,0350
5
Effective
modulus of
elasticity
E
Permissible
maximum
working
stress
Everyday
stress
tl
kN/mm
N/mm
N/mm
.tl
[rJ
N/mm
ACSR AACSR
240
270
90
104
401
464
107
220
255
84
102
368
435
17,8
82
140
190
57
69
240
328
19,2
18,9
77
120
175
56
67
208
300
110
1\.)
.......
0
ACSR AACSR
81
0,0336
19,6
19,3
19,4
74
70
68
llO
165
52
63
189
284
n,3
48/7
0,0320
20,5
62
95
155
44
165
265
14,5
115/7
0,0309
20,9
61
90
148
40
53
50
152
255
23,1
7217
0,0298
21,7
60
80
35
130
60
7
19
37
z
<
0
ACSR AACSR
15,0
Ultimate
long-term
stress
24/7
54/7
54/19
7,7
AAC ace. to
DIN 48201 Part 5
(~)
m.mm
0,0275
61
91
23,0
57
70
30
120
55
----
-------
Continued from Table 3.

2
1
Conductor type and
rna terial
Crosssectional
ratio
Stranding
Unit dead- '

weight force
related to
cross-section
QLK
AAAC (Aldrey) ace.

to,DIN 48201
Part 6
Copper ace. to
DIN 48201 Part 1
(~)
m.mm
'
Coefficient
of thermal
expansion Et
-6
(.!Q_)
7
19
37
61
Copper wrought
alloy (Bronze I
. Bronze I II)
ace. to
DIN 48201 Part 2
7
19
37
61
Steel St I-St IV
ace. to
DIN 48201 Part 3
Effective
modulus of
elasticity
E
kN/mm 2
Pennissi ble
maximum
working
stress
N/mm 2
Everyday
stress
N/mm 2
Ultimate
long-term
stress
N/mm 2
60
19
37
61
91
0,0275
23,0
57
140
44
240
55
113
105
0,0906
17,0
175
85
300
100
113
105
100
400
235
Bz II
III
295
100
500
0
620
365
:-i
:z:
<:
Aluminium clad
steel ace. to
DIN 48201 Part 8
180
0,0792
11,0
7
19
II
175
19
0' 0671
13,0
159
St III
IV
567
160
280
lJ50
550
120
130
150
137
320
560
goo
1100
[<]
0
N
t-'
'"0
Pl
oq
1112
37
61
(I)
157
L___~
t-'
t-'
Page 12 DIN VDE 0210

5. CONDUCTOR ACCESSORIES
5.1 Rating
Conductor accessories
shall be selected in such a manner that
they will not
reach a higher temperature than the conductors
themselves when the maximum permissible electrical load current
flows
and that
the
temperature rise
will not
lead to an
inadmissible reduction of mechanical strength when subjected to
maximum expected short circuit load.
5.1.2.1 Attachment of the conductors at pin-type insulators
Accessories serving for attachment
of
conductors at pin-type
insulators shall be rated to withstand the conductor tensile
forces
which result from the loads on the conductor ace. to
Clauses
8.1
and
8.2.
Additionally
they shall reliably
sustain the conductors in case of unbalanced tensile forces
ace. to Clause 8.2.2. This does not apply to acceBsories which
due to their design should enable slipping of the conductors.
If
the continuous conductor (main conductor) is jointed on both
sides of the pin-type insulator with an auxiliary conductor which
itself
is fixed
to a second insulator the connection of both
conductors may only be rated for the maximum working tensile
force.
At angle positions the conductors shall be arranged such that the
insulator is internal to the angle formed by the conductor.
5.1.2.2 Attachment of conductors at insulator sets
Deadend
clamps
shall sustain the conductor with 2,5 times the
maximum working tensile force or with 85 % of the conductor
failing load, which ever be the lower value.
Suspension clamps shall be rated for 2,5 times the forces acting
on the conductor ace. to Clause 8.1.
Additionally the
suspension clamps
shall reliably sustain the
conductors in case of unbalanced tensile forces ace. to Clause
8.2.2. This does
not apply to suspension clamps which are designed to enable the conductor to slip.
5.1.2.3 Conductor joints
Conductor
joints loaded by tensile
forces
shall sustain the
conductor with 2,5
times the maximum working tensile force or
with
85 % of the conductor failing load, which ever be the lower
value.
DIN VDE 0210 Page 13

5.2 Materials, design and testing
Conductor
accessories
according to
DIN VDE 0212 Part 50,
DIN VDE 0212 Part 53 and
DIN VDE 0212 Part 54.
shall
comply
with
the
requirements
6. INSULATORS, INSULATOR SETS

6.1 Rating
6.1.1 Electrical rating
Insulators and insulator sets shall
be rated such that they
comply with the electric requirements according to DIN VDE 0111
Part
l
and DIN VDE 0111 Part 2. The insulation level shall be
stipulated by the Operator of the overhead line.
The insulators and insulator sets shall be rated mechanically for
the effective forces which result from the maximum loads ace. to
Clauses 8.1 to 8.3.
Thereby, the rating factors specified below shall apply.
The failing load must be higher than or equal to the effective
maximum force multiplied by the rating factor a
or
,
the rputine test load must be higher or equal
to the effective
maximum force multiplied by the rating factor b.
6.1.2.1 Line post insulators and pin-type insulators
(type A and B)
Line post insulators and pin-type insulators may only be used at
suspension poles or at angle suspension poles, however, not at
section poles. The rating factor a shall be equal to 2,5 related
to the failing load.
6.1.2.2 Long-rod and solid core-type insulators (string
insulators type A) and open-air composite insulators
The rating
The rating
load.
factor
factor
a shall be 3,12 related to the failing load.

b shall be 2,5 related to the routine test
6.1.2.3 Cap and pin-type insulators (string insulators type B)

The rating factor a shall be
3,12 related to the electromechanical
failing load or to the failing load. The rating
factor b shall be 1,87 related to the routine test load.

6.1.2.4 Multiple insulator sets
Multiple insulator
sets comprise two or more insulator strings.
The
permissible loading of an insulator set comprising n strings
may
be taken at maximum as n-times the permissible loading of an
individual insulator string.
It
is assumed that the total load of a multiple insulator set is
as
far as possible equally distributed over the individual insulator strings.
In case of failure of an insulator string
a distribution of the total load as equally as possible over
the remaining insulator strings shall be guaranteed,
the rating factors for the remaining tension loaded insulators
may be reduced to 50 % of the values
specified
in Clauses
6.1.2.2 and 6.1.2.3,
any expected dynamic forces and bending moments shall be duly
counteracted.
6.2 Materials and design
Materials and design of insulators shall be selected such that
they withstand atmospheric effects. For standard insulators the
materials and design are specified in the DIN standards. In case
of non-standard insulators their properties and their suitability
for a given application shall be approved individually.
6.3 Testing
-~
/
DIN VDE 0441 Part 2 or DIN VDE 0446 Part 1 apply to testing in
order to verify that the requirements are met.
1. ACCESSORIES FOR INSULATOR SETS AND OTHER CONDUCTOR ATTACHMENTS

7.1 Rating
The accessories for
insulator sets and
for
other conductor
attachments shall withstand the expected short-circuit loading.
Under
the maximum expected short-circuit loading they shall not
reach a temperature which would lead to an inadmi~sible reduction
of their mechanical strength.
7.1.2.1 Accessories for pin-type insulators
Accessories
serving
to attach the insulators at the poles shill
be
rated for at least 2,5. times the forces which result from the
maximum loads ace. to Clauses 8.1 to 8.3.

For s:andard
insulator pins the permissible loadings stated in
the
DIN standards shall be met (see for example DIN 48044, DIN
48045).
If pin-type insulators are fixed at angle poles made of
wood a design of pins adopting through-bolts with washers on both
sides shall be selected.
7.1.2.2
The
Accessories
attachments
for
insulator
sets
and
other
conductor
accessories shall be rated for the forces resulting from the

loads according to Clauses 8.1 to 8.3 multiplied by the
rating factors according to Table 4.
maximu~
releva~t
The minimum failing loads of standard accessories are specified

in the DIN standards. In addition, permissible working forces for
turnbuckles
are specified in DIN 48334. Turnbuckles shall not be
loaded in bending.
Table 4. Rating factors for accessories of insulator sets and
other conductor attachments
Material
Structural steel ace. to DIN 17100, heat-treatable
steel ace. to DIN 17200, cast steel ace. to DIN 1681
Rating
faC'tor
3,3
Malleable cast iron ace. to DIN 1692

Spheroidal graphit cast iron ace. to DIN 1693 Part 1
4,0
'
Aluminium 'tlrought alloy ace. to DIN 1725 Part 1
3,3
Aluminium casting alloy ace. to DIN 1725 Part 2 *)
4,5
Copper-tin and copper-tin-zinc casting alloys

ace. to DIN 1705
4,0
Copper wrought alloys low-alloyed ace. to DIN 1766
3,3
Copper-aluminium casting alloys ace. to DIN 1714

with 0 at least 12 %
5
*) draft at present
3' 3
For non-standard components it shall be proved that their failing

loads comply with the specified requirements.
Acc~ssories
for
distribution
of
far as possible.
multiple insulator sets shall guarantee equal

forces over the individual insulator strings as
In case of failing of an insulator string of a multiple insulator

set
the rating factors of the remaining tensile loaded accessories
of insulator strings may be reduced to 50 % of the values
specified in Table 4,
an e~ual distribution of the total load over the remaining insulator strings should be guaranteed as far as possible.

7.2 Materials, design and testing
Accessories
shall comply
DIN VDE 0212
DIN VDE 0212
DIN VDE 0212
for
with
Part
Part
Part
insulator
sets and other conductor attachments
the requirements according to
50,
53 and
54.
8. TOWERS
8.1 Loading assumptions

Towers shall
be
rated
according
to their function and to the
appropriate loading cases described as follows.
8.1.1 Vertical loads
8.1.1.1 Permanent loads
The deadloads of towers, of the equipment and of the conductors
resulting
from the adjacent span lengths act as permanent loads.
Upward
and downward
forces due to the conductor tensile forces
shaJl re accordingly considered.
8.1.1.2 Additional loads
In case of conductors
it
is necessary to distinguish between
normal
and increased additional load. The normal additional load
shall
be
taken as (5+0,l*d) N per l m conductor or subconductor
length, where d is the conductor diameter in mm.
An
increased
additional load shall be
allowed for if it occurs
regularly. It depends on the terrain through which the line runs
and
may reach many times the normal additional load.
When
stipulating
the
increased
additional
load
ob~ervations
of
previous years and
the
special
topographical
and meteorological
conditions
of
the area of the transmission line have
to be considered.
In case
of insulators the normal additional load shall be taken
as 50 N per 1 m length of insulator string.
For
radar
markers and aerial warning balls with aerodynamically
favourable
shape
(for
example
sphere, double cone) the normal
additional
load shall
be assumed in form of a 1 em thick layer
of
ice distributed over
the
total surface. In case of other
shapes the
ice load
shall
be assumed
according to the geometrical
form. The unit weight force of the ice shall be assumed
as 0,0075 N/cm 3
For towers no additional load needs to be assumed.
8.1.1.3 Erection and maintenance loads
The erection and maintenance loads of crossarms shall be taken as
not
less
than
1,5 kN
in case of suspension towers and angle
~uspension
towers and 3 kN in case of all other tower types. In
case
o~
lattice steel structures these forces shall act at the

individually most
unfavourable nodes of the lower chords of one
crossarm
face,
and
in all
other cases
in
the axis of the
crossarms at the attachment points of the conductors.
For
all
members
which can be climbed and are inclined with an
angle
less
than
30
to horizontal an erection and maintenance
load
of 1,5 kN acting vertically in the centre of a member shall
be assumed, however, \-lithout any other loads.
In
this
case
the
conditions apply.
permissible stresses for exceptional loading
8.1.2 Horizontal loads

8.1.2.1 Wind load.
The wind direction shall be horizontal, the wind load
in kN
shall act perpendicularly to the surface exposed to the wind.
For ( rnductors or subconductors the wind load followc- as
IV= Ct if d L
IV= Ctlfd(80+0.6L)
for spans up to 200 m

for spans above 200m,
in kN
in kN
where:
cf
aerodynamical drag coeffcient which depends on the shape and
type of surface of the structural component
exposed to wind
(see
Table
6). To all not individually
mentioned shapes
the respective values ace. to DIN 1055 Part 4 shall apply.
kN/m 2
v 2 /l600
dynamic
wind
pressure
in
where v means the wind velocity in m/s
surface exposed to wind in m2
diameter of
conductor
or subconductor or diameter of the
additional load assumed to be circularly shaped.
span
length
in
shall be used.
(see Table 5)
(
m. When analysing the towers the wind span
Table 5. Specifications for the dynamic wind pressure

Height of the transmission line above
ground
Height of the camponents above ground
m
up to 20
0 to 200
m
up to
above
15
15 to
0
above
40
above 100
above 150
0,55
0 '7 0
20
to 40
to 100
to 150
to 200
Dynamic wind pressure q in kN/m 2

Towers
ConducCross arms
tors
Insulators
.... . "
0,70.~
0 '9 0
1,15
1,25
0,44
0,53
0,53
0,68
0' 8 6
0,95
I,
' .,

Table 6.
Aerodynamical drag coefficient
Aerodynamical drag
coefficient c 1
Component
Flat truss structures consisting of profiles
l' 6
Square and rectangular lattice towers consisting

of profiles
2,8
Flat truss structures consisting of tubes
1,2
Square and rectqngular lattice towers consisting

of tubes
2,1
Tubular steel, reinforced concrete and wood

poles with circular cross-section
0,7
Tubular steel and reinforced concrete poles with

square and rectangular cross-section
1' 4
Tubular steel and reinforced concrete poles with

hexagonal or octagonal cross-section
1,0
Double and A-shaped poles consisting of steel

tubes, reinforced concrete and wood with
circular cross-section
in the plane of the pole
part of the pole exposed to wind
lee~ard
0,7
part of the pole
for a < 2 d *)
for a = 2 d m up t o a
for a > 6 dmm
6 d
0,35
0,7
rectangular to the plane of the pole

for a< 2 d
m
0,8
Conductors up to 12,5 mm diameter
1,2
Conductors above 12,5 up to 15.8 mm diameter
1,1
Conductors above 15,8 mm diameter
1,0
Conductor with other than circular cross-sections
1,3
Radar markers and aerial warning balls with

diameter between 300 mm and 1000 mm
0,4
*)
a, d , ace. to DIN 48351 Part 1

m

The wind load on the conductors shall be evaluated with regard to
their height at their attachments.
In especially wind-prone areas an increased load according to the
local conditions shall be considered.
8.1.2.2 Loading by conductor tensile forces

The
conductor
tensile
forces
each individual loading case.
shall be determined according to
8.2 Loading cases for tower bodies

When
analysing tower bodies the loads assigned to the individual
loading
cases
in Table
7 shall be assumed as acting~simul
taneously.
For
~ach
member
the loading case shall be selected
which produces the maximum loading.
If
section towers are systematically subjected to permanent unforces
or to torsional loadings this shall be
balanced
tensile
considered.
If
initially the circuits of towers are to be only partially installed
tr1en this shall be considered whPf"l analysing the towers.
For
tower
types
which are not included in Table 7 the loading
cases
shall
be applied
according
to
the
utilization of the
towers.
8.2.1 Normal loading

8.2.1.1 General
Here,
the
Table 7.
loading
cases
MN
to
MN 5 apply as indicated in
In
case
of
lattice
towers
with
square
or rectangular
cross-section
only
the. surface of the lattice faces exposed to
Hind
need
to be considered. The wind pressure on lattice faces,
the
plane of which extends
into the direction of wind, may be
neglected.
8.2.1.2 Quartering wind

Quartering wind
shall
be considered for all towers. In case of
square and rectangular tower structures the wind direction shall
be
assumed under an angle of 45" in terms of one tower face. The
wind
load
acting
on
the
tower may
be substituted
by
its
components
perpendicularly
to
the
tower
faces exposed to the
wind.
These
componentstshall be evaluated from the dynamic wind
pressure,
the aerodynamical
drag coefficient increased by 10 %
and
from
the
respective area exposed to wind multiplied by the
cosine
of
the
angle
between the wind direction and the normal
line
to
the
tower
face. Hence, the area of the members within
the tower face shall be taken into account as area exposed to the
wind.
Simultaneously,
8D % of the wind load on the conductors
ace.
to
loading
case MN
2 shall
be
assumed
in direction

of
the axis of crossarms.
The 'q_ther
forces
simultaneously
in case of a quartering wind
from loading case MN 4 of Table 7.
to
be assumed
shall be taken
8.2.1.3 Wind on ice-covered conductors

For all towers, excepted suspensions towers with a height of the
conductor attachments up to 15 m, the wind action on
ice-covered
conductors
shall
also
be assumed,
allowing by 50 % of
the
wind load ace. to Clause 8.1.2.1 on towers, on equipment
and on
conductors covered
with normal or increased additional load ace.
to Clause 8.1.1.2. The unit weight force of the ice may be
taken
as
0,0075
N/cm 3 , and the aerodynamic drag coefficient as
l,fi.
8.2.2 Exceptional loading
Here the loading cases MA 1 and MA 2 given in Table
7 apply. All
towers with the exception of single-, double- and A-shaped poles
'.made of wo1r0 shall
be designed for a random reduction of one
or several
conductor
tensile forces which will
create bending
and/or
torsion.
In
detail
the following assumptions apply as appropriate.
8.2.2.1 General
In the loading case MA 1 the tensile force of one conductor shall
be
assumed to be reduced on one side ace. to Clauses 8.2.2.2 or
8.2.2.3 if up to two three-phase AC circuits are installed an the
towers.
If more
than
two
three-phase
AC
circuits are
installed on the
towers,
half of
the
loading ace. to Clauses
8.2.2.2 or 8.2.2.3 shall be considered additionally for the third
and the fourth as well as for the fifth and the sixth circuits.
The position of the unbalanced conductor tensile forces acting in
the
same direction
shall
be assumed in such a manner that the
most
unfavourable
loadings
occur
in
the
individual members.
Independently of the
arrangement
of
the
circuits
reduction of the
tensile
force
of one
conductor
considered for one crossarm.
only
the
has to be
In case of DC and monophase AC circuits provisions shall be made

analogously in respect of the number of conductors.
8.2.2.2 Suspension and angle suspensions towers
Loading case MA l
The
tensile
force of one conductor at normal or increased additional
load shall be assumed reduced by 50 % on one side in case
of single
conductors. In case of bundled conductors the tensile
force
shall
be assumed
reduced by 35 % on one side in case of
lengths of insulator
sets up
to 2,5 m and by 25 % in case of
lengths
of
insulator sets above 2,5 m. In case of earth wires a
reduction of 65 % shall be assumed.
Table 7. Loading cases of tower bodies

To1-1er type
Normal loading (MN) ace. to Clause 8.2.1

Loading case
Loading case
MN 2
Loading case
MN 3
Loading case
Loading case
MN 4
MN 5
Permanent
loads, additional loads
Permanent
loads
Permanent
loads
Permanent
loads
Permanent
Hind load on
toHer and
equipment in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm
Hind load on
toHer, equipment and condue tors in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm
Hind load on
toHer and
equipment
rectangularly to the
axis of
crossarm
Quatering
Hind load on
toHer, equipment and condue tors ace.
to Clause
8.2.1.2
Hind load in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm on
toHer, equipment and conductors Hith
additional
load ace. to
Clause 8.2.1.3
MN 1
Suspension
toVJers
Exceptional loading (MA)

ace. to Clause 8.2.2
r-
5~
(__,
-1
s (__.
-\ _) c
f' "
+-5'c_
:::
--S,c -1 v.;
Angle suspension
toVJers and
angle toHers
Permanent
Permanent
loads
Permanent
loads
Permanent
Loading case
MA 2
Permanent loads, additional

loads
Conductor tensile forces

ace. to Clause 8.2.2.2
loads
C!
H
Wind load on
toHer and
eq~ipment in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm
Continuation
see Page 22
Permanent
loads
Loading case
MA 1
Hind load on
toHer, equipment and conductors in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm
v! in d
load on
tm-1er, equipment and conductors rectangularly to
the axis of
cros:;arm
Quartering
Hind load on
toHer, equipment and conductors ace.
to Clause
8.2.1.2
Wind load in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm on
toHer, equipment and conductors with
additional
load ace. to
Clause 8.2.1.3
z
<
0
(l1
0
N
t-'
0
'U
n>
OQ
(J)
{\)
t-'
'"0
~
OQ
(])
Normal loading 01N) ace. to Clause 8.2.1
ToHer type
Exceptional loading (~~)

N
N
Loading case
Loading case
MN 1
MN 2
Loading case
MN 3
Loading casejLoading case
MN 4
MN 5
Loading case
MA 1
Loading case
MA 2
<
0
Angle suspension
towers and
angle toHers
(cont.)
Conductor
tensile
forces resulting
from additional loads
Conductor
tensile
forces at
+5c and
wind load
Conductor
tensile
forces at
+5c and
wind load
Conductor
tensile
forces at
+5c and
wind load
Conductor tens i l e forces .

resulting from
additional
load and wind
load ace. to
Clause 8.2.1.3
Section
towers and
angle section
toHers
see angle
suspension
towers and
angle toHers
see angle
suspension
towers and
angle towers
Permanent
loads
additional
loads
see angle
suspension
tov1ers and
angle toviers
see angle
suspension
toHers and
angle towers
~ ...
Conductor tensile forces at

angle suspension toHers
ace. to Clause 8.2.2.2, at
angle towers
I Permanent
loads, additional
loads
Hind loads
on to1-1er and
equipment in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm
thirds of
the higher
conductor tensile forces at
one side resulting from
additional
loads. These
forces act in
the centre of
the toHer
Tv:o

[T]
0
N
1-'
0

Normal loading (t'lN) ace. to Clause 8.2.1
ToHer type
Terminal
t01-1ers
Loading case
Loading case
MN l
t1N 2
Exceptional loading (MA)

Loading base
MN 3
Loading case
Loading case
Loading case
Loading case
MN 4
MN 5
MA l
MA 2
Permanent
Permanent
loads
additional
loads
Permanent
loads
Permanent
Wind load on
tower and
equipment in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm
\-lind load on
tO\ler and
equipment
rectangularly to the
axis of
c rossarm
Qua tering
Hind load
on tovrer,
equipment
and conductors
Hind load in
direction of
the axis of
crossarm on
tovrer, equipment and conductors vJith
additional
load ace. to
Clause 8.2.1.3
Conductor
tensile
forces at
one side of
all conductors resulting from
additional
loads
Conductor
tensile
forces at
one side of
all conducLors rcsu] tinr; from
additional
Conductor
tensile
forces at
one side of
all conductors at
+5C and
Hind load
Conductor
tensile
forces at
one side of
all conductors
from ad ditional load
and wind
load ace. to
Clause 8.2.1.3
lOilClS

loads

one side ace. to Clause
8.2.2.3
CJ
H
<
0
trJ
0
I'J
I-'
0
"0
Pl
aq
CD
I'J

torsional
loading of towers is prevented or recuced by
If
the
suitable
measures
(such as release clamps, rotating crossarms l
stays
etc.)
the
effect achieved of such measures may be taken
into consideration.
Loading case MA 2
The
tensile force
of all
conductors
shall
be assumed to be
reduced
by 20 % on one side in case of pin-type insulators and
suspension towers with lengths of insulator sets up to 2,5 m and
by 15
% in case of suspension towers and lengths of insulator
sets
above
2,5 m. For earth wires a reduction of 40 % shall be
assumed.
8.2.2.3 Angle towers,
section towers and terminal towers
Loading case MA r
The tensile fore~ of one conductor with normal or increased additional
load
shall be assumed to be reduced on one side by 100%.
Loading case MA 2
The
tensile
forces
of all
reduced by 40 % on one side.
conductors
shall be assumed to be
8.3 Loading cases for crossarms and earthwire peaks

When
analysing
the
crossarms and earthwire
peaks
the loads
assigned
to
the
individual loading cases in Table 8 shall be
assumed as simultaneously acting. For each structural component
the
loading case
shall
be selected which produces the maximum
loading.
In
case
of crossarms and earthwire
of section to~ers
peaks
which
systematically
experience permanent
unb2lanced tensile
forces
those
forces
shall
be considered.
In
case
of crossarms
of which will initially
the conductors
be
installed partially
this situation shall be considered when
analysing the crossarm.
For crossarms of
tower types which are not included in Table 8
the
loading cases shall be assumed according to the utilization
of the towers.
8.3.1 Normal loading
In this case the loading cases QN 1 to QN 3 apply as
Table 8.
indicated in
8.3.2 Exceptional loading

Here
the
Table 8.
loading
cases
QA
to
QA
3 apply as indicated in
All crossarms of towers shall be designed for a

random reduction
of the tensile force of one conductor which will create a loading
of the crossarm in the dire~tion of the conductors as well as for
the
failing of one insulator string of a multiple insulator set.
Additionally,
all
crossarms shall be designed for erection and
maintenance loads ace. to Clause 8.1.1.3.
Table 8. Loading cases for crossarms and earthwire peaks

Tov1er type
Normal loading (QN) ace. to Clause 8.3.1

Loading case
QN l
Suspension
tm-1ers
Loading case
QN 2
Loading case
QN 3
Permanent loads, !Permanent loads

additional loads
Permanent loads
Wind load in direction of the

axis of crossarm
on crossarm,
equipment and
conductors Hith
additional load
aec. to Clause
Hind load on
cross arm and
equipment rectangularly to
the axis of
crossarm
Wind load on
crossarm, equipment and conductors in direction of the axis
of crossarm
8.2.1.3
Angle
suspension
tmle rs and
angle tov1ers
Permanent loads, !Permanent loads !Permanent loads

additional loads
Hind load in direction of the
axis of crossarm
on crossarm,
equipment and
conductors with
additional load
ace. to Clause
8.2.1.3
Wind load on
crossarm, equipment and conductors in direction of the axis
of crossarm
Conductor tenConductor tensile forces from,sile forces at

additional and
+5"C and wind
Hind load ace.
load
to Clause
8.2.1.3
Wind load on
crossarm and
equipment rectangularly to
the axis of
crossarm
L
Exceptional loading (QA) ace. to Clause 8.3.2
Loading case
QA 1
Loading case
QA 2
Loading case
QA 3
Permanent loads, !Loads ace. to

additional loads loading cases
QN 1 to QN 3 or
loaqing case
QA 1 and failing
of one insulator
string ace. to
Clause 8.3.2.1
Permanent loads,
erection and
maintenance
loads ace. to
Clause 8 .l.l. 3

ace. to Clause

ace. to Clause
8.3.2.2
8.3.2.2
Permanent loads, !Loads ace. to

additional loads loading cases
QN l to QN 3 or
loading case
QA l and failing of one insulator string
ace. to Clause
8.3.2.1
Permanent loads,
erection and
maintenance
loads ace. to
Clause 8.1.1.3
0
H
z
<
0
[r)

+5"C and wind
load
Condue tor tensile forces at

angle suspension
tO\Iers ace. to
Clause 8.3.2.2
at angle toHers
ace. to Clause
8. 3. 2. 3

angle suspension
toHers ace. to
Clause 8.3.2.2
at angle toHers
ace. to Clause
8. 3. 2. 3
0
1\..)
t--'
.,
Pl
()q
ill
1\..)
Vl
'"U
Ill
()q
Tower type

Loading case
QN 1
Loading case
QN 2
Exceptional loading (QA)
~~~.
t:.r:;
Clause 8.3.2
Cll
1\)
Loading case
' ,
QN 3
Loading case
QA 1
Loading case
QA 2
I Loading case
QA 3
0\
0
H
Section
towers and
angle
section
towers
Loads ace. to
;Loading cases
QN 3 and failing of one insulator string
ace. to Clause
8.3.2.1
Permanent loads,
additional loads
see angle suspension towers
and angle
towers
see angle suspension towers

and angle
towers
Wind loads on
crossarm and
equipment in direction of the
axis of crossarm
Higher one-sided
conductor tens i l e force of
one conductor
with addi tiona! '
load at tacking
most unfavourably and simultaneously two
thirds of the
higher one-sided
conductor forces
of the other
conductors with
additional load
Permanent
loads,
erection and
maintenance
loads ace. to
Clause 8 .1.1. 3

ace. to
loading
case QN 3
<
0
trl
0
1\)
I-'

Tower type

Loading case
QN 1
Terminal
towers
Loading case
QN 2
Loading case
Q!'l 3
Permanent loads,
additional loads
Permanent loads,
additional loads
Wind load in
d irec ti on of the
axis of crossarm
on crossarm,
equipment and
conductors with
additional load
ace. to Clause
8.2.1.3
Wind load on
crossarm, equipment rectangularly to the axis
of crossarm
Conductor tensile
forces at one
side of all conductors with
additional load
and Hind load
ace. to Clause
8.2.1.3
Conductor tensile
forces at one
side of all conductors with
additional load
Exceptional loading (QA) ace. to Clause 8.3.2

Loading case
QA 1
Loading case
QA 2
Loading case
QA 3
Loads ace. to
loading cases
QN 1 or QN 3
and failing of
one insulator
string ace. to
Clause 8.3.2.1
Permanent
loads,
erection and
maintenance
1 oads ace. to
Clause 8 .l.l. 3

ace. to
loading
case QN 3
0
rl
<
0
f\J
......
0
'"U
Ill
OQ
C1>
(\)
-.J

8.3.2.1 General
Only
the tensile force of one conductor at one crossarm needs to
be assumed to be reduced. The unbalanced conductor tensile force
shall
be assumed
in such a manner that the most unfavourable
loadings are
produced in the individual members. Also, only the
failing
of one
insulator string of a multiple insulator set at
the same time needs to be assumed, however, at that point of action which produces the most unfavourable loading of
each individual member.
8.3.2.2 Suspension and angle suspension towers
The assumptions acc.to Clause 8.2.2.2, loading case MA 1 apply to
the
unbalanced tensile forces. A reduction of the conductor tensile force on obe side by 65 % shall be considered for the earthwire forces.
In addition to the permanent loads the normal or increased additional
load ace. to Clause 8.1.1.2 shall be taken into account.
8.3.2.3 Section towers
The
<ssumpt~~ns ace. to Clause 8.2.2.3, loading case MA 1, apply
to
the
unbalanced
tensile forces. In addition to the permanent
loads
either
the erection and maintenance loads ace. to Clause
8.1.1.3 or the normal or increased additional load ace. to Clause
8.1.1.2 shall be assumed.
8.3.2.4 Section and terminal towers
For
these towers the erection and maintenance
loads or the
failing of one insulator string of a multiple insulator set shall
be assumed
as
exceptional loading.
For loading case QA 3 the
conductor tensile forces of the loading case QN 3 ace. to Clause
8.3.1 shall be taken into account.
8.4.Lattice steel towers
8.4.1 General specifications
Lattice
steel
towers can be allied to structures predominantly
subjected
to static loading.
The method of analysis ~hall be
chosen according to the type of the structure.
The conditions
of equilibrium may be adopted on the undeformed
system. That means that the determination of the member forces of
the individual structural compon~nts may be carried out following
the first order theory.
Lattice
steel towers form three-dimensional
truss structures.
Secondary
bending stresses shall be considered but they need not
be demonstrated separately by calculation.

8.4.2 Analysis, permissible stresses
8.4.2.1 Determination of member forces
When determining the forces in the members of the tower body of a
four-legged
tower
the
following simplified assumptions may be
used. Special
significance must
be given to the application of
external loads.
Horizontal loads may be separated into the direction of the tower
faces
and may be distributed equally on the two faces concerned.
Each
tower
face
may
than be analysed
for the proportion of
loading
assigned
to it as a plane truss. In case of leg members
the forces
resulting
from
two adjacent
tower faces have to
be summed up.
If
a
horizontal load Z results in a torsional moment Md related
to
the
axis
of
the
tower body, the horizontal forces may be
determined
ace.
to
Fig.
1. For these horizontal forces, each
individual tower face may be treated as a plane truss structure.
Z(1 + ~)
Aid
H,
!ltd
z
=fa+ 2
H2
HJ""' Md
2h
jl
1-1.
-"'"1
g.
Aid
2 d-
1. Horizontal loads acting on the tower body resulting from

a torsional moment
When
using this approach the ratio alb shall not exceed 1,5. The
shape of the tower must be prismatic or correspond to a truncated
pyramid.
At
all
crossarm levels and at changes of slope of leg
members, horizontal bracings shall be provided and their adequacy
shall be proven.

8.4.2.2 Materials
Generally,
only
the
structural steel types St 37-2 and St 52-3
ace.
to DIN 17100 shall be used as material for overhead line
towers. Other types of structural steel may only be used if their
mechanical
characteristics, chemical composition and suitability
for
welding are clearly shown
by
the manufacturer's quality
requirements
or factory standards and if that structural
steel
can
be assigned
to
one
of those steel types mentioned in the
first sentence of this clause.
In all
other cases, suitability
requires approval, for
example
in form of an official certification by the civil engineering authorities.
A manufacturer's certificate according to DIN 50049 for the types
of steel to be used for welded components is the minimum requirement. Steel for structural parts of minor importance is excepted.
(For selection of steel qualities see DAST-Instruction 009).
8.4.2.3 Permissible stresses
The permissible stresses
for St 37-2 and St 52-3 as well as for
the corresponding bolts and rivets are shown in Table 9.
8.4.2.4 Utilization of high-strength bolts
High-st~ength
bolts
may
be
used
for
shearing/bearing joints
ace.
to DIN 18800 Part.l) having a tolerance between
hole and bolt of up to 2 mm. These joints can be designed without
prestressing or with prestressing not less than 0,5 * FV (for FV
see Table 9,
Note 1).
The
prestressing force need not to be
checked.
(S~-joints
Materials,
performance
and analysis of shearing/bearing joints
shall
comply with DIN 18800 Part 1/03.81 Clauses 2.3 and 7.2.1.
The permis~ible stresses can be taken from Table 9.
When
using
high-strength
bolts
for
friction
grip
joints
(GV-joints ace. to DIN 18800 Part 1), with or without loadings in
direction of the axis of the
bolts, the
stipulations according
to DIN 18800 Part 1 and
Part
7 shall be met. The normal
loading shall be assigned to loading case H and the exceptional
loading to the loading case HZ.
8.4.2.5 Welded joints
For welded
joints the
stresses according to DIN 18800 Part 1/
03.81,
Table 11,
loading case H,
are permissible in case of
normal loading.
In case
of exceptional
loading 1,375
times
these stresses are permissible.
DIN 18800 Part 1 applies to the analysis and structural design of
DIN 18808 applies
to
tubular
welded
joints.
In addition
shall
be
sections.
Additionally,
the CAST-Instruction 009
adopted.
8.4.2.6 Rating of tensile loaded members
When
evaluating the tensile stress of a member consisting of an
angle
section which
is connected
by one rivet or by one bolt
DIN VDE 0210 Page 3l

only
the cross-section of the connected angle leg reduced by the
cross-section
of the hole shall be considered. In case of a connection
with
two or more rivets or bolts arranged in one leg of
an
angle 0,8
times
that net cross-section which results by deduction of the holes from the cross-section shall be considered.
8.4.2.7 Rating of axially loaded compression members

Members
of
lattice
steel towers may be considered as straight
axially
loaded
compression members and shall be rated according
to DIN 4114 part 1. For compression loaded leg members of lattice
steel towers the eccentricity of the load application may be disregarded
provided reference is made to the mean centroidal axis.
In
case of compression bracing members of lattice steel towers
consisting of one
single angle
(for example members between
leg members or between chords) being connected by one of the angle
legs the eccentricity of load application may be disregarded.
For
single
applies
compression
0
loaded
members
the following relation
..t ::5 perm
(t) -
Hhere:
F
absolute
value of the maximum compression force occurring
in the member in N
total
cross-section
of
the
member
compression
stress in N/mm 2 ace. to Table 9
for the analysed loadirig case and the material selected.
0 perm permissible
;
buckling
coefficient depending on the material and the
slenderness ratio A. For A:: 250, W can be taken from
DIN 4114 Part 1.
The slenderness ratio is not limited for members of lattice steel

towers. For A > 250
applies.
Hhere:
E
modulus of elasticity,
for steel
perm
permissible compression stress

for St 37-2
for St 52-3
= 210000 N/mm 2
0 perm
0 perm
160 N/mm 2
240 N/mm 2
slenderness ratio
For
members
with A < 20 a compression analysis need not to be
carried out. The buckling coefficient W may be taken as 1:

8.4.2.8 Rating of eccentrically loaded compression members
In case
of members with uniform cross-section which are systematically
loaded
eccentrically by a compression force
F acting
along
one of the
principal axes or which, in addition
to a
compression force F, are loaded by a bending moment M acting in a
principal plane, whether or not it is dependent on F, the virtual
extreme fib-re stress acceding to
o
ttl F
M
-A- + 0.9 W :$ Operm
shall
not exceed the stress u
for compression and combined
bending
compression according P!SmTable 9. Thereb~, it has been
assumed
that
buckling occurs in the plane of the acting moment
and
that
the centre of gravity of the member cross-section has
the
same or a smaller distance to the extreme tension fibre than
to the extreme compression fibre.
The bending moment M and the section modulus Wd shall be related
to a principal axis of the total cross-section.
For a cross-section of a member the centre of gravity of which is
closer to
the extreme compression fibre
than to the extreme
berdirg
tension
fibre
the
following
two d~nditions must be
'"
satisfied:
(U. F .
M
o
-A-
,,
tuF
+ 0.9 W
':
...
"
~-
:5 uperm
;.
300+2.-l M
o=.~+. 1000 .wSuperm
....
.; ~- ' . '.:.~. l .~......~-------~~--'~1: . :.~. -
'
where Wd and w.z"are the. ~~-~-tJ~n-mOdp~J .of the gross cross-section

related
to the extreme compression'1ibre and the extreme tension
fibre, respectively ... i
~ <i;:
<,>, '
../. :; .'. . ~: . ,~ f) . :, , ""~JFL :_;-:,. . .
8.4.2.9 Rating of
rr
..
com~6und
...
compressiori members
!:.,
):,~;>
;
or ..... t~-; .angle sections
for
compression members can~i~ting
stan'dard bolt's-are-used. to_ . _jbiil the stay' plates instead of
rivets, -fitted ::bolts or welding, 'the buckling length evaluated
a c c or d i n g .to ~Cl au s e 8 4 2 . 11 s h a 11 be i n c r e as e d by t h e fa c to r 1. 1
while the :formula
.:
-': 1: ' ,~.. >~ ~~\;: l ~ .

.. .. . ... ... ...... ~ .. ~-- .. -- -)., = ~
.
..
,,
'
',:::
:.\
applies for the slenderness ratio of the sub-member as before.

When connecting a compound compression member to a leg member or
to a gusset plate the end stay plate may be omitted if the
conne~tion
is carried out by welding or by rivets or by fitted
bolts. When connecting with standard bolts the end stay plate may
be omitted
if the distance to the next stay plate is not more
than 0,75 times the theoretical interval between stay plates.
compression members
When the structural design of compound
these
requi~ements the members may be calculated
complies with
according to the following rules including also Clause 8.4.3.4.

Table 9. Permissible stresses for components made of steel
Component
RiVets
Components
Steel structure
Compression
and Bending
compression,
Tension and
Bending tension
Shear
Normal
loading
Material
Type of
loading
Eolts
Exceptional
loading
N/rnrn 2
I
1160
1240
St 37-2
St 52-3
220
330
I
104
156
143
214
160
240
220
330
St 37-2,USt36 4.6 320

St 37-21
>~ 5.6 320
St 52-3!
5.6. 480
440
440
600
4.6 126
5.6- 168
10.9- 270
173
231
371
4.6
5.6
10. 9.
4.6
5.610.9-
280
280
280
280
420
420
385
385
385
385
575
575
10.9 - 380
522
10.9
783
St 37_:21
St 52-31
Round head rivets ace.

to DIN 124
Shearing
Fitted bolts ace. to

DIN 7968
Bearing
lust36
1
4.6
5.6
Shearing
Hexagon bolts ace. to
DIN 7990
High-stre~gth bolts ace.
to DIN 6914 without pr~-L
stressing
: ': I /
Bearing
.
..
'
St
St
St
St
St
St
37-2
37-2 t
37-2 ~~
52-3 1
52-31
52-31
i
,~
High-strength bolts ace.

to DIN 6914 with
prestressing
Bearing
~0,5xFvl)
Hexagon bolts ace. to

DIN 7990
St 37-21
St
52-31
570
171
Tension
Fitted bolts ace. to

DIN 7968
5.6
150
206
10.9
410
563
\oo~
High-strength bolts ace.

to DIN 6914 without
prestressing
1) Fv ace. to DIN 18800 Part 1/03.81, Table 9
Column 2 and DIN 18800
Part 7/05.83, Table 1 Column 2, respectively.

Compound compression members which
consist of m sub-members,
the
cross-section of which is provided with a material principal
axis x-x, may be calculated against buckling transversely to this
material
axis
as a single compression member.
As
far as
buckling transversely to the non-material principal axis y-y is
concerned the member can
be treated
as a single compression
member with a virtual slenderness of
" +2
m . J.,2
"'y
/.yi =
where A
is the slenderness ratio of the individual sub-member.
1
In
case of a lattice system adopted for the connection of the
sub-members the effective working length, and in case of stay
plates their centre-to-centre distance, shall be assumed as the
buck l i n g 1 eng t h s k For i
t he, min i mum r ad ius of g y rat ion of a
1
1
sub-member shall be used.
/
If
the leg member is formed by several angle sections and if the
angle legs are parallel to the tower faces then the leg member
shall be checked against buckling in each of
the
tower faces.
Fo.r
the
slenderness ratio
the maximum of the
values Ax
or A
and A . or A . , respectively, shall be adopted.
y
Y1
X.l.
\.
'\
members consisting of two angle sections arranged in

cruciform the buckling of which is not constrained to a definite
direction due to connections within the buckling length need
only to be checked against buckling transversely to the material
axis
x-x. In case of
compound compression
members with two
immaterial axes the higher value of the two
slenderness ratios
A y 1. ..shall
be
.used.
.
'
. ' . ' ... '
Compress~on
'
All
stay plates ~nd bracings as well as their connections shall
be rated such that under action of the virtual member shear force
... .
the
stresses permissible
not be exceeded.
Where:
w Y1.
for the considered loading case shall
buckling coefficient according to the virtual slenderness

ratio.
I
For stay plates and filler plates of compound compression members

it
is sufficient to prove
that their connections are able to
withstand the force
s
T= QI L'
resulting from virtual member shear force Q., where

1
interval of the stay plates and

spacing of the centroidal lines of the angle sections of
the sub-members.

When
checking
the connections of the stay pla~es the moment due
to
the eccentric application of the force T shall be considered.
In the
case of compression members consisting of angle sections
arranged
in cruciform the stay plates
may be arranged staggered
at right angles or in parallel.
8.4.2.10 Buckling length of leg members
If
the
ends of
the members are restrained to preclude lateral
displacements,
the
buckling length sK of leg members of lattice
steel towers shall be the effective working length sx or sD .
If there
is a definite direction of buckling due to the connections
within the buckling length, the moment of inertia shall be
related to the axis which is perpendicular to that direction.
If the leg members consist of equal-leg angle sections and if the
bracings
are
arranged
according
to Fig.
2a or 2b the
analysis of
the
leg members shall
be based on the moment of
inertia I
X
If the bracing is arranged according to Fig. 2c or 2d the minimum

moment of inertia I~ shall be considered.
If the
bracing
is arranged according
to
Fig. .2a or 2b the
buckling
length sk of the leg members may be assumed to be equal
to s
if the slenderness ratio
X
~:.r
,, ...
does not exc~e~~8o.

...
b)
d)
Fig. 2. Bu<?kling length oC leg members

In case of A > 80, sk = s . may be assumed if the member forces
increase dow~wards along tfie tower body and the lengths of members
in the upper
part
of a tower or a tower section are not
longer than
in
the
lower part. Otherwise sk = 1,1 s shall be
X
assumed.
8.4.2.11 Buckling length of the bracing members
In case of single warren or double warren bracing the buckling
length sk = 0,9 s
(s = effective working length) applies as
mentioned 'in DIN 4114 Part 2/02.53, R i 6. 48, if
their ends are fixed rigidly
they are sufficiently restrained in direction of buckling and
their cross-sectional area
is smaller than that of the leg
members.
Sufficient restraining
is
provided for example if the leg and
bracing members consist of angle sections.
In case of members of double warren bracing one of which is
compression loaded and
the other
tension loaded the crossing
point may be considered as rigid in the tower face as
well
as
rectan~ularly
to
that
plane if the
two crossing members are
connected according to DIN 4114 Part 2/02.53, _;Ri 6.41.
For bracing members which
in the plane of the
are supported
tovrer face by a redundant
bracing at 1 east at third points
and
which
are
restrained at
their crossing point by a
reinforcing panel
arranged not in the
plane of the face,
the reduced buckling length sk = 0,9 s may be assumed for
buckling r e c t _an g u 1 a r 1 y to the plane of the face.
,for
the
a K-bracing, '.. sk '= 0,9 s may only be adopted if the ends of

bracihg .members are supported
by a reinforcing panel.
"
.;
:,~
~ C;-~
~-~-2.12
..:!
~~~es
r.: :-....~ , ,..
In all other
sk
s shall be taken.
Proof of local b~ckling strength
Depending ron the ratio ~f ihe angle width b to angle thickness t

the following conditions exist with respect to the necessity to
prove the local buckling strength of the angle section.
b/t ~ 15
15 ~ b/t ~ 20
b/t > 20
no proof necessary
proof necessary, if b/t
proof necessary,
>
0,2
where 'A means the slenderness ratio relevant to the rating of the
member.
8.4.2.13 Structural components embedded in the ground
Clause 9.5.3 shall be met when rating structural components which
are embedded in the ground.
DIN VDE 0210 Paae
"'
37
8_4.3 Basic principles for design and manufacturing

8_4.3.1 Minimum dimensions of components
thi~kness
of components shall generally not be less than
mm. In case
of hollow sections used for towers the thickness
m~y
be
reduced
to 3 mm if effective
protection against
ccrrosion
is
ensured
according
to
the requirements or
D:N 18800 Part 1 together with DIN 18801 and DIN 18808 on the
i~ner and outer faces.
T~e
If weakened by boltholes, angle sections with a width below 35 mm

ar-d
flat
bars with a width below 30 mm are inadmissible for all
t T?e s
of members ,
as we 11 as r i v e t s wi t h a fin i she d d i am e t e r
less than 13 mm.
I
.....
. \~
Diameters
of
bolts
less than 12 mm are not permissible for
loading.
The minimum strength quality for bolts M 12
is 5.6 according to DIN 267 Part 1.
st~uctural
8.~.3.2
Dimensions of connecting elements in joints
The
maximum permissible diameter of a driven
rivet and the
maximum permissible
diameter of threads of mechanically loaded
bolts and the diameters of related boltholes are determined by
the
width of the
angle legs and may be taken from Table 10
together with the edge distances in direction of the force.
The .minimum dist~~~~s between centres of boltholes shall be not
less than 2,5 times the diameter of the holes, the edge distances
rectangularly to the direction of the force shall be not less
than 1,2 ti~es of the diameter of the bolthole.
.
..,
../......:
'
:\
..
8.4.3.3
E6centricity
~f member connections
. ..
.. ., .
!
~.
-~
The, ,eccentricity of the connections of members at nopes shall be

ke.pt
. . a:s. -small
\i.s pass ible.
. .... ..
".( .. :
;'t ...
~-
: ;,;
';t. i~ T"'! i. ~
n. .~ ;:
8.4 . 3~--C~mpound
compression members
.. .. ......
_
(.
In
case of compound compression members the slenderness ratio of
a sub-member shall not exceed 50. If stay plates are adopted they
shall
be arranged at least at third points of the total buckling
length and at the ends of the members. If members comprising two
angle
sections are connected to a common gusset plate, separate
stay plates at the member ends are not necessary.
Every stay
plate shall be connected to each sub-member by means
of two rivets or equivalent bolts or of an equivalent welded seam
designed
accordibg to the relevant standards. At the ends of the
members
one
additional connecting element shall be provided for
each
of
these
connections.
Compound compression members with
bracings shall also be provided with stay plates at the ends of
the members.

Table 10. Dimensions of connections and edge distances of
jointing components in mm
M 12 M 16 M 201M 24 M 27 M 30
Dimension of bolts
Max. diameter of
bolthole
Hexagon bolts
Rivets
14
13
18
17
22
21
26
25
29
28
32
31
Min. width of angle leg
35
50
60
70
75
80
Min. edge distances

of the force
20
25
25
35
30
40
40
50
45
55
50
65
in direction
The ---minimum va 1 ue s of the specified edge distances in direction

of the
force which are measured
from the centre of the
hole
shall be "ad h e r e d
to
in any case. For tensile loaded components
of the vertical truss
well as for leg
faces of cross arms as
member joints the higher values shall be adhered to.
8.4.3.5 Securing of bolted connections

Nuts of bolts should be secured against
loos_~\uing
8.4.3.6 Punching of holes for rivets and bolts

Holes_ for rivets and bolts may be punched into angles and plates
of up
to -12 mm thickness. Permanent supervision shall ensure
that sharp punches and
suiting ~ies are used for the manufacturing. Structural /members . of
shall not ~e punched.
'.'
::
-.
; / _-,_-
'
crossarms permanently loaded in tension
8.~.3~7-~~i~~ays f~r climbing the towers

'
;~..... '
. "
'
Latt1c~~~~~~~l towers need no special walkways for climbing and

access: to working positions if the distance between nodes at the
leg membe~_~6~s not e~ceed 0,45 m or if the structural members of
the tower "which have to be used when climbing are not inclined by
more
t'han 30. 'and the distance between any standing position and
the next
structural component a.bove does not exceed 1,7 m or if
climbing devices independent of the tower such as ladders or elevating platforms are to be used.
In
case of lattice steel towers which do not comply with these
stipulations separate climbing facilities shall be arranged on at
least, two diagonally opposite leg members.
In the case of a two line step bolt arrangement the angle between
the
planes of the bolts shall be at least go.
The width of the steps shall amount to at least 300 mm for single
line arrangement and
at least 150 mm in case of two line step
bolt arrangement.
Flat tread width shall be at least 20 mm,
and
the diameter of cylindrical treads at least 24 mm.
To
provide
a protection against sliding a lateral limit at least 20
mm high measured from the top of step must be provided.

Step
bolts
shall be rated
for a
concentrated
load of 1500 N
acting
vertically at a structurally unfavourable
position. The
permissible stresses for exceptional loadings apply in this case.
Normally
the
step
bolts should
be arranged
with a constant
distance
of ~ 333 mm.
If
due
to
the design of the tower the
distances between alternate steps can not be equal and/or can not
be
333
mm or less, two adjacent steps may vary by up to 100 mm
but
the
spacing
between steps shall not exceed 403 mm. In the
vicinity
of
the
crossarm
joints structural components may be
used as treads instead of step bolts.
8.5 Poles made of solid wall profiles
This
clause
applies
to
polygonal cross-sections.
solid
wall
poles
with
circular
or
Solid
wall steel poles can be allied to structures predominantly
subjected to static loadings.
As
far as
materials, permissible stresses, use of high-strength
bolts,
welded
joints and thickness of materials are concerned,
the
requirements
for
lattice
steel
towers apply accordingly.
8.5.2 Analysis and design
8.5.2.1 Evaluation of internal forces and moments
The
evaluation
of
the
internal
forces
and moments shall
be
carried
out according
to
the
second
order
theory.
If this
more
precise
proof
is not
undertaken
the effects of
second
order
theory
may
be considered
by
the
following additions
to the moments which have been determined
according to the first
order theory:
Suspension, angle suspension and
angle towers
section towers, angle section towers,
terminal towers
3 %.
This
applies to poles having a length up to 40 m between
of the foundation and the top of the uppermost crossarm.
~he
top
8.5.2.2 Stability against local buckling

A more precise proof of the stability against local buckling may
be
dispensed
with in
the
case of
polygonal cross-section
structures
with a maximum of 12 sides if the following condition
applies:
s :5. f.:.
where:
s
theoretical width of sides of the polygon
t
thickness
page 40 DIN VDE 0210 .

k
=
=
43 for St 37-2 and

35 for St 52-3.
8.5.2.3 Limitation of deflection

The
latteral
deflection
of the pole at the pole top due to the
load
may theoretically be demonstrated following the first order
theory
without
consideration of
the movement
of foundation
and shall be limited as follows:
Suspension and angle suspension poles:
4 % of the
length
of
poles when
loading cases MN 2 or MN 5 of Table 7.
being loaded according to
Angle poles, section poles and terminal poles:

2,5 % of the
length -bf
poles when being loaded according to
loading case MN 1 of Table 7.
8.5.2.4 Cut outs
If the effective cross-section is reduced by cut outs for doors,
etc.
a statical
analysis shall be carried out on the basis
of
the effectively
available cross-section.
8.5.2.5 Overlap joints
Joints
in
the
bodies
of
solid wall
poles
with circular or
polygonal
sections
may
be made by lapping without adoption of
connecting elements
and
without
an analytical
proof
if the
following conditions are simultaneously fulfilled:
Length of overlap is greater than 1,5 d
m
"1-Ihere:
d
corresponds
to
the outside diameter at the end of that tube
m which is outside.
In the case of polygonal poles d means the mean value of the
diameters
of
the
enveloping aWd
the fitted circles of the
cross-section at the end of the tube on the outside.
Pole taper
:: 10 mm/m
Thickness of wall
::: 16 mm.
8.6 Reinforced concrete poles

Reinforced concrete poles
and their crossarms shall be designed
on the basis of the
load
assumptions
according to
Clauses 8.1
to 8.3 and rated according to the current DIN standards.
8.7 Wood poles
The
standards DIN 48350 and
DIN 48351 Part 1 and 2
single wood poles and A-poles, respectively.
apply to

8.7.2 Analysis and permissible stresses
If sing:~ wood poles and A-poles do not comply with DIN 48350 and
DIN 48351 Part 1 and 2, respectively, a analytical
proof will be
necessar;.
The stresses given in Table 11 shall not be exceeded.
Table
1:. Permissible stresses for wood poles and sleepers
Type of loading
Coniferous
timber
N/mm 2
--
Hard
wood
N/mm 2
Tension or bending
14 '5
Compre.:;:.>ion in direction of fibres
11,0
12,0
Compres:; ion transverse to direction of

fibres
3,5
5,0
Shearing in direction of fibres
1' 8
2,0
Shearir,g transverse to direction of fibres
3,0
4 '0
A bending
and
of 80
timber.
19,0
of
strength
50
N/mm 2
in case of coniferous timber
2
N I mm
in case of hard wood shall be assumed for round
For
sawn
wood,
with the exception of sleepers, the permissible
stresse.:;,
according
to
DIN 1052 Part 1 shall be adhered to. In
case of dowelled double poles the section modulus may be taken as
three
tlmes
the
section modulus of the single pole if the lead
acts
in
a
plane which is determined by the axes of both poles.
All
oth0r types of double poles shall be treated as
poles.
t~o
separate
8.7.3 Principles for design and manufacturing

If
wood poles are in use for more than three years they shall be
protected
effectively by preservative agents against rotting and
insects.
Particular
attention
shall be given to bore holes and
scarfing::;.
Even if bore holes and scarfings are made subsequently they shall
be provided with an efficient wood protection.
Dowelled
double
poles shall be provided over their total length
with
4 to 6 dowels and bolted together. Dowelling will be effective
only
if the spacers are either fitted into the poles or if
they
penetrate
into
the wood poles by teeth or claws such that
the pole::; can be considered as rigidly connected.
8.8
Poles made of other materials
For other
tower designs and for towers made of other materials
the same minimum requirements accordingly apply as in case of the
above mentioned
tower
types.
Towers
made of aluminium alloys
shall
be designed according to DIN 4113 under consideration
of
the
loading
assumptions
specified above.
For normal
loading
according to
Clauses
8.1 to 8.3 the permissible stresses valid
for
the
loading
case
H
(main
forces)
apply,
and
for
exceptional loading 1,375 times these stresses.
8.9 Stays for towers

Galvanized steel ropes according to DIN 3051 Part 4 (round-shaped
flexible
stranded ropes
with
steel
core
only) and DIN 48201
P a r t 3 s h a ll b e ---us e d a s s t a y wi r e s . Ro p e s wi t h t h i c k l y g a l v a n i z e d
strands should be used preferably (see Appendix A).
Steel
ropes
with any other type of corrosion protection may be
used if that protection is at least as effective as the specified
galvanizing.
The
failing
load of the steel ropes with end fittings included
shall
be at least 2,25 times or 1,8 times the working force for
normal and excertional loading, respectively.
Th8
failing load of the rope provided with end fittings shall be
demonstrated
by
tensile
tests
on at least one sample per rope
diameter. This requirement for tests can be disregarded
- if the design of the rope and of the end fitting as well as the
corresponding mechanical strength data can be taken from a DIN
standard or
- if
the
proof
has
already
designs and dimensions.
been
carried out
for comparable
Stays
shall
be
equipped
with
devices
for
retightening. The
connection
of
the
stay ropes
with the anchor device shall be
accessible.
The
jointing elements
shall
be secured
against
unintentional loosening.
Stays of wood poles and poles made of materials with insulating
characteristics
shall
be additionally equipped beyond arm reach
Hith an insulator designed for adequate mechanical and electrical
strength (see DIN VDE 0141).
For all
other
towers the stays shall be bonded to the earthing
system of the support.
8.10 Protection of birds

Crossarms,
insulator pins and other components of overhead power
lines
shall
be
designed
to preclude a resting perch for birds
within a dangerous proximity to live conductors.
g. FOUNDATIONS
The
foundation
of
a
tower can be designed either as a compact
foundation or as a separate footing foundation.
Compact
foundations
are characterized in that the tower body is
accomodated
by one foundation and, in addition to horizontal and
vertical
for~es,
essentially
bending
moments
occur
as
loadings.
Depending
on the type of the compact foundation, the
transfer of
the
structural loads is achieved by soil pressures
within the foundation subface and by lateral soil resistance.
Separate footing foundations are characterized in that individual
foundations
for each leg member of the tower are
provided
and
each
of these receives -~sentially vertical loads in addition to
horizontal loads. "Uplift loads are counteracted by the deadweight
force of
the
foundation
body, by an earth surcharge perhaps
available and/or by shearing forces within the soil.
9.1 Requirements
The
foundations
of
towers shall be capable of transferring the
structural
loads
resulting
from the loading cases according to
Clause
8.2
inLo
the given subsoil with sufficient reliability.
This
objective
can
be achieved
by design and construction of
foundations
according
to
Clauses
9.4
to 9~8.
For poles the
stability of which, according to experience, is ensured without
a
specific
foundation body a proof may be disregarded.
The stability of foundations may also be proved by loading tests.
9.2 Types of subsoil
Due
to its varying performance in case of loading by foundations
the
subsoil is subdivided into natural soil (loose ground), rock
(solid ground) and made up ground.
9.2.1 Natural soil
A soil is
called natural if it is the result of a decayed geological
procedure. Following
main types have to be distinguished.
9.2.1.1 Non-cohesive soils
Sand,
gravel, boulders and their mixtures are classified as noncohesive soils if the weight portion of ingredients with particle
sizes
less than 0,06 mm does not exceed 15 %. The coarse grained
soils
(GE,
GW, GI, SE, SW, SI) and the mixed grained soils (GU,
GT, SU) according to DIN 18196 are within this category.
9.2.1.2 Cohesive soils
Clays, clayey silts and silts as well as their mixtures with noncohesive
soils (mixed grained soils with higher portion of finegrain) are classified as cohesive soils, if the weight portion of
cohesive
ingredients
with
particle sizes below 0,06 mm exceeds
15%
(for example
sandy clay, sandy silt, loam, marl). The fine

gr~ined
solls iUL,
UM,
TL, TM, TA) and the mixed grained soils
(SU, ST, ST, GU and GT) according to DIN 18196 are within
this
category of soil.
9.2.1.3 Organic soils and soils with organic ingredients

Peat
or mud and anorganic soils according to the Clauses 9.2.1.1
and
9.2.1.2 with organic ingredients of animal or vegetable origin
are called organic soils and soils with organic ingredients,
respectively,
if
the weight portion of organic ingredients exceeds
3 % in case of non-cohesive soils and 5 % in case of coheesive
soils (for example arable sand, mud or peaty sand, organic
silt or clay, marl). The organogenic and organic soils, respectively,
according to DIN 18196 correspond to these types of soils.
9.2.2 Rock
Throughout
this standard all solid grounds are identified by the
generic term "rock".
9.2.3 Made up ground and fill

Made
up
ground or fill may originate from mechanical dumping or
water borne extr2~tion. It is necessary to identify:
Uncompacted
fills
of any composition and, if the fill has been
sufficiently
compacted,
compacted
fills
of
non-cohesive
or
cohesive
types
of
soils and of anorganic filling products (for
example construction waste, scorea, ore tailings).
9.3 Soil investigations and soil characteristics

9.3.1 Soil investigations
Prior
to
determination of the type of foundation, of its depth
and
dimensions, the structure of soil below the envisaged botto~
of foundation,
and
in the case of a piled foundation below the
pile point, must be known in sufficient detail.
The soil investigations shall be carried out to such a depth that
all
layers
which
significantly
influence
the
foundation
strength are
included. When determining the extent and depth of
soil investigations, information already available concerning the
pattern,
uniformity and characteristics of the individual layers
can
be
taken
into consideration. Where justified, further soil
investigation can be omitted.
Type,
condition,
extent,
stratification
and depth of the soil
layers as well
as
ground-water conditions can
be
suitably
examined
by boring,
sounding or
trial pits, if available knowledge does not provide sufficient information.
The
results of
soil investigations shall be recorded, viz. for
boring
in accordance with DIN 4022 Part l and for soundings in
accordance with DIN 4094 Part l and Part 2.

9.3.2 Soil characteristics
If
the
soil
investigations
do not yield other values the soil
characteristics
according
to
Table.l2 assigned to the recorded
soil
conditions shall
be assumed when rating the foundations.
Sufficient compaction
of
the
backfill
shall be ensured when
adopting
these
values.
In certain circumstances a
possible
reduction of consistency of cohesive soils and hence a reduction
of load carrying capacity shall be allowed for.
The permissible soil pressures given in Table 12 apply to a depth
of
not
more than 1,5 m and to a width of the foundation base of
more
than l m. If the depth of
embedment is more than 1,5 mat
a 11
s i de s
of
t he f o u n d a t i o n b o d y t h e ---P e r mi s s i b l e so i 1 p r e s s u r e
may be increased by the value which results from the surcharge of
the
soil associated with the additional depth multiplied by the
factor K (see Table 12).
In case of ground-water the reduction of strength capacity of the
foundation
shall
be
considered
taking
care of
the most unfavourable ground-water table.
9.3.2.1 Methods to identify soil types
DIN
4021
types.
and
DIN
4022
Part 1 apply to identification of soil
9.3.2.2 Methods to identify the soil condition

The
condition of a cohesive soil can be determined by field test
as follows:
A soil
is
very
soft
squeezed in the fist.
if it exudes between the
fingers Hhen
A soil is soft if it is easily moulded in fingers.

A soil is firm if it can be moulded by strong pressure in fingers, and rolls of 3 mm diameter can be made without breaking or
crumbling.
A soil
is stiff if it breaks or crumbles while attempting to
prepare
rolls
of
3 mm diameter, however,
it would contain
sufficient moisture to re-form a clod of earth.
A soil
is
hard
if it is completely dried and appears lightcoloured in most cases. It can not be moulded further but would
break. After crumbling it cannot be re-rolled.
The compactness of non-cohesive soils can be determined according
to DIN 4094 Part 1 and Part 2.
9.4 Basis of design
9.4.1 Loading cases and stability requirements for foundations
In
Clause
8.2
a distinction is made between normal and exceptional loadings in respect of loading cases to be adopted
for the
Table 12. Soil characteristics for design of foundation

1
2
j3
Specific weight
force(values for
design)
1----------- ----------- --
Type of soi 1
na turallyl with
humid
bouyancy
_II ____
>-o
I;,__,-~-~-------
Angle oftliP~1n;';'"'soll
internal pressure
friction at a depth
not more
than 1,5 m
7
8 ____
-~
Jll
Angle of earth frustum ace. to Clauses
1_9
Coeff.
K
ace. tol9.6.1,. 9.6.2 and 9.6.3 (B 0 ) 9.5.1 (B)
Clause
9.3.2
Foundation type acc.to Fig.~
IJ\
1----'-
kN/m
kN/m
Degree
Undisturbed soil ace.

to Cl. 9. 2.1
Non-cohesive soils
ace. to Cl. 9.2.1.1
Sand, loose
Sand, semi-dense
Sand, dense
Gravel, bolder, uniform
Gravel-sand, graded
Bolder, stones, macadam,
graded
Cohesive soils ace.
to Cl. 9.2.1.2
very soft
soft (easy to kneed),
purely cohesive
soft, with non-cohesive
additions
firm (difficult to
kneed), purely cohesive
firm, with non-cohesive
additions
stiff, purely cohesive
stiff, with non-cohesive
additions
kN/m
-J
----1
17
18
19
l7
18
I
18
9
10
ll
9
10
30
32,5
35
35
35
200
300
!JOO
400
!JOO
5
5
5
liQO
10
~---1 - - -1---------1-------35
16
18
15
IJO
19
10
l7' 5
!JO
18
17,5
19
18
10
10
19
ll
Mono block
l6tol8
l8to20
20to22
20to22
20to22
5tol0
5tol0
8tol0
8tol2
8tol2
___J___ I25 to 3~j33to2 ~J20 to2~
8tol2
38to4 9 22to27
~lto53 25to30
4lto53 25to30
~lto53 25to30
l8to2l
20to23
22to25
22to25
22to25
I0
9tolll 6to 8
~~
2,5
lltol31 8tol0
lj
100
2,5
2lto27116tol9llltol5l Stoll
22,5
22,5
100
200
3
3
26to34,18to2l/l3tol7110tol3
26to34 22to26 15to23 lltol9
6
8
25
200
3,5
29to38l25to30ll7to26ll3to21
CD
-'=
z
c::::1
0
t:>l
0
N
1-'
0
+--------
(1::1
"'t'
Degree
-1
3,5
11
Pl
-=". . .
.,;;"
hard, purely cohesive

hard, with non-cohesive
additions
Organic soils and soils
with organic additions
ace. to Cl. 9. 2 .1. 3
Rock ace. to Cl. 9.2.2
with considerable
fissuring or unfavourable stratification
in sound, not decomposed
condition with minor
fissuring or favourable
strati'fication
18
19
400
400
27,5
30
3,5
4
32to42 30to37 23to28 13to23 10

35to46 33to40 26to28 2lto23 10
5tol6
Oto 7
15
i
l
' '
20
independent of
depth
up to 1000
25
up to 3000
Made up ground and fill

ace. to Cl. 9.2.3
(depending on condition
and thickness of foundation strata as well as
compactness and uniformity of their
stratification
Uncompacted embankment
12tol6
Compacted embankment
Classification ace. to type of soil, density 0f stratification and consistency, resp.
6tol0
l0to25
30tol00
6tol3
--
I.JtolO
0
H
:z:
<
0
trl
0
N
1-J
.,
PJ
(JQ
(D
.t=
---.j
Page 48 DIN VDE
02~0
individual tower types. The foundations of the towers shall also

be
rated
for both loading conditions. The
stability conditions
and
the
permissible stresses mentioned in the following clauses
apply
to normal loading. In the case of exceptional loading the
values applying to the normal loading may be adopted, however
the loads acting on the foundation in an exceptional loading case'
may be reduced by multiplying with the factor 0,8.
9.4.2 Unit weight of concrete
For the purposes of analysis, the maximum unit weight of the nonreinforced concrete may be taken as
22 kN/m 3 , and of reinforced
3
concrete as 24 kN/m
9.4.3 Frost-proof bedding of the foundation subface
The
foundation
subface which has to transfer vertical loads to
the
subsoil shall be bedded at a frost-proof depth, but at least
0,8 m below ground level.
9-5 Compact foundations
9.5.1 Monob1ock foundations
Monoblock foundations can be designed with or without a step.
9.5.1.1 Assumptions for design
When designing
monoblock foundations
the loadings resulting
from
external
loads according to Clause 8.2 as well as the dead
load
of the
foundation
and the vertical. surcharge due to soil
resting
upon
the
foundation
base
shall
be
taken
into
account.
Additionally
the dead
load
of an earth frustum, the
limiting
faces of which start at all sides at the lower edges of
the
foundation
base and are inclined
at an
angle 8 outwards
f~om the vertical may be considered. The magnitude of the angle
B
depends above all on the angle of internal friction as well as on
' the consistency of cohesive soils, on the compaction of soils and
on
the
adhesion and bond between foundation block and the soil
(For standard values see Table 12).
When
rating monoblock foundations th~ lateral resistance of soil
may
be taken
into account a~cording
to
the compaction and
characteristics
of the soil. It is essential therefore that the
soil
will be neither permanently nor temporarily removed as long
as the external loads apply.
9.5.1.2 Stability conditions
The
inclination of the
foundation
body
under load shall not
exceed
1 %. If the resisting moment due to lateral soil pressure
exceeds
the resisting moment due to the
pressure
in
the
foundation
subface
the
theoretical
proof of a stability of
1,0 will be sufficient. The decreasing proportion of the lateral
soil
resistance
on
the
total
carrying capacity of
the
foundation
necessitates a
progressive
increase
in stability
requirement
which must achieve 1,5 when
the
lateral
soil
resistance falls to zero.

The soil pressure shall be proved. If no other values result from
the
soil
investigations the permissible soil pressures may be
taken from. Table 12.
9.5.2 Slab foundations
If
the body of a tower is supported by a foundation block formed
by
a
slab
whereby
the lateral restraint
of the soil can be
neglected
the loadings according
to Clause 8.2 as well as the
dead
load
of the foundation block and the vertical surcharge of
the
soil
resting
upon the foundation block shall be taken into
account.
9.5.2.2 Stability-conditions
The
stability against
tilting shall be at least 1,5. This
requirement
is met if the gap under the foundation subface does
not
extend
beyond
the centre of gravity of the base area. This
condition
is
satisfied
if the eccentricities e and e of the
resulting
total vertical load in the foundationxsubfac fulfil
the following conditions:
For rectangular subfaces (see Fig. 3):
For circular subfaces:
t~;:;
r
0.59
where,
r
radius of the circular area.
b.
Fig. 3. Area of the foundation subface permissible for the position e , e of the force N resulting from total vertical
load. x
Y
In addition to stability against tilting, the soil pressure shall
be proved. If the soil- investigations do not provide other values
the permissible soil pressures may be taken from Table 12.

In
case
of
rectangular
theoretical soil pressure
slabs
it
shall
be
shown
that
the
does not exceed the permissible soil pressure.

In
case
of circularly
shaped slabs it shall be shown that the
maximum theoretical soil pressure divided by the factor 1,3 does
not exceed the permissible soil pressure.
9.5.3 Raft-type slab foundations
If
a raft-type foundation is designed such that all leg members
are
connected by one raft made of sleepers then the calculation
may
be
carried out according to Clause 9.5.2. In this case the
gross area of the
raft may
be taken
into account
if the
intermediate
space
between
the sleepers does not exceed 1/3 of
the width of the sleepers. Members of the tower embedded in earth
ar.d
inclined by more than 15 from the vertical shall be assumed
as
additionally loaded by the earth resting upon them. The additional
load
to be assumed shall at least correspond to the load
of
a
prismatic earth
body of three times the member width and
with vertical faces.
The
compaction
tiously.
of
the
backfill
must be carried out conscien-
9.5.4 Single pile foundations

If
the
body of a
pole
is
provided with a foundation body
consisting of a single pile with loadings according. to Clause 8.2
the
dead load of the foundation as well as the lateral restraint
of
the
pile according to the compactness or consistency and to
the
characteristics of the soil shall be taken into account when
rating the foundation.
The
loadings to be assumed are transferred
to
the
subsoil
essentially
by lateral soil
resistance. The performance of the
subsoil
as well as the displacement of the pile in a horizontal
direction shall be considered.
The
analysis of a
single pile foundation shall be carried out
according to an accepted method.
9.5.5 Foundations of wood poles
If
in case of good
bearing subsoil the depth of planting of
single
or double poles is at least 1/6 of the total lengths, but
not less than 1,6 m, a proof of stability may be waived.
Direct
concreting of .wood
poles is not permissible. DIN 48351
Part
1 and Supplement 1 to DIN 48351 apply to the foundation of
A-type poles.

9.6 Separate footing foundations
9.6.1 Stepped block foundations
As
far
as
the method of installation and the performance under
loading
are concerned the stepped block foundations (Fig. 4) are
classified as:
Foundation type U:
Lowermost step undercut.
Foundation type A:
Lowermost step concreted to undisturbed subsoil.
Foundation type S:
Lowermost step concreted to shuttering.
If the base slab projects on all sides by at least 20 em then, in
addition
to the dead load of the foundation block to act against
the
uplift force, the dead load of earth enclosed by the angle B
of
earth
frustum accordirg to Fig. 4 may be taken into account.
The angle 8 may be calculated according to the formula
Hhere:
b
n
I.Jo
angle of earth frustum for

-t
Table 12 Columns 8, 9 and 10.
width of the lowermost step see Fig. 4.

In
the case of foundations with circular subface the diameter
of
the base shall be inserted for the width. In the case of a
rectangular
subface
the geometric mean b =~b
1 . b 2 shall be
assumed as theoretical width.
= 1
according to
when b !b ~ 1,4 where b is the larger width.

1 2
1
depth of earth frustum, see Fig: 4.
This applies,
t
The method explained above only applies to those stepped concrete

foundations
the
ratio b/t of which is more than 0,25
for foundation type U and more than 0,6 for foundation types A and S.
If b/t exceeds the value 1, then 8 = 8 shall be assumed for calculation. The angle of earth frustum B0 shall be limited to 35.
0o
As
a rule, the val~es
mentioned in Table 12 Columns 8, 9 and
10, apply to widths of the foundations between 1,5 m and 5,0 m in
case
of
foundation types U, A and S. Within the ranges assigned
to
the individual types of soil the lower values of
shall
be
taken
together with large foundation widths and the upper values
of
with small
foundat.ion
widths.
Values
in bet..Jeen may be
linearly interpolated.
0o
0o

Stepped concrete foundation
Foundation type U
"undercut"
Foundation type A
"concreted to undisturbed soil"
Foundation type S
"concreted to
shuttering"
leg member
leg member
leg member
"-.../
"--!
"--!
-r--"1
,-
-..!.
--*-'------'--!./
: :2::0,2 m
,
'
~--.,.---+,_-:.=---r--t
_..____
:e::s0,15b
e~0.1Sb
'
'-'
.A. '
~1.._:
I,
T
:-----,
... 17 ';'
. ...... .._ .._
.....II
~2 however<O
- .25m
;-----,
Auger-bored and excavated

foundation
Foundation type B
leg member
"-...'
.I
.
Separate grillage foundation

as in case of typeS)
(0
leg member ___
----
'
'
:2::0,2m
bresp.d
Where:
=angle of earth frustum ace.
to Clauses 9.6.1.1,
9.6.2.1
and 9.6.3.1
e
permissible eccentricity ace. to Clause 9.6.1.4
natural soil
backfill
Fig. 4. Assumptions for design of stepped concrete foundations,
auger-bored and excavated foundations as well as
separate grillage foundations
9.6.1.2 Stability conditions in case of loading by compression

In
case
of
stepped
block foundations loaded by compression it
shall
be proved, that the soil pressures which are assumed to be
equally distributed over the foundation subface do not exceed the
permissible soil
pressures according to Table 12. The dead load
of
the soil resting vertically upon the foundation base shall be
considered as a surcharge. The eftect of a horizontal load on the
soil
pressure may be neglected compared with the prevailing effect of the vertical load.
9.6.1.3 Stability conditions in case of loading by uplift

In
case of s t e p p e d b 1 o c k foundations u n d e-f- an up l i f t l o ad a s t ability of 1,5 against being pulled out shall be proved. For loads
which, according to Table 7, result from
- loading cases MN 1 and MN 2 for angle suspen~ion towers and
angle towers and
- loading cases MN 1 and MN 2 for section towers and
- loading cases MN 1 and MN 3 for terminal towers
the stipulated stability shall be increased by 10 %.
9.6.1.4 Additional conditions

In
addition
to the stipulated stability it shall be proved that
the following condition is met:
For foundation type A: G/Z > 0,67
For foundation type S: G/Z > 0,80
Hhere:
G
dead
load
of
the
foundation
block and of the soil resting
vertically upcn the foundation base.
Vertical
dation.
component
of
the
uplift force acting on the faun-
The
ultimate
capacity
of
foundations against
uplift
is
essentially
governed
by
the compactness and the consistency of
the
surrounding
subsoil.
The
benefitial
results
of
an
intensive
artificial compaction
of
the
surrouna1ng
subsoil
(compaction
by vibration
process
or
similar methods) may be
taken into account.
The
virtual point of penetration of the leg member through the
foundation
subface may deviate from the centre of the foundation
subface at maximum by the amount specified in Fig. 4.
9.6.2 Auger bored and excavated foundations

Auger
bored and excavated foundations (foundation type B according
to
Fig.
4)
are column-type foundations made of reinforced
concrete with expanded bases. As a rule, they not only carry the
loads and moments acting at the top of the foundation axially but
also
transfer
the
loads resulting
from horizontal forces and
bending
moments by lateral bearing of the shaft on to the subsoil.

The
angle
of earth frustum
may be evaluated using the formula
Where:
0o
b
t
angle of earth frustum for b = l according to Table 12

t
umn 7
width of foundation, see Fig. 4
depth of foundation, see Fig. 4
Col-
The angle of earth frustum shall be limited to 35".

The
soil
characteristics may be taken from Table 12. As a rule,
the
values
given in Table 12 Column 7, for foundation type B
apply
to
foundation
widths between 1,2 m and 2,1 m. Within the
ranges mentioned
for
the
individual
types of soil the lower
values
of
apply to
large
foundation
widths, and the upper
values of
to small foundation widths. Values in between m".y be
interpolated linearly.
0o
0o
0o
In case of auger bored and excavated foundations the transfer of

the
horizontal
forces to the subsoil (lateral bearing), as well
as of the bending loading have be proved by an accepted method.
In case of foundations loaded by compression it shall be proved
that
the
soil
pressures,
which may
be assumed to be equally
distributed
within
the foundation
subface,
do not exceed the
permissible soil pressures according to Table 12. The deadload of
the
foundation
body as well as the deadload of the soil resting
vertically
above
the
foundation
subface
shall
be taken into
account.
In case of
foundations
loaded
by uplift
a stability of 1,5
against
being pulled out shall be proved. The analytical proof
of stability may be carried out using the
earth frustum method.
Thereby, additionally to the load of the foundation body counteracting the
uplift, the deadload
of a soil body formed
by an
angle
of
frustum
applied to the edge of the foundation subface can be taken into consideration (see Fig. 4).
For loads which, according to Table 7, result from

loading cases MN 1 and MN 2 in case of angle suspension
and angle towers,
loading cases MN 1 and MN 2 in case of section towers
loading cases MN 1 and MN-3 in case of terminal towers
the stipulated stability shall be increased by 10 %.
DIN VDE 0210 ?age 55
9.6.2.4 Additional conditions

The for~ula for the deter~ination of the angle of earth frustum 8
is
validated
for foundations with dimensions complying with the
follo~ing boundary conditions:
- De~th of foundation between 1,8 and 7,0 m.
- Diameter of column between 0,7 and 1,5 m.
-Width of foundation between 1,2 and 2,1 m.
- Projection of foundation subface equal or more than 0,2 m.
- Ratio of foundation width to foundation depth (b/t) between
0,25 and 0,7.
With
regard
to construction
the
ratio
of
the projection of
foundation subface to the height of the foundation base should be
about
0,5 in case of cohesive soils, and about 0,33 in case of
non-cohesive soils.
9.6.3 Separate grillage foundations

T'1e
des1gn or
the separate grillage foundations m3y be carried
out
using
the earth frustum method according to Clause 9.6.1.1.
Th0
angle
of earth frustum complies with that of stepped block
foundations,
type S. Clause 9.5.3 applies to the rating of tower
members embedded in the subsoil.

In case of separate grillage foundations loaded by compression a
proof
according
to Clause
9.6.1.2
shall
be carried out. The
total
area
of the foundation subface may be taken into account,
if
~he
spacing
between the individual sleepers docs not exceed
l/3 of the width of the sleepers.

In
C3se
of
separate
grillage
foundations loaded by uplift a
stability of 1,8 against being pulled out shall be proved.
according to Table 7, result from
:or :cads which,
:c2ding cases MN land

angle towers,
M~
in case of angle suspension
~~c
cas e s 11 ~l l and tHI 2 in case o f sect ion to'" e r s and
: c au i :-: g
cases
M~
1 and MN 3 in case of terminal towers
the stipulated stability shall be
9.6.4 Pile
foundation~
G~:1eral
9.6.4.1
P;
~ ) ~ : :.. :"'. ~.::

:~e
!'"" ~ !:
c~ designed such that the

foundations
shall
!'rem the structure are exclusively transferre~
by the piles.
1 A
~-
:J
increased by 10 %.
u l t : :-: ~
3u~scil

Significant horizontal
components of loads may be counteracted,
by
a
bending
resistant
design
of
the piles in addition to a
battered
arrangement
of
the
piles (raked piles, pile groups).
Fo~ndation
piles
should
be
loaded essentially in direction of
axes.
The transfer of the loading from the structure into
the
piles shall
be proved. Floating-pile foundations should be
avoided
as
far
as
possible.
They
may
be adopted if the resilient
layers at
increasing
depths are
progressively more
solid
i.e.
less
compressible, so that lesser settlements would
occu: than in the case of a wide shallow foundation.
th~i:
Within
a separated foundation, for the same static function (for
example, transfer of uplift or compression forces) piles shall be
used which by their method of installation, their arrangement and
their materials provide approximately the same performance in respect of deformation and settlement.
If
over
an extended area a loading (for example due to a fill)
acts
upon a soft layer of soil above good bearing subsoil in the
vicinity o:' a pile foundation, horizontal mo,cments of the so:'t
soil
can occur.
The piles, will then be additionally loaded by
bending.
Th~
theoretical
pile
working
loads
result
from
the
loads
to
Clause
8.2.
When rating the piles the effects of
buoyancy and
other
effects which reduce the stability shall be
considered.
In
case
of
foundations
loaded by compres~ion the
releasing effect of buoyancy may not be taken into account.
accordi~g
9.6.4.2 Minimum length of piles

piles shall
be
installed with a minimum length of 6 m and
sh,1ll
be embedded at least 3m into the good bearing soil unless
their stability is demonstrated by loading tests.
Th~
9.6.4.3 Arrangement of piles

Parallel as well as raked piles shall be provided with sufficient
spacing
between their axes such that neither during installation
nor
after loading adverse reactions can occur on adjacent piles
(see
DIN
4014
Part 1 and DIN 4026). This requirement is met if
the distance of the pile axes at the pile end in the soil reaches
at l~ast three times the maximum cross-sectional dimension of the
pi 1 c.
9.6.4.4 Strength capacity of piles
The
strength capacity of a pile depends on the structure of the

and its properties, on the groundwater conditions, on the
d~p~h of penetration into bearing soil layers and on their thickne~~.
on
the shape of the pile end its cross-sectional area, on
th~
~a~er:al
of
the pile, on the nature of the circumferential
su:--~ace
a:1d
on design of the pile point, on the arrangement of
~h~ ~ile a~c on the distance of piles as well as on the installati0~
procedure.
Additionally
the thickness and the streng~h of
: :. : ., ': '~ r d-= :-:
so i l 1 a y e r s are s i g n i fica n t . More over , the e f f e c t s 0 :
a~~:ng,
o: negative skin friction and of lateral superimposed
:a~~:ng shall be considered.
~ut~oil

The
strength capacity of driven piles the skin friction of ~hich
provides
an
essential
portion of their total capacity may even
increase
over
longer
periods after driving especially in finesandy, silty and clayey soils.
A co~pression
pile
may be loaded additionally by negative skin
friction
if
the
upper layers of soil
settle. The effect of
n~gative
skin
friction
on
the structure can be reduced by a
suitable
design of piles and by choice of larger spacing bet~een
piles.
In
case
of uplift loaded piles the releasing effect may
not be considered.
The
strength
sur.:rnation
of
capacity
of
pile
groups
may
be determined by
the
strength capacities of the individual piles.
9.6.4.5 Assumptions for design and stability conditions

The
piles
skin
the
theoretical
determination
of
the ultimate tensile load of
may be carried out by means of skin friction. The values of
friction
must be deduced for the given soil conditions and
selected
type
of
pile
based
on
experience with
the
partic~lar
type
of soil. As an approximation, in case of layers
of soil with varying values of skin friction, the friction forces
~ay
be
determined
separately for each individual layer and the
ultimate
tensile
load
m.::>y
be
calculated
by
summating
the
individual
values.
For
this, the thicknesses of the layers and
~equence
of
layer~
as well
as the groundwater table shall be
considered.
Since for piles a wide scatter of the values of skin friction has
to be expected the theoretical proof of stability of a pile under
uplift
loading
shall be carried out for a stability factor of 2
against reaching the ultimate tensile load Q . When
carrying out
the proof by loading tests according to Claue 9.6.4.6 a stability factor of 1,5 will be sufficient.
The ultimate load is reached ~hen an uplift-tested pile is lifted
perceptibly
or
a compression-tested pile settles down perceptibly.
On the tension-versus-displacement curve or on the co~pres
sion-versus-settlement curve, the ultimate capacity is determined
by the
point where the flat gradient, after a
range of
loading
resulting in
progressively
increasing
displacements or settlements, passes into the steeply sloping leg.
For loads o.,rhich, according to Table 7, result from
loading
cas~s
angle to,1ers,
t1N
1 and MN
2 in case of
suspension angle and
loadi:;g cases t111 l and t~N 2 in case of section towers and

- l0ading ca.ses i1N 2 and Mtl 3 in case of ter~inal towers
tr.e requirec stability shall be increased by 10 %.
...
~:;e~
r~ti~~
cs~~ression-loaded
~~c:.
:r~ct~on aGo~ted
a: :~~ =~!~ ~oin: can
piles
a~ least those values of
for uplift-loaded piles and the resis:ar.ce
be taken into consideration.

The
buckling stability of free-standing piles shall be analysed
considering th~
buckling l~ngth and the restraining conditions.
Piles
embedded
in
soil
are not prone to buckling even ir. very
soft layers of soil.
9.6.4.6
Upli~t
tests on construction piles as well as on test
piles
Depending on the type of pile,
on the subsoil,
on the method of
installation and
on
the
results of pile driving, uplift tests
shall
be
carried out on at least 5 % of the installed construction piles.
For
this,
the
load shall
be increased in incremental steps of
the
test
load
up
to
the uplift working load of the pile and,
after unloading,
a repeat
of this loadine up to 1,2 times the
uplift
working
load
(see
Fig.
5). At the incremental steps,
the
loads shall
be maintained
until
the
increase of uplift
displace~ent has settled,
in any case for at least 3 minutes.
I
/j
/i
I;
'y'
... - ---- --:-o I
Extrapolat1on
,
----------
- .-
I '
;/
cyde
I
cyde
I
I
Where:
Q
Tensile test force

Working
tensile
sentence
load ace.
on = 1,oso n
Working
tensile force
9.6.4.6,last sentence
Failing load
s
<:
( 1' 2)
~b(l,2)
Uplift displacement due to Q = 1,2 Q

n
Permanent displace~ent after unloading from
Q = 1,2 Q to Q = 0
n
Tension-versus-displacement
carried out on piles
last
for testing ace. to Clause
Uplift displacement due to Q
to Clause 9.6.4.1,
curve
for
loading

The
proof
of
a
sufficient
uplift strength will be validated,
if
loading
with 1,2 times the uplift working load results in a
di~placement that permits extrapolation to an uplift failing load
of at least 1,5
times the working load and if the residual displacement after unloading remains
within
limits which
are permissible based on experience.
uplift
The
corded.
tests carried out on construction piles shall be re-
If the proof of the uplift

failing
load is car~ied out by loaddin5
tests
on a separate test pile within the area of the tower
site
testing with 1,5 times the working load of the pile is adequ.Jtc.
In
rcspect
:>t.:lllation,
pi 1 e.
of design, dimensions and characteristic data of inthe

test
pile
shall comply
with the construction
Tr!.:.>ts of uplift
failing
load at test piles shall be carried out
according to Ditl 1054111.76, Appendix A.
Wi 1 t~ n
t c s t i n g p i 1 e s f o r u p 1 i f t t h e d i s t a n c e o f t h e c e n t r e s o f a c -
tion of the compression reaction may be kept small because of the
min0r
influence
on the result of the uplift. HoweJer, it should
b~
not less than 3 m and, due to the influence of the addition~!
lo3dings
exerted
by th~ test bridge, the uplift working load 0
:; h .1 l l be inc r cas c d by 5 % ( see Fig. 5 ) .
n
9.1 Other foundations

stability
of
foundation
types which arc not treated under
Cl3u:..>es
9.5
and 9.6 (for example slotted foundations, ir.~ec:t:i.on
g r o :1 t e d
a n c h o r ::; , a n c h o r s ,; i t h e n d p l a t e s , r o c k f o u n d a t i o r. ::; , ;J i l c :.;
with expanded pile points, grids of piles)
shall be demor.s:rat:ed
by appropriate methocs of calculation or by loading test~.
Th~
9.8 Design and con3truction of foundations

9.8.1 Concrete foundation
9.8.1.1 Rating
Th~
rating
and th~ evaluation of forces and bending moments and
installation
o~
foundation blocks shall be carried out according
to Dill 1045 if not stipulated other,;ise in the follo,;ing
clauses.
The
conc~ete for unreinforced foundations shall comply
at least ~ith the strength quality class B 10, and for reinforced
foundation blocks with class B 15.
~he
In
o:
the
ca~e
t~e
of foundations made of unreinforced concrete the ratio n

height of steps to the width of the projection shall meet
~inimu~
st~~~gt~
3Ur~~.
~ d ~ ~~ .
r~quire~ents
class
3et~een
according to
Table 13
Cep~nding
or.
the
of
the concrete and on the effective soil ~resthe schedul~d values ~t ~ay be !~nearly i~ter~o
page 60 DIN VDE 0210

Table 13. Ratio n of step height to width of the projection of
the non-reinforced foundations
Str12ngth quality class
of concrete
Soil pressure in kN/m
100
I 200
I 300
I 400
8 10
1' l
1 '6
2,0
2,0
2,0
B 15
1,0
l '3
1' 6
1,8
2,0
!3 25
1,0
1,0
1 '2
1' 4
1' 6
B 35
1,0
1 '0
1,0
1 '2
1' 3
500
If the concrete i~ not reinforced, in case

of
bending combined
with axial forces the maximum compression stress shall be
determined
neglecting
the
carrying capacity
of
the
area
under
Lcn~ior
The area
under tension may at
maximum
extend to the
ccntr~ of
gravity of the cross-section. The
area under tension,
t: o ..; r! v c r ,
ma y b e
t ak en
i n t o a c c o unt , i f t he t e n s i 1 e s t r e ~ s i s
le~~
than
1/10 of
the
compressive
stress
simultaneously
occurinb in the cross-section.
In c~1~>e o!' simple bending without an axial force a tensile stress
of
l/20
of the permissible compression stress at maximum may be
nccepted.
For
the
structural
design of
reinforced
cross-sections
DIN
10115 applies
to driven
in situ concrete piles, DIN
4026
to
prefabricated
reinforced
concrete
piles, DIN 4014 Part
1 and
Dlrl 4014
Par-t
2 to large bored piles and DIN 4123 to root-type
piles.
9.8.1.2 Embedment of steel members into the concrete by means of
anchoring elements
If
the
total
tensile
or compression load of steel members anchored
in concrete
is transferred
to
the
concrete by anchor
cleats,
anchor
plates, lugs or the like then it shall be proved
th~:
the compression stresses between the anchoring elements and
th(; cvncrete do not exceed the value of 0,7 * BR and the shearing
s~ress
in the contour surface of the anchoring elements does not
exceed
the
values in Table 14. If these values are exceeded the
resista~te against splitting tensile forces shall be proved.

Table 14.
Values for the permissible shearing and compressive

stress in case of anchoring of steel members in
concrete
Permissible
shearing
stress
Theoretical
values
of
concrete
strength
MN/m 2
MN/m 2
MN/m
4,9
Strenr;th
quality
cla:::s of
cone ret~
Permissible
compressive
stress
nR
!3 10
1,0
7' 0
B 15
1' 4
10, 5
7' 4
25
1,8
17,5
12,3
B 35
2,2
23,0
16' 1
9.8.1.3 Embedment of steel structures in concrete by adhesion

~teel
members
to
be anchored (for example leg member
reach
closely
to the foundation sub face and the tensile
<lr:c!
ce>mpressive
loadings
are
transferred
between
the steel
m; r:1 h ; r s
a nd
t h c c o n c r e t e o n 1 y by a d h e s i o n , t h e n t h e p e r r.1 i s s i b 1 e
v ,, l1.1 ~ ~ o f t h c b o n d s t r e s s c a n b e t a k e n f r o m T a b 1 e 1 5 .
It
the
:;tt:t::;)
T~bl0
:~ t
0 :
15.
Values for the permissible bond stress

between smooth steel members and concrete
r c :1 g t h qu.:llity
concrete
eLl~~>
Perr.1issible
bond stress
MN/m 2
8 10
0,4
3 15
0' 5
25
0, 6
B 35
0,7
Fer
~his,
it
r.1ust
be
ensured
that
the leg member stubs are
closel}
encased in concrete along their ~otal length. In case of
angle
sections
or channels
the analysis shall be based en the
perifery of the enclosed area, e.g. for
a single
angle section
~he leg lengths plus the hypotenuse.
To
improve
the anchoring
additional cleats or the like shall be provided at the leg mer.1ber
stubs close to the
foundation
subface, but
are not
considered
i:. ti':::! anal:,sis.
7he
s~resses
for
steel r.1embers in concrete ca:-1 te
:able 9. The bendi:Lg stress in welded
seams o: lu~s
cleats need not be demonstrated.
:a~e~
3n~
~er~issible
frc~
9.8.2 Foundations made of steel or wood

Clause
8.7.2 applies to wooden sleepers.
Table
9 and Clauses 8.4.2.4 and 8.4.2.5 apply to the permissible
stresses for steel piles.
In
case
of exceptional loading according to Clause 8.2.2 Clause
9.4.1 applies accordingly.
10. EARTHING
DIN VDE 0141 applies to earthing of overhead power lines.
11. CLEARANCES WITHIN THE OVERHEAD POWER LINE
11.1 Clearances within the span

Live
conductors shall have such a distance from other conductors
within
the same span that clashing or an approach causing flash-
over
will
be unlik~ly. In case of multi-circuit lines attention
shall
be
paid
to
the
distances
to
live conductors of 0ther
circuits.
11.1.1 Conductors with equal cross-sections,
having like matcri-
als and equal sags

The clearance a of the conductor at mid-span
at least
in still air must be
however, not less than k in m.

vih ere:
sag in m of the conductor at +40 c

length in m of that part of the insulator set swinging
transversely to the line direction
coefficient according to Table 17
minimum clearance in m depending on the voltage
according to Table 16.
Table 16. Minimum data for clearances depending on voltages
Highest voltage
kV
12
24
36
72,5
123
21.;5
420
T
'
c~rcui~s
on the same
J/' r~
Nominal voltage
Minimum clearance
un
SAM
kV
10
20
30
60
110
220
380
0,10
0,15
0,25
0,40
0,75
1, 55
2,70
wi~h
varying
operational voltages
s~ructures the more unfavourable value
run in parallel
shall be used.

Tatle 17.
tp
an;l~
,I
in
degrees
O'to
30'
?: 6 5 ' 1
for coefficient k
Coefficient k
Angle to vertical
axis within the
range
of
R<1:1t;e
.:3 ..; ~ !1
Value~
0,95
!I
30'toleo~o
8o'
I o,75
jgo
I
I
:
1
Examples for conductors

Nominal cross-section in
AAC
AAAC
ACSR
AACSR
35/6, 50/8
70/12
!o,7o
.I
I
55,1
65,0
ll
0,85
~0
0,70 !0,65
iI
0, 1 to
0,75
0,65
I0,62
'i5,0
<
44/32,50/30
95/15,120/20
125/30,150/25
95/55,105/75
120/70,170/40
1185/30,210/35
210/50,230/30
240/40,265/35
300/50,3051110
340/30,380/50
385/35,435155
4 5 0 I 4 0 , II 9 0 I 6 5
495/35,510/45
560/50,570/40
I
~~
0' 0
0,70
I 0,62 I,0,60
550/70,650/45
680/85,
10115/115
Copper
Bronze
35,5o,1o
I
I 95,120,1501
.I
185,240,
300
25,35
400,500,
I 625,800
50,70
95
I
I
1000
120,150
185,240
30 0' lj 00
500
not mentioned here shall be classified ace. to the

angle tp which result.:> from the ratio of the wind load ace.
to Clause 8.1.2.1 acting on the conductor to the dead-weight
force of the conductor.
~onductors
~wing
Supplement to Table 17
Rt:lative position
conductor "l"
IJ
30
t 0
. ''
:'
---~------
of conductor "2"
> 30'
to
eo
to the vertical through

>80' to go

11 . 1 . 2 Con d u c t o r s wi t h v a r y i n g c ross - s e c t i o n s , ma t o r l a 1 s o r sag s
vi h ~ n deter min in g
the
c 1 ear an c e s accord i r. g to C 1 a \l :: c 11 . l . 1 the
higher
facto:
k
fro:::
Table 17 shall be applied In the case of
differint;
cross-sections
o:
materials,
c.nd thJ f'.!'Cate: sag in
cases where they vary.
In
addition to the distances for conductors in ntlll ai: according
to
Clause
11.1.1
the
clearances between !1\-lllng conductors
shall
also
be
investigated.
For
this, the wind load shall be
assumed
according
to
Clause
8.1.2.1.
I~
shall be shown that
wh i 1 s t d y n am i c wi n d pressures d i f f e ring by :: 0 % a r'IJ a c t in g or. t he
i nd i v i d ua l
c on duc t o r s ,
a
c 1 e o. r a n c e
no t
1es s
t tl ~ n
S A11
f r om
Table 16, shall be obtained with a minimum cf 0,2 m.
11.2 Clearances at the tower
11.2.1 Mutual clearances of live components
t
Mutuai clearance of live components
.;)AM'
but not less

than 0,2 m
11..2.2 Clearances between live and earthed componont:J

Mutual
:: \-1 L!
ng
clcaro.nce
of the components
po s i t i o n
in still air .\!J vlell as in a

but not less
~1 1\tl '
than 0 , 15 m
11.2.3 Effect of the insulator set

evaluating
the
clearances according
to c;tause 11.?, 0,8
t h (: a ~ g l e o f d c f 1 e c t i o n s h a 1 1 b e c o r. ::; i d e r J d f o r d e f l e c t i o n
of
the
insulator
set, which results fror.: the r.tt. io of the wind
load
acting
on the conductor to the dead load of the conductor.
\.'hen
t i mc s
Fer
\~
this,
= cf . q
independently
of
the
span
length
the
formula
L in kN shall be adopted for the wind load.
This requirement does not apply ta angle suspen3lon towers.

0 - L-( 0 \A- ~ ~ . f 0 f 'j :t tD, ~ -1 r ~" ~-"""- \ ' ::> I ..o \,_ .,
r;, -(
12. CLEARANCES IN RURAL AREAS

Th;
clearances
a~oJe l kV up to
specified as follows apply to opr!rating voltages

For higher operating volLJ.ges the clearances shall be increased as follows:
123 kV.
0,75 m
1,80 m
Fo~
operating vo~tage of 245 kV by

For operatir.g voltage of 420 kV by
12.1 Clearances in open country

c:eara~ce
between conductors and
grou~d
surf:1ce
C!~arance ~o steep slopes being inaccesib~e to traffic

cr to sporting activities
6 m
3
r:;
DIN
V~E
0210 Page 65
When evaluating the clearances the following shall be considered:

Clauses 4.3.1. and 4.3.2 Maximum sag of conductors
Clause 8.1.2.1
Wind load (conductors swung at

+40.C)
Clause 12
Increase of clearances in case of

operating voltages above 123 kV.
12.2 Clearances in terrain with forests or individual trees

In
addition to the clearances given in Clause 12.1 the following
applies.
12.2.1 Clearance between conductors and trees
power line
under the overhead
Clearance between conductors and trees
2,5 m

Clauses 4.3.1 and 4.3.2
Maximum sag of conductors
Clause 12
Increase of clearance in case of

operating voltages above 123 kV
12.2.2 Clearance
line
between conductors
and trees laterally
12.2.2.1 Clearance between conductors and trees,

climbed to carry out works:
In case of conductors
When
evaluating
ercd:
the
which are
2,5 rn
in still air
clearances the
following has to be consid-
Clause 12
Increase of clearances in case of

In case of swung conductors

When
of the
evaluating
the
SAM' but not less

than 0,5 m
clearances
the
following shall be consid-
er~d:
Clause 4.3.1
Clause 8.1.2.1
Wind load
+40.C)
(conductors swung at
12.2.2.2 Clearance between conductors and trees

for which climbi~g to carry ou~ works has not to be considered.
Clearance to the conductors
SA~'
but not less

than 0,5 ~

Clause 4.3.1
Maximu~
Clause 8.1.2.1
Wind load (conductors swung at

+40"C)
12.2.3 Increase of clearances

through forests
sag of conductors
for overhead power lines runnine
Ir.
case
of overhead
power lines with operating voltages above
123
kV running through forests the clearance according to Clause
12.2.2.2 should be adequately raised if an increased risk to conductor3
ar.d
supports
due to falling of trees has to be allowed
for.
13. CLEARANCES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR LINE DESIGN IN THE PROXIMITY OF BUILDING INSTALLATIONS AND TRAFFIC ROUTES
13.l.Gcncral
T~1c
cle:1rances
specified for the different types of cro.::;sing of
in Clause 13 are shown in Table 18.
obj~c:s
For
of
and
approaches
to residential property or to
buildings,
general
methods
for establishing of the protuclive areas between the conductors in still air and under swing
conditions
and
the
nearest
part of the structure are given in
Fig. 6.
~ro.::;sing
ot~1er
following
conditions.
Th~
specifications
apply
in detail and for limiting
The
extent
:~p.:1n
or the spans of approach as well as the associated supports.
of
a crossing or an approach comprises the crossing
If
en additional overhead power line crosses with one or several
conductors
over
an
existing
power line at a crossing then the
same
measures
have to be adopted for that line which would have
been
necessary
in
case
of
direct crossing of each individual
in:::tallation.
Clearances
and line design shall be selected accordingly in case
of individual objects not mentioned in the following.
Th~
clearances stipulated below apply to operating voltages above

1 kV
up to 123 kV. For higher operating voltages the clearances
shall be increased as follows:
For operating voltage of 245 kV by
0,75 m
For operating voltage of 420 kV by
1,80 m

Cross1ng
(Clause 13 21 J
Approach
(Clause 13 2 2 l
_;
\j
3 0. ~ '
angle between the conductor in still air and the deflected

conductor under wind load ace. to Clau~e 8.1.2.1 (swinging
of conductors at +40"C)
.J
increase
of
above 123 kV
Fig.
clearance
in
case
of
m~x.
operating
voltage~
6. Protective
~hen
in
area
between
the conductor in still air and
under ~ind and the nearest
of the building
of crossing of residential or other buildings
s~inging
ca~e
13.2 Residential properties and other buildings

13.2.1 Cros:Jing
13.2.1.1 Clearance between conductor
building
and the closest part of the
Clearance between conductor and

roofs with a slope greater 15"
flat roofs and roofs with a slope less than 15
The clearances given above apply to roofs
i n g to DI tl 4 l 0 2 Part 7 .
Cleara~ce bet~een conductors and
~~stance air-i~flated structures,
~~depe~de~~l;
r.
--earanc~
~~~t~c:~:~
of the slope
be~~een
3 m
5 m
with a roofing accord-
roofs with other roofing (for

thatched roofs, etc.)
12 m
conductors and antennas or lightning
:~~~allations
J..J

13.2.1.2 Evaluation of clearance
When
evaluating
the clearances according to Clause 13.2.1.1 the
following shall be considered:
Clauses 4. 3. 1 and 4. 3. 2
Clause
8.1.2.1
Maximum sag cf conductors

Wind
load
(conductors
+40"C)
~lause
14.8
Sag in case of unequal

loads of spans
Clause
13.1
Increase
of clearances in case of
operation voltages above 123 kV
additional
13.2.1.3 Line design

For
the
design
considered:
of
the
overhead
line
the following shall be
Clause
14.2
Attachment
of
conductors to pintype insulators
Clau.se
14. 3
Attachment of conductors to multiple insulators sets
C~ause
14.4
Attachment
of
earth
wires and
telecommunication aerial cables
Clause
14.6
Transformer stations installed on

poles
Clause
14.7
Release clamps and rotatine crossarms
13.2.2 Approach
llorizo:-:tal clearance between the vertical axis at the
swung conductor and the nearest part of the building
If
this
clearance
is not
Clause 13.2.1 shall apply.
For
the
evaluation
considered:
of
the
3 m
met, the specification according to

clearance
the
following shall be
Clause
4.3.1
Clause
8.1.2.1
vii nd
load
+40"C)
Clause
13. l
Increase
of
clearance in case of
(conductors
swung at
13.2.3 Utility owned installations

For buildings ~arming an operational unit with the overhead line,
clearances than required in Clauses 13.2.1 and 13.2.2 may
b~ p<:r:::itted.
~maller
13.3 Traffic
in~tallations
This clause applies to ~otorways, high~ays, provincial and county

roads,
local
junction roads and frequently used service and access roads, trolley bus lines and ropeway installations (suspended
ropeways, towing and chair lift installations are included in
this category), railways with and without overhead traction wires
and waterways.
13.3.1 Crossing
13.3.1.1 Vertical clearance between ccnductors and parts of the
installation.
Vertical clearance between conductor
a~d
the road surface or the top of r~il level for railways

7 m
top of rail level if conversion to overhead electric
traction is planned
12,5 m
components of the overhead traction wire system, of
a trolley bus line, of a railway, of a ropeway
installation as well as to the agreed gauge of a
waterway
3 m
13.3.1.2 Horizontal clearance between
~onductor~
and
part~
of the
installation
Horizontal clearance bet,;een conductors and
the fixed components of a ropcway installation or
the components of an overhead tr2ction wire
~ystem of a railway
towers or support~ng and pulling ropes of a ropeway
installation
13.3.1.3 Cl0arances to
~ulti-track
ins:allations
In
ca3e
of
railway
lines
with
mc~e
than
t~o tracks and of
stations the clearances shall be deter=ined according to
Clauses
13.3.1.1
and
13.3.1.2
in
conformity
with the federal railway
administration
in
charge
if conversion
to
overhead electric
traction is planned.
7he line shall be designed according
t~
Clause 13.3.1.5.
13.3.1.4 s~aluation of clearances

When evaluating the clearances accord~~g
to Clause 13.3.1 the

Clacses
~.3.1
Clacse
8.1.2.1
and 4.3.2
Maximu~
Hind
sag of conductors
load
(conductor
swung
a~
+40"C)
Cla,...:se
14.8
Sag
d~e
to
unequal
load o:" s;:ar.s
additior.a~
Increase
of
clearance for
ting ~o:~age above 123 kV
c~~r
PaLe 70 DIN VDE 0210

In
ca~e of crossing of
overhead traction installation of a railway
t.!lc
swing
of conducto:"s at
+40
c due to \-lind load shall be
.1 ~~ s u r:1 e d
s i mu l tan eo us 1 y
with the sag a t - 5 C w i thou t add i t i on a 1
load
for
the
crossed
conductor~
of
the
overhead
traction
installation.
,111
In case of crossing of
supporting and pulling ropes of a ropeway installation
that
position
of the ropes of the ropeway installation shall be
assum~d
to be most unfavourable which can occur when the maximum
tensile stress is increased by 25 %.
When
evaluating
the
line
an-:1
a
ropeway
sidered:
horizontal
clearances between an overhead
installation
the
following shall be con-
Deflection of conductors due to ~ind load at +40

the fixed components of the ropeway installation.
towards
Deflection
of ropes of the ropeway installation throuEh an
angle
of
45 towards the earthed component~ of the overhe01d line.
t 3 . 3 . 1 5 0 v e r head
Ht: :
1 i n e des i in
n ,1 ~~ s i e n i n g the OVC!""head line consideration shJll be

Clause lll. 2
Attachment
of
type insulators
Clause 1 IL 3
Attachment of conductors
ple insulator sets
Clause 14. 4
Attachment
of
earth
give~
conductor~
t,,
to
to:
pin-
r::t:lti-
and
c~bl~~
Clause 14.5
Use of wood poles
Clause 14. 6
Transformer
poles
Clause 1 4. 7
Release clamps and rotating

arms
Clause l 4. 9
Clearance
between
conductors
case of unequal iceload
Clause 14.10
Clearance
between the
conductors
in case of failing of an insulator
string
on
statior.s
cro~s
in
l3.3.2.Approach
13.3.:'.1
Horizontal
clearance between conductors and components
of the installation
~=rt~
n:al
,j
r.
2 :
clearance
cor. c! u c tor an d
between
the vertical axis through the de-
::--:-:: h~ i.~r.: gauge or the compo:1ent:.> o: an ove;head:;3c':~on ~ire installation of a railway or o: a

:;~ll~y bJ:; line
':~~ ~ 8 ~ponents of a rope~ay installation
1,5 m
5 m
DIrl VDE 0 2 1 0 Page 7 1
the outer edge of the lane of a motorway, of a

of a provincial or a county road, or the
edge of a waterway
high~ay,
1,5
r.:
If the actual distances are less than the clearances specifie~ in

13.3.2.1 the req~irernents of Clause 13.3.1 apply.
Clau~e
13.3.2.2 Evaluation of clearances

When
evaluating
the clearances according to
Clause 4.3.1
Maximum sag of
Cla1Jse 8.1.2.1
Cla~se
13.3.2.1 the
con~uctor~
Wind load (conductcrs swung at

+40"C)
Clause 13.1
Increas~ of clearance in case of

operating voltages above 123 ~V
For
the approach to a ropeway installation it shall additionally

that its supporting and pulling ropes swing
under an
angla of 45" towards the overhead line.
be
a~sumed
13.3.2.3 Horizontal clearance between towers and railway
rou~es
Horizontal clearance between tower and centre line of the

track
nJarr~st
If conversion to overhead traction service is planned,

h c) r i z o n t a 1 c 1 e a r a n c e b e t wc e n t o we r an d t h e e d g e o : s i n g 1 e o r
ht.:ble track line in open sections, of lines with more
th~n two tracks and of installations at stations, so far
as individual data are not agreed upon,
5 m
15
r.:
13.3.3 Undcrcrossings
V~rtical clearance between conductors and the components
of a ropeway installation
When evaluating the clearance

~or
.the following shall be considered:
the undercrossing conductors:
Sag at -20
without
iceload
Clause 13.1
:cr the
rope~ay
T~e
15
~
5 m
~~~e
c,.:o:.,~
Increase of
clea~ance in ca~~ of
operating voltages above 123 ~V
installation:
cu~v~
o:
of the rope under load with the sag increased by

anc, addit!cnally, the height of the c~bins.
~;idges
c:as!;ir:~
p~~~ecticr. measures shall be taken in or~er to

..;ith the conductors o~ inadmissible proximity.

13.4 Overhead line installations
This
clause
includes overhead power lines of all operating voltages,
overhead telecommunication lines of the public service as
well as of the Utility's own network.
13.4.1 Crossings
operating
voltages up to 1000 V
circuits with operating voltages
Overhead
power circuits with
shall
be
arranged
below
the
above 1 kV.
13.4.1.1 Vertical clearance between conductors and parts of the

installation
Vertical clearance between conductors and live or earthed
components
2 m
This clearance shall to be met, if the horizontal distance

between the vertical axis at the deflected conductor and the
components of the telecommunicaton line is less than 2 m.
When
evaluating
the
shall be considered:
clearances according clause 13.4.1.1 there
For the over-crossing overhead line:

Clause
14. 8
Sag in case of unequal

load of the spans
Clause
13.1
Increase of clearance
in case of
Clause
8.1.2.1
Wind
load
(conductors
swung at
+40"C).
This
applies also to the
undercrossing line.
additional

\.Jh en establishing
the overhead line
there shall be
considered:
Clause 14.2
Attachment
of
Clause 14.3
Attachment of conductors to multiple insulator sets
Clause 14.4
Attachment
of
earth
wires and
cables
Clause 14.5
Use of wood poles
Clause 14.6
Transformer
poles
Clause 14.7
Release clamps and rotating crossarms
Clause 1 4. 9
Clearance
between
the conductors
in case of unequal additional load
stations
mounted
on
DIN VDE 0210 Page 7 3

Clause 14.10
13.11.1.4 Horizontal
lines
Clearance
between
the conductors
in case of failing of an insulater
string
cl~arance
between towers and
teleco~munication
Horizontal clearance between tower and components

of an overhead telecommunication line
1,5 m
13.11.2 Approach or running in parallel on common structures

Cl~arance~
betwe~n
the
other
th3n 2 m.
shall
When
the conductors of circuits arranged one above

be
in accordance with Clause 11, but not le~s
establishing the overhead power line the following shall be
con~idered:
Clause 14.6
Transformer
poles
Clause 14.7
Release clamps and rotating crossarms
stations
mounted
on
Ovarhcad
tel8communication
line~,
including bare wires of utility-owned
service
telecommunication
lines shall
be arranged
below the overhead power circuits and shall be protected at their
supports by means of guard wires.
Thi~
does not apply to insulated telecommunication
arc referred to as conductors.
For
cabl~s,
which
the
clearances between the conductors of the overhead power

and
the service telecommunication line, Clause 11 only
~pplies
if devices are provided at the service telecommunication
line which preclude any hazard to the operating staff if voltages
exceeding 1 kV occur.
ci~cuits
In
all
other cases Clause 13.4.1 applies to the clearances between the conductors of the overhead power circuits and the telecommunication
line or the service telecommunication line as well
as :o the overhead line design.
'
13. 11.3 Approach or running in parallel on separate structures

13.4.3.1 Towers spotted at equal or approximately equal intervals
The
clearances
between the conductors in the middle of the span
shall conply with Clause 11.
13.4.3.2 Towers not spotted at equal intervals

Cl~ 2 r3nc~ ~et~~~r. defl~ct~d conductors due to wind
at ~~o c and structural components of the other
av~r~ea~ line
5 AM
but not less
than 0,5 n
Page
74
D!tl
VDE 0210
13 .4.3-3 Approach
to
overhead
telecommunication
lines and
to
poles,
where
the
overhead
telecommunication
line is
connected to underground cables
Horizontal clearance between the vertical axis at

the deflected conductors and the components of the
telecommunication line or the pole where overhead
and underground sections are connected
If
thi~
clearance
Clause 13.4.1 apply.
is
2 m
not met, the specifications according to

F0 :
t h r~ c v 2. 1 u a t i on o f t h e c 1 e a ran c e a c co r d i n g to C 1 a us e 1 3 . 4 . 3 . 3
the following shall be considered:
Maximum sag of conductors.
swung at
(conductors
load
Wind
+40"C)
in case of
Increase
of clearance
operating voltage above 123 kV
Clause 4. 3. 1
Clause 8.1.2.1
Clause 1 3. 1
13.4.4 Approach to underground telecommunication cable lines or

telecommunication earthing
DIN VD~
0228
Part 1 to Part 3 and the Technical Recommendations
of
th~
Arbitration
Agency
for Interference Questions (Schied:; t c ll c
f ur
Bee i n f 1 u s s u n g s f r a g en ) a p p 1 y to t he i n t e r f c r en c e of
tel~communication installations by electric power installations.
As
far
N0.
as clearances are concerned the Technical Recommendation

of
the
Arbitration
Agency
for
Interference Questions
applies.
Foundations
of
overhead line towers may not be estab1 i~hcc
above
telecommunication cables or
telecommunication
e:arthing.
In case of overhead lines which adopt wood poles without earthing
the clearance must be at least 0,8 m in all directions.
Exceptions
must
be
arranged by agreement with the organisation
which runs the installation.
13.5 Play grounds, sports and recreational installations
7his
clause includes for instance play grounds, camping grounds,

stadiums,
golf
courses, tennis courts, riding faciliwatersport facilities.
fcotba~l
tie::;,
13.5.1 Cro!lsing
13.5.1.1 Vertical clearance between conductors and sport grounds
~~r~ical
distance between conductors and
g~neral
sport
~h~
highest
~he
agreed
are~s
~ater
hei~ht
level of swimming pools

gauge of sailing facilities
8 m
10 n
3 m

When routing
the
line
or when designing the sports ground care
shall
be taken to ensure that in case of shooting or sports with
throwing
implements
(for exam~le
hammer,
javelin, discus) an
approac~ to the conductors closer than 3 m is avoided.
13.5.1.2 Vertical
clearances
installed devices
between conductors and permanently
Vertical clearance between conductors and permanently

installed play and sport facilities, start and winning
post installations, camping installations as well as
structures which can be extended, erected or climbed
13.5.1.3 Vertical
fences
v~rtical
clearance
conductors
5 m
and prot-::-::tive
clearance between conductors and protective
3 m
fences
1 3 . 5 . 1 . 11 Eva 1 u a t i on of c 1 ear an c e s
Wh~n
~h.:1ll
evaluating the clearances according to Clause 13.5.1 there

be considered:
Cl.J.USCS 4.3.1 and 4.3.2
Cl.:1use
Wind
load
+40.C)
8.1.2.1
(conductors
swung
at
C l .:1 u s e 1 I; 8
Sag in case of unequal additional

load of spans
Cl.J.USC 13.1
Increase of clearance in case of


When designing the overhead power line the following shall be
considered:
Clause 14.2
Attachment of
Cl.J.use 14.3
Attachment of conductors to multiple insulator sets

Attachment of
earth wires
and
telecommunication aerial cab~es
Clause 14.6
Transformers
poles
stations
mounted on
13.5.2 Approach
13.5.2.1 Clearance
lation
Hor~=cntal
~~
0f
between
conductor
and
pa~ts
clearance between the ~ertical axis

the nearest component
:e~l~c:ec conductors and

the ~ports installation
of the
in~tal-
Table 18. Clearances of overhead power lines with voltages above 1 kV in the proximity of buildinc installation~,
traffic facilitie~, transmission lines, playgrounds, sports grounds and recreational areas
--o
.,.,
c:l
('0
Inst<ll-
Cros ~; i nr,
Conditions for
f1pproach <:md runr1 inr, in
evaluation\ line par-allel
of clearde- \
anr:e:.>
1 si~n
lation
crossed by
the line
Residential
proper ties
and other
buildings
Clearance between conductor and IJ. 3 .l and

11.3. 2
nearest part of building for
roofing ace. to DI!J 1Jl02 Part 7 8.1.2.1
with slope
> 15
3 m lll. 8
::: 15
other roofing
for antennas and light-
~ng
Traffic
installations
protective devices
m
12 m
13.1
Conditions for
evaluation line
of cleardeances
\ sir;n
Vertical clearance between

conductor and
road surface or rail level 7 m
top of rail if electric
traction is planned
12,5 m
the components of an overhead
traction system, a ropeway
installation, the height gauge
of a waterway
3 m
l
I
14.3
14.4
111.6
<
11.3 .l
Clearance between the vertical
axis thr~ur;h the deflected con- 8.1.2.1
ductor 2nd the nearest part of
13.1
the building
3 m
~-----------------------+
0
["11
0
N
1-J
I--~
11.3 .l
axis through the deflected
8.1.2.1
14.4 conductor and
13.1
111.5 the height gauge of a track or
14.6 of components of an overhead
14.7 traction system
1,5 m
5 m
14.9 components of a ropeway
111.10 the edge of a motorway, classified roads or waterway
1,5 m
111.2
14.3
8.1.2.1
111.8
13.1
!Iori zontal clearance between

conductor and
components of overhead traction
system, permanent components of
a ropeway
3 m
towers as well as supporting and
pulling ropes of a ropeway 5 m
Undercrossine of traffic installations
Vertical clearance between conductor and height gauge of ropeway
5 m I l 3. 3. 3
14.7
4.3.1 and
II. 3. 2
"'0
lll. 2
3 m1
--l
Horizontal clearance between

tower and the centre line of
nearest track
norr:Jal1y
5 m
in case of electric
traction planned
15 m
Cc;~,lir.ued
fr'urn TzJ!.:.Jc l &.
I II!.; L;:dI ill j Oil

c ru:.;:.;cd by
L/1C } i liE:
Uvt: d1t:<.rd
1 in t:
in:.; tal-
l a lions
Crossi ng
Vertical cle<.tranc~ between

conductor' and live or earthed
components
2 rn
(This applies also if the horizontal clearance between the
vertical axis ltnouch the deflected conductor and the component or a telecommunication
line is less than 2 rn)
Horizontal clearance between
tower and components of an
overhead telecommunication
line
1,5 m
----1---
Playg r'ounds ,
:.;po r'l s
g r'CJunds
<.t nrJ I' CC I'C<.tlional
cH'(!<.tS
llori zontal clear<.tnce between

conductor and
sports grounds in general
8 m
highest water lcv.of pools 10 m
agreed height caugc of ~ailing
facilities
3m
fixed installed play and sports
devices, start ancl winning post
installations, camping installations, structures 1-1hich can
be extended or erected
5 m
protective fences
3 m
Conditions for
evaluation line
of cleardertnces
si~n
11.3.1 C~nd
1L3.2
111. 8
13.1
for the
under-
crossed
l inc:
18.1.2.1
I ,
Hppr'oact, and running in

pzHalle l
I
I
Cor~mon
:.;tructures:
14.3 Cleara:' e between conductor of
111.4 circuiLs arranged one above the
14.5 other ace. to Clausell, but
14.6 not less than 2m
ll. 3. l
1 lll. 7 Separate structures:
111.9 Clearance ace. to Clause ll in
8.1.2.1
lll.lOI cz.:sc of to11ers spotted Ztl 3pproximately equal interv::Jls
Clearances between the conductors and the components of another line if the towers are not
spotted at equal intervals:
SAH ace. to Table 16, but not
less than 0,5 m
Clearance between the vertical I 13.1
axis through the deflected conductor and components of telec omrnu n i cation l in e or of tm:e r
\lith underground connection 2 m
111.2
--
lll. 2
l !J. 3
lll. lj
3.2
b.l.2.l
Ill,
13.1
l 11. 6

axis through the deflected conductor and the nearest cornponei,'.. of a sports installation
3 rn
lll. 6
14.7
!-----1
11.3.1 and
li,
Conditions for
evaluation\ line
of cleardeances
sign
lj.
3. l
8.1.2.1
13.1
t::l
H
<
t::l
tr1
0
1\)
......
0
"'0
QJ
(lQ
(';)
-.l
-.l

rr
this clearance
~iause 13.5.1 apply.
is
13.5.2.2 Evaluation of
not
met the specifications according to
clea~ances
Wh~~
evaluating
the clea~ances according to Clause 13.5.2.1 the
fo!!owinG ~hell be considered:
Clause
~.3.1
Clause 8.1.2.1

Wind load
(conductors
swung
at
+40"C)
Increase of
clearance in case of
Clause 13.1
1~.
SPECIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR CROSSINGS AND APPROACHES
1 11 . 1 Gc n c r a 1
Clause
13 stipulates which of the following special specificaticns shall be met in the relevant individual case.
111. 2 At tachrnen t of conductors to pi n-typc insula tor!3
straight line sections the conductor shall be additionally
!'a:.;:encd
by an auxiliary rope to a second insulator of the same
typ~ which is arranged transversely to the line direction.
Wit~in
In
cas~
of wood poles in a straight line section, equipped with
in:;ulator
pins
which are
not
earthed, the attachment with an
auxiliary rope to just one insulator is also permitted.
T!l-:
ttl::
tal~
fore~
auxiliary
rope shall always consist of the same material as
conductor,
shall have the same cross-section and shall susthe
cor.ductor with
at
least its maximum working tensile
on both sides of the insulator.
1 11.3 Attachment of conductors to multiple insulator sets

S~spension
or
termination of conductors shall be carried out by
insulator
sets
in which
the number of the insulator
str~ngs
shall
be at least the same as generally in the overhead
po~er
line. :he multiple insulator sets shall be rated according
to Clause 6.1.2.4.
mul:iple
1'1.4 Attachment of earth wires and telecommunication aerial

cables
EJ.!"~~
wire
and
List~ned twice.
telecommunication
aerial
cables
need
not be
14.5 U3e of wood poles
~oa~
:~all not
be
used
for crossings of motorways, of
of
railways for public traffic with or without overh~~= :~a~:io~ systems and of ropeway installations.
pole=
wa:~~~ay~,

for all other crossings wood poles may only be used in a straight
line
or
~ith
line angles greater than 160", however, for line
angles
less than 180" A-poles according to DIN 48 351 Part 1 and
or:J
4e352
Part
2 shall be used. In case of line angles bet..1een
180' and 170' a specific analysis is not required.
1~.6
Tran~former
stations mounted on poles
crossing switches
and transformers shall only be inWithin
a
stalled or. supports if they are designed as anchor poles.
14.7
Relea~e
clamps and rotating crossarms
Release clamps and rotating crossarms shall not be used at

ing to,rers.
c~oss
14.8 Sag in case of unequal additional load of spans

for
the evaluation of the sag it shall be assumed, that the conductors in the crossing span are loaded by the half of the normal
or
increased
additional
load at -5 c while the conductors in
all other spans of the line section are unloaded.
111.9 Clearance
in between conductors
additional load
in case of unequal
for the eval~ation of the clearances in between the conductors it

sh3ll
be
assumed
that one of these conduct6rs is loaded in the
cros~ing span by half of the normal or increased additional
load
~t -5 c while the other conductors are unloaded.
In
this
case a clearance of S ~ according
to Table 16 but not
th3n
0,2
m shall exis~ 1 between
the
conductors of the
overhead line.
111 . 1 0 C 1 c a r a n c e
between the conductors

insulator string
in case of failure of an
In
case
of
failure of a string of a multiple insulator set the
clearance between the conductors in the crossing span shall be at
least
SAM according ~o Table 16, but at less than 0,2 m. In this
~ose the sags at -20
C shall be taken into account.
APPENDIX A
GALVANIZING OF TOWERS AND OTHER COMPONENTS
?or gal~anizing
of structures and components made of steel, steel

wires
and
fittings
for overhead lines reference is made to the
following standards.
A.l Structures
nut::;
::::I:: 50 9 7 6
and components made of steel
including bolts and
?rotection ~gainst Corrosion;

Coatings o~ Iron and Steel Components
~~plied by ~ot Dip Zinc Coating;
?.equire~ent~ and Test~ng

D rr:
5o 9 7 8
Dill 267,
Part lG
Testing of Metalic Coatings;

Adhesion of Hot Dip Galvanized Zinc Coatings
Fasteners;
Technical Conditions of
Parts
Deli~ery,
Hot Dip
Galvani~ed
Additionally the following applies:

The
zinc
coating shall be continuous. Zinc beards and residuals
ash
as
well as zinc accumulations in the area of the joints
shall be removed without damaging the zinc layer.
of
The
oth~r
thickness of layers may be tested according to DIN 50 981 or

equivalent methods.
Suitable
remedies should be taken against the formation of white
r ll :; t
t h e t y p e an d ex t e n t o f wh i c h ma y be a g r e e d u p o n be t wee n t h e
involved parties.
If the corrosion protection of components made of steel is exceptionally
carried
out
by thermal spraying of zinc the following
.1pplics:
Protection against Corrosion of Steel Structures by

Thermal Spraying of Zinc and Aluminium;
General Principles
!'art~;
treated
in such a way shall be provided after galvanizing
with
~n
additional
coating which
intensifies
the protection
.;ffect.
A.2 Steel wires

A.2.1 Steel wires for conductors
DIN 48 203
Part 3
Steel Wires and Steel Stranded Conductors;

Technical Delivery Conditions
DIN 4B 203
Part ll
Wires and Stranded Conductors for Lines;

Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced;
Technical Terms of Delivery
DIN 48 203
Pa~t 12
Wires and Stranded Conductors for Lines;

E-AlMgSi-Stranded Conductors, Steel Reinforced;
Technical Terms of Delivery
A.2.2 Steel wires for anchor ropes

Dlt!
l5!.;B
Zinc Coating on Round Steel Wires
A.3 Caps for overhead line insulators and fittings for overhead
linez
Fittings for Overhead Lines
Hot Galvanization
a~d
Switchgear;
DIU VDE 0210 Page 81

Quoted standards and other documents
12 4
D Itl
Round Head Rivets, Nominal Diameters 10 to 35 mm.
P3rt 1
fasteners; Technical Delivery Conditions;

General Req~irements.
DIt I 2 6 7
Fasten~rs;
D I: I 2 6 7
?art 10
Technical Conditions of Delivery;

Hot Dip Galvanized Parts.
Concrete ar.d Reinforced Concrete;
Construction.
10 52
D HI
Timber
Str~ctures,
Design and
Design and Construction.
Part 1
(dr::lft)
DIN 1054
Subsoil; Permissible Loading of Subsoil.
DIN 1055
Part l
Design Loads for Buildings; Stored Materials,

Building Materials and Structural Members,
Dead Load and Angle of Friction.
DtN
Design Loads for Buildings; Soil Characteristics;

Specific W~ight, Angle of Friction, Cohesion,
~ngle of Wall Friction.
r . r
1055
2
t.
DIN 1055
Part 3
Design LoaGs
DIN 1055
Part 11
Design Loads for Buildings; Live Loads on

Structures not Susceptible to Vibrations.
DIN 1055
Design Loads for Buildings; Live Loads;

and Ice Load.
P .:1 r
DIN 1548
for Buildings; Live Loads.
Sno~
Zinc Coating on Round Steel Wires.

Cast Steels for General Engineering Purposes;
Technical Delivery Conditions.
Din
1692
Malleable Cast Iron; Concepts,
Properties.
D Ul 16):;
1
Cast Iron ~ith Modular Graphite;

Lo...; Alloy Srades.
DIN 1705
Copper-Tin and Copper-Tin-Zinc Casting Alloys

(Cast Tin Bronze and Gunmetal); Castings.
? .:-. r ':.
DI:I
1714
Ccpper-Alu~inium
(Cast
)T'!
-
J:~:
?~~-=-
~
-
~?:;
'
._
..,1
: ~2':
~
~lu~inium
Unalloyed and
Casting Alloys
Bronze); Castings.
Alu~~niu~
Alloys; Wrought Alloys.
~:~~inium
~lloys;
Casting Alloys; Sand Castings,

?ressure Die Cas:ings,
~r3~~:y Di~ Castings,

!nves~men~ Casting.

D rr~
3 o51
P<1rt 4
Steel \-lire Ropes, Characteristics; Technical

Conditions of Delivery.
Dill 11014
Part 1
Bored Piles of Conventional Type;

Manufacture, Design and Permissible Loading.
D I tl
Bored Piles; Large Bored Piles, Manu:acture,

Design and Permissible Loading.
II 0 11l
Part 2
DIN 4022
Part 1
Subsoil and Ground Water; Designation and

Description of Soil Types and Rocky Soil;
List of Soil Courses for Testing and Borin~
without Continuous Gaining of Core Trials.
Ditl
4026
Driven Piles; Manufacture, Dimensioning and

Permissible Loading.
Dltl
IJQ91i
Sub~oil;
l'clrt
Dynamic and Static Penetrometers;

Dimensions of Apparatus and Method of Operation.
D I rl 11 0 9 11
i' ;1 r t 2
Subsoil; Dynamic and Static Penetrometers,

Application and Evaluation.
DIN 11 l 0 2
: :1 r t
1
Fire Behavior of Building Materials and Components;

Roofing, Definitions, Requirements and TestinG.
i)
~;
nr N
lj
l l
11 1 111
Part 1
D I r~ l! 1 111
I' ;1 r t 2
DI
ri
11
12 3
DIN 6914
A 1 u m i n i u m i n B u i l d i n g Co n ::; t r u c t i o n , D i r c: c t i o n ~ f o r
Calculation and Design of Aluminium Buildinc
Cor:1ponent::;.
Steel Structures; Stability (Buckling, Overturning,

Bulging); Method of Calculation, Prescription::;.
Steel Structures; Stability (Buckling,
Bu l
si
n; ) ;
tI e t h o d o f
Ca l c u l a t i o n ,
Overturninr,,
D i r e c t i on s .
Protection of Buildings in the Area of Excavations,

Foundations and Underpinnings.
Hexagon Bolts with Large Widths across Flats for
Bolting in Steel Structures.
Hig~-Tensile
D Ul
7 96 8
Hexagon Fitting Bolts; without Nut,

Nut, for Steel Structures.
with Hexagon
D!11 7990
Hexagon Bolts with Hexagon Nuts
D PI 8 56 5
Protection against Corrosion of Steel Structures by

Thermal Spraying of Zinc and Aluminium; General
Principles.
DI 11 17 10 0
Steels for General Structural Purposes;

Quality Standard.
::I:l
17200
J: :: l 7 6 6 6
Steels for Quenching and

Delivery Conditions.
for Steel Structures.
Te~pering;
Technical
Low Alloy Wrought Copper Alloys; Composition.
18196
DIU
DI~~ l 8 8 0 0
Earthworks; Soil Classification for Civil

Engineering Purposes and Methods for
Identification of Soil Groups.
Steel Structures; Design and Construction.
? :J r t
DI~~ 18 8 0 0
?.Jrt 7
Steel Structures; Fabrication,

Suitability for Welding.
DIN 13801
Structural Steel in Building; Design and

Construction.
DIN 18808
Steel Structures; Structures Made from Hollow

Sections Subjected to Predominantly Static Loacing.
D I t1
Overhead Power Lines; Straight Insulator Spindles.
4 8 0 Ll 4
Verification of
Overhead Power Lines; Bended Insulator Spindles.
DIN 48?.00
Part l
DI ;1
ll
32 0 0
Copper
Wire~
for Stranded Conductors.
Bronze Wires for Stranded Conductors.
?art 2
Dt
~~
48200
Wires for Stranded Conductors; Steel Wire3.
?a:-t 3
Din 482oo
Part 5
) I tl
482 00
Wires for Stranded Conductors; Aluminium Wires.

E-AlMgSi-Wire~
Part 6
DIN 48200
Part 7
Coppe!" Clad Steel Wires
Dill 48200
?art 8
Aluminium Claded Steel wires for Stranded

Conductors.
DI :1 4 S 2 0 l
Part l
Copper Stranded Conductors.
D I~~
Bronze Stranded Conductors.
4820 ~
Part 2
D I ~I
48 20 l
?art 3
Ditl 482C2..
5
?art
::~;
?3.~:
) : ~!
? a:--':
:.s2c:.
.:_
~ .~.: ~ ;_
~
Steel Stranded Conductors.

Aluminium Stranded Conductors.
~-AlMgS:
hl~~ir.:~~
Stranded Conductors.
Clad Steel Stranded Conductors.
orr:
IJ8203
Part 1
Copper Wires and Copper Stranded Conductors;

Part
48203
2
Wrought Copper Alloy (Bz) Wires and Conductors;

DI :J
4 82 0 3
S t e e 1 \~ i r e s an d S : e e 1 S t r a n d e d Co n d u c t o r s ;
DI!i
Pa:--t
D!tl
48203
F-'<1rt
o:r:
L;82G3
r:::. r
e o3
Aluminium Wires and Aluminium Stranded Conductors;

E-AlMgSi Wires and E-AlMgSi Str~nded Conductors;
ll : r: 11 2
f'art 7
Copper Covered Steel Wires and Copper Covered

Steel Stranded Conductors;
Dlt! 118203
Aluminium Clad Steel Wires and Aluminium Clad Steel

Stranded Conductors;
P.::.rt 8
[) I ! :
II
e2 0 !J
Steel Reinforced Aluminium Stranded Conductors.
[;
: ;:
I;
8 20 6
Aluminium Alloy Conductors, Steel Reinforced.
!)
!:
lj
P, 3 311
Turnbuckles for Overhead Power Lines.
o:n
lj8
3 50
~u~plcmcnt
t~
ur !J
DIN
Telecommunication and Overhead Power Lines

Wood Poles.
A-Masts,
Formulas and Calculations.
A-Masts,
Main Dimensions.
48351
4 3s1
P.::!"t l
DI!l 4 8 ~ 5 l
A- 11 a s t s , Bo 1 t e s , Nu t s , Wa s h e r s .
Part 2
DI1!
50049
Materials Test Certificates.
D! :; 50 97 6
Prote~tion against Corrosion; Coatings on Iron and

Steel Components Applied by Hot Dip Zinc Coating;
Requirements and Testing.
LI:; 50978
Testing of Metalic Coatings;

Galvanized Zinc Coatings.
Adhesion of Hot Dip

D UJ 50981
Measurement of Coating Thickness; Magnetic Met~ods

for Measurement of Thickness of Non-ferromagnetic
Coatings on Ferromagnetic Material.
DI:J '/GE
0103
M~chanical
D I~~ 1/ DE
0105
?art l
Operation of Power Installation; General

Requirements.
01:1 VDE
0 lll
?:Jr': l
Insulation Co-ordination to Equipment for Three-Phase

A.C. Syste~s above 1 kV; Insulation Phase-to-E~rth
[veE-Specification].
DI~~
Insulation Co-ordination to Equipment for Three-Phase

A.C. System above 1 kV; Phase-to-Phase Insulat:on.
[DE-Specification].
.
VD2
0 lll
P Clr"
t,
Dltl VDE
0 lll l
!:Jir!
'/DE
fittings
for Overhead Lines and Switchgear;

Mechanical Behaviour.
50
DI:J VDS
0212
P.1rt 51
:H :1 1J DE
0212
!'.:>rt 52
1/DE
L'It!
VDE-Specification for Earthing in Installations

for Rated Voltages above 1 kV A.C.
Stati~ally
0?.~.?
p ;1 r t
and Thermal Short Circuit Strength cf

Electrical Power Installations.
)212
fittings for Overhead Lines and Switchgear;

Dynamic-Mechanical Behaviour of Antivibration
Fittings.
Fittings for Overhead Lines and Switchgear;
Electrical Contact Behaviour of Current-Carryi~g
fittings under Normal Operating Conditions.
Fittings for Overhead Lines and Switchgear;
Partial Discharge Characteristics, Tests.
?art 53
DI:J VDE
0212
Fittings for Overhead Lines and Switchgear; Hot.

Galvanization.
?art 54
D 1 ::
'l DS
? z, r .
:._
Provisions in Case of Interference on

Telecommunication Installations by Electric Pa~er
Installations; Part 1: General [vDE-Specificat:.on]
VDE-Specifications for Provisions in the Case of
Influence on Telecommunication Installations by
Electric Power Installations; Part 2:
Influences by Three-Phase Current Systems.
;-, .,. 'I
"""'-
-: ? :
J--
...1
. ; -,-:
~---
VDE-Specifications for Provisions in the Case of

Interfere~ce
in Telecommunication Installations by
Electric ?ower Installations; ?art 3:
Interference by Alternating C~rrent Traction
Systems.

Tests on Insulators of Organic Material for Syste~s
with Nominal Voltages greater than 1 kV. Test~ on
Outdoor Composite Insulators wi~h Fibr8 Glass Core.
[VDE-Guide].
DUJ V DE
4l
Q I;
?art 2
D!:l
'.'DS
? a:-- t
c lj !l (j
r r:
o:::
'J
Telecommunicatior. Aerial Cables

Overheac Power Lines above 1 kV.
Selfsupportin~
:) p, l
~,
Insulato;s for Overhead Lines, Contact Wires a~c

Telecommunication Lines; Test on Insulators of
Ceramic Material or Glass for Overhead Lines with
Nominal Voltages greater than 1 kV
[VDE-Specification].
on
. ,... .......
.. ' ,., ..J ! -
i;.:;r)uct icn
Recommendations for the Selectio~ of Quality Class8s

of Steel for Welded Steel Structures.
009
Guidelines for Protective Measures on

Telecommunication Installations of German Federal
Post Office with Regard to Interference with High
Voltage Systems and Al-Traction Systems Caused by
Inductive and Conductive Coupling.
';cchnica.l
?:corr.m_! :1d~ ~) 0n
:; (i
j
Further documents
l
f: i e B1 i n g , F
Frcileitungen und Umwelt
Slektrizitatswirtschaft, Vol. 80 (1981),
p. 681 to 683
- f: i c B l in g, F , Ne f z g e r , P
2 I
Zur Wahl der Zugspannung fur die Leiter einer Hochspnnnungs-Freileitung

Elektrizitatswirtschaft, Vol. 80 (1981), p. 684 to 691
4 I
_,I
Brandt, E., Thomas, R.

Der EinfluB der bleibenden Seildehnung auf das Durchhangsverhalten von Freileitungen

Bauer, E., Brandt, E., Brand, R., Klein, H., Mocks, L.,
Schlotz, H.
Dynamic processes during load transposition in multiple
sets with long rod-type insulators
CIGRS, 1982, Report 22-03
::ieBling, F., Ranke, K.
Beanspruchung von Freileitungen durch extreme Wind- und
::islasten Elektrizitatswirtschaft, Vol. 79 (1980), p. 683
to 692
T-----.J:.:a.::--:a~le
I
~!"or.::
:~~:~c~e~
AusschuB fUr Stahlbau, Ebertplatz 1, 5000 Koln l
? 0 ~~~~~~~technische Zentrale,
Darmstadt

I
- Freitag, ;..., Brandt, E.
6 I
Dyna~ische Beanspruchungen von Mittelspannungsfreileitungen beim Abwurf von Eislasten

Elektrizit.atswirtschaft, Vol. 80 (1981), p. 668 to 676
71
Brandt,::., Griese, W., Gorrissen, I., ~Histenberg, K.-F.

Erkenntnisse und Folgerungen der Schleswag aus den Schneenotlagen und ihre Auswirkungen auf den MittelspannungsFreileitungsbau
Rieger, H., Fischer, R.

Der Freileitungsbau
Berlin- Heidelberg- New York (1975), 2nd Edition
9 I
10 I
l 1 I
Schulte, G.
Tiefgrundungen im Freileitungs- und Umspannanlagenbau und
deren Bemessung
Sonderdruck - Lehrstuhl und Prufamt fur Grundbau und
Bodenmechanik, Technische Universitat Munchen (1979)
Alt, K., Muller, A., Lackner, F.
Pfahlgrundungen im Freileitungsbau
Schmidt , B.
Pfahlsysteme im Freileitungsbau und ihr Sicherheitsnachwe is
T e c h n . Mi t t e i 1 u n g e n AE G- T e 1 e f u n k e n ( 1 9 8 2 ) , p . 1 8 t o 2 11
Previous editions
VDE 0210: 07.03; 01.08; 01.14; 07.21; 10.23; 01.30; 02.58; 05.69
Amendments
Compared with the edition May 1969 the following has been
amended:
Contents completely revised; refer to comments.

COMMENTS
This
standard was
revised
by the Subcommittee 421.1 "Overhead
Power Lines above 1 kV" cf the Committee 421 "Overhead Line.s" of
the
German
Electrotechr.ical Commission within DIN ar.d VDE (DKE)
with
the aim of adjusting the current standard VDE 0210/05.69 to
the
newly
introduced
SI units, to revised DIN standards and to
revised standards which are indicated as VDE Specification and to
incorporate
most
recent knowledge concerning for example vibration
of
conductors,
creepage of conductors and loading as.sumptions for supports.
~h~n
revising
the
standa~d the previous sectioning into topics
retained.
The
denotations
of
the
topics
were completed
~ccording to the contents.
Where ever possible reference was ~ade
to
current
DIN standards
in order to limit the v0lume and to
avoid repetition.
~as
Clau~c
2: Definitions
definitions
Thr::
T~rm:;
Here
of
included
terms were newly arranged and supplemented.

for
all overhead line Components and sup-
port:.
These
were
neHly
incorporated in Clause 2.2 for towers
~nd
in
Clause
2.3
for foundations. The functions of the indi;idu::~
tower types were described.
Lr,
Clau:~e 2.4 the term "breaking force'! was replaced by "failing
:or c _:"
and the terms
"tens i 1 e stress 11 ,
"conductor t c mp c rat u r e 11
:1 n d "u n i t we i g h t force r e 1 ate d the c r o 3 s sec t i on"
were added . In
c l:1 u :; e :-; 2 . 5 11 in:> u 1 at or s 11 and 2 6 11 f i t t in g s 11 the terms a 1 ready
<! 1; f i r. e d
i n
o the r DIN s tan dar d s were c i t e d or r e f e r en c e was ma d e
to
them. Those terms additionally used within this standard were
ex~laincd. Also the terms concerning the layout of overhead power
l i r: e ~ a c c o r d i n g to C1 au s e 2 . 7 we r e c o mp 1 e t e d .
Clau~c
3: General requirements
Th~
general requirements were extended by referring to the operational

reliability
of an overhead power line also in case of
electric fault
conditions
such as
short
circuits and overvoltages [1].
Clau~e
A~
4: Conductors
the
thermal rating of conductors shall be carried out
permanent
electrical
load
current as well as for the
~h~rt
circ~it
loading. The relevant DIN standards and standards
lndicated
as
VDE Specifications
form the basis. Investigations
carried out
with varying conductors demonstrate that unlike DIN
~~E
0103
the maximum temperature of the va~ying conductors must
te l!~!ted to the values stated in Table 1 in order to ensure the
~e~~a~ical strength of the conductors.
for
ever,
the
;:: !"' ~ :
u s 1 'j
to
the
~:~axir.~um
~echanical rating has to be carried out with

working tensile stress, long-term stress and
DIN VDS 0210 Page 89

Modifications result from the revision of loading assumptions and
recent findings concerning the effect of the everyday stress. The
stipulations were newly arranged and summarized in order to provide imprcved lucidity.
permissible maximum
4.1.2.1
the
Clause
According
to
tensile stress applies at the vertex of the sagging curve
wo~king
at -5 c with nor~al additional load and

at -20 c without additional load and without windload and
at +5 c '..Jith windload.
At
the
suspension
points,
values 5 % greater than the maximum
working
tensile
stresses
are
thereby
permissible. In case of
increased
additional load
or of wind acting on conductors with
additional
load
the
horizontal
component of
the conductor
tensile
stress
may
exceed the individually permissible maximum
working tensile stress.
According
to
stress
shall
conductors
at -5
at -5
at -5
c
c
c
4.1.2.2
the permissible long-term tensile
Clause
exceeded
at the support positions of the
not
be
with three times the normal additional load or

with two times the increased additional load or
with the normal or increased additional load
combined with windload.
Tile
first of the mentioned requirements represents an adjustment
of
the
specifications to the current practice. This requirement
wa~
in
force
only for crossings up to now. Therefore, an additional
specification
for crossings could be o~itted. The second
specification
complies with
the
former rule not to exceed the
permissible
long-term
tensile
stress
in case
of higher
additional
loads
than
the regular
ones
in sections without
crossings.
The
third
requirement
was
forced
by
the
establishment of the loading in case of wind action on conductors
with additional load.
Investigations
and
operational
experience [2] demonstrate that
the
stres8
of
conductors due
to
aeolian vibration
is
not
determined
by
the
everyday stress to such an extent that just
only
one
limiti~g
figure of the everyday stress decides on the
hazard
due
to vibration. In contrast to that, a great nur.Jber of
factors
i~
involved.
Table
1 of
VDE 0210/05.69 contained in
Columns
4 and
6 limits
for
the
everyday stress,
when not
exceeding those values
no protective measures against vibrations
would
have
been
provided.
Such
a
statement
is no
longer
retained
in
t~e ne~ specifications.
The
values
specified
in
Table
3
Colur.1n
7,
represent
directives
which if taken into
cc~sideraticn
will
avoid damage
due
to aeolian vibration by
approp~iate
measures even in topographically unfavourable areas.
The
values,
there~ore,
are
independent
of
the
diameter
of
con~~c:c~s
and
of
the span lengths.

Clause
4.1.2.~
contains details concerr.ing reasons and factors

aeolian
vibrations.
In particular suitable de:ign of
suspe~sion
and anti~vibration protection devices in cases of increas~d tendency to vibration is now referred
to.
effec~ing
The
sa~e
values
as
for
cables
of reinforcement.
telecc~~unication
~~ter:al
apply to metal-reinforced
conductors
their
design
and
the
considering
This
requirement
was
newly
incorporated.
After detailed disspecifications
for
metal-free aerial cables (optical
fibr~
cables) were not incorporated, since not enough long-term
~xperience
was available
to specify minimum requirements. Such
conductors should be developed under the direct responsibility of
the o~ners taking appropriate care of this standard.
cussio~,
The
specificatons
for
the
design
of
conductors according to
Clause
4.2 and for the minimum cross sections were retained" substantially
unchanged
and were supplemented by the DIN nomenclature.
For AACSR (Aldrey/steel) and for copper wrougth alloys according
to DIN 48 201 Part 2 (bronze) the minimum cross sections
~~re raised to 35/6 mm 2 and 25 mm 2 , respectively .
.Jubcl2.use
4.3.2
of
Clause
4.3 "Sag" was changed. For overhead
nowcr
lines
w~ich
are
loaded by high currents also during the
sum~0r
season
the actual conductor temperature according to the
! ;.: p '! c t c: d c u r r e n t b u t
n o 1 on g e r + 6 0 C i n a 1 1 c a s e s s h a 1 1 b e t a k e n
into
account when evaluating the sags. The limiting maximum conductor
steady state
temperature
as
specified by relevant DIN
~; t <1 n rj 2 r d s , h o we v e r , s h a 1 1 i n n o c a s e 'b e e x c e e d e d .
F.xtonsive
investigations
carried
out during the last years [3]
demonstrate
that the factual situation alleged in VDE 0210/05.69
whtch said that the permanent elongations of the conductors would
not
anymore increase after a period of two years after installation
~as
not correct.
On
the
contrary,
the conductors will
elongate
during their total service live. Due to the importance
of this fact for maintaining the clearances, a special referrence
was made in Clause 4.3.4.
Clause 5: Conductor accessories
The
working
group "Insulators, Conductors, Fittings" treated in
detail
the question whether the ratio of the sustaining force of
ter~ir.2l cla~ps and tension proof conductor joints to the maximum
ten~il~ working force or to the minimum failing load of the
conjucto~s should
be changed. The result was that the former specification~ satisfied the requirements.
Clause 6: Insulators
7h~
c:ause
~as
completely revised to adjust the specifications
:c the ~~!rent standards for insulators.
-~.
6.1.1
"Electric
rating", in accordance with DIN VDE
l ar.d Part 2 reference was made to the responsibility
.:-.. , .-:~::.::;:.:-:stipulating the insulaticr. level.
-;~-
. .1:..se
~~~:

C1 a u s e
6 . 1 . 2 " :1 e c h a n i c a l r a t i n g "
In
were kept in force.
t h e a p pr o ve d r a t i ng f a c t o r s
In Clause 6.1.2.4'"1-lultiple ~nsulat.or sets" the specifications in

of
failure
of
an
insulator
string
were surnrnari.zed and
supplemented to clarify:.ng possible missunderstandings.
ca3~
addition,
limitati~n
of occuring dynamic forces and moment~
required in order to ensure that the failure of an insulator
string would not cause the failure of the total insulator set.
In
wa~
Inv~stigations
carried
out on double suspension and double tension
insulator
set3
demonstrated that in case of failure of an
insulator
string the dynamic stresses in the remaining insulator
string
must
be deliberately
analysed [4]. These deliberations
apply
equivalently
to
accessories for insulator sets and other
conductor attachments.
Clause
7:
Acce:Jsories
attachment!l
for
insulator
sets and other conductor
This
clause was adjusted to new standards, for example DIN VDE
0212
P1.1 t
50,
Part
53
and Part 54 and rearra;1ged. ln Table 4
additional
materials for accessories of insulator sets and other
conductor attachments were
integrated,
and
the corresponding
rating
factors were given. When installing turnbuckles attention
shall
be
paid
to
ensure
that
their thread bolts will not be
3tressed by bending.
Clause 8: Towers
The clause was provided with a new structure together with interheadings
which
should
assist
in
finding
particular
topics.
m~diate
Specifications for
poles
made or solid walls were newly incorporated.
Standards for design and manufacture of reinforced concrete
poles are under consideration at present. Independently of
them this standard applies to the requirements for external loads
of overhead lines.
The
demage
which
occurred on transmission lines due to extreme
iceloads on the conductors some years ago resulted in discussions
also
in
public
[5].
The working
group "Statical Analysis of
Structurez"
inJe::;tigated
the
damage
experienced
and the root
causes
in
ord~r
to
gain indications for revising the specifi~3:ions.
The analysis
led
to
the
result
that
the extreme
additional
loads
experienced
represented
locally
limited
event::;
Which
did
not
necessitate an
increase
of minimum
~d~itional loads in general.

In
order
to
take
effective care of
the
local
~onditions,
supplementarily
to
the
normal
additional
load
an
increased
additional
load
was
newly
established.
Increased
additional
loads
shall be assumed as previously in areas where according to
experience,
increased iceloads have to be expected regularly. In
this,
attention
should
be
especially
directed
to
the
responsibility of the Utility operating the
overhead
line
for
attentive
stipulation
of
increased additional
loads,
where
necessary.
This
responsibility
is in force
appropriately also
for
wind loads (see Clause 8.1.2.1). In this
case
too,
higher
values
than
at minimum required by the specifications shall be
assumed
if according to experience higher wind loads have to be
regularly expected.
The
loading
cases
for the tower bodies were clearly gr6uped in
Ta~le
7 so that loading cases with the same physical basis were
given
the
same designation for all tower types wh~reby the separ~tion
into normal loading cases and exceptional loading cases
was
maintained .. Loading cases for tower bodies under normal loading were designated by MN, under exceptional loading by MA. Some
new aspects
resulted for the applications of and assumptions in
individual loading cases.
For
suspension
towers the loading case "Quartering wind action"
case
MN
4 according to Table 7) applies independently
of the tower height. The former limitation on towers with heights
of more than 60 m was cancelled since it could not be physically
validi.lted.
(lo~~ing
The
former
loading case
was omitted, since it was dispensible
due to the new loading case MA 2.
The loadinc; case "Wind on conductors rith ice" (loading case MtJ 5
a~cording
to Table 7) was newly introduced. Wind may act also on
conductors
with
ice. The loading case, therefore, takes care of
physical
facts.
Damage
of overhead lines with ice accretion on
the
conductors showed that the additional wind effects, thereby,
played an important role.
The exceptional loading case MA 1 qonsiders the torsional loading
of
towers.
For this loading case the assumptions for the reduction of conductor tensile forces in case of suspension and angle
suspension towers were newly established (see Clause 8.2.2.2). In
case of bundled conductors the reduction amounted formerly always
to 25 %.
This
reduction
applies according to the new edition
on!y
for
insulator
sets with a length of more than 2,5 m, For
shorter
lengths
of
insulator sets a reduction of 35 % shall be
cor.sidered.
The
reduction
of
the
conductor
tensile
force of earth wires
generally to 65 % instead of the previous 50 %.
anou~ts

Overhead lines
with rated voltages
up to 30 kV and
length: of
less than 2,5 m previously also required a reduction of
the
conductor
tensile
forces
by only
25
%. This di~inished
reduction
was
o~itted.
As for all single conductors also a reduction
of
50
% shall be considered in these cases in future.
This
means
doubling
of the exceptional loading. The above mentioned modifications are validated by the influence of the length
of
insulator
sets
on the differences in the tensile forces resulting
fro~ varying
ice accretion and were dictated also by the
conclusions
gained
from
the above mentioned damage due to iceloads. They also take ca~e of additional dynamic loadings in case
of iceshedding [6], [7].
crossar~s
Due
to local characteristics considerable differences concerning
the
ice
accretion
on
conductors in adjacent spans and also in
adjacent
line
sections
may occur. The newly introduced exceptional
loading
case MA 2 "unbalanced tensile forces at all conductors
of a
tower"
(see
Clause
8.2.2.2)
takes care of the
effects
of unequal
ice accretion
on all conductors. For suspension
and
angle
suspension
towers
the differential tensile
forces
to
be assumed
in this loading case are stipulated depending
on
the
length
of
the insulator sets in order to take
their
influence
into account.
This
new
loading case effects
especially the design of towers with circuits installed initially
only on one side of a tower.
The
loading
cases to be assumed for the rating of crossarms and
earth wire peaks (see Clause 8.3) are
systematically grouped in
Table
8 analogously to the loading cases for the tower bodies.
Loading
cases
for crossarms and earth wire peaks are
nominated
as QN for normal loading, and by QA for exceptional loading.
Also the specifications for lattice steel towers (see Clause 8.4)
amended
in
some
items.
The
permissible stresses
(see
T~ble
9)
are
adjusted to the technical development and to the
current
DIN standards.
In
future
bolts of the quality 4.6 instead of 3.6 will be used. The shearing and bearing stresses permissible
for
joints
with
standard bolts
are modified accordingly;
additionally,
in
Table
9 permissible stresses for high
strength
bolts
of shearing/bearing connections are integrated.
The Omega-method for the rating of members under compression was
retained.
The
former
Table
6 showing the data of relevant
cross-sections
for
the
varying
loading
types was omitted.
As
far
as
deviations from practice adopted generally for steel
structures
are
accepted
for
overhead
line towers, these
are
mentioned
in
the
relevant
clauses
(see
for
example
Clause
8.4.2.6). Si~ce slenderness ratios greater than 250 are also permitted
for compression members of lattice steel towers a formula
for the corresponding Omega-factors is given.
~re
.3 p ~ c i : i c a t i o n s
concerning
towers
~ere
i~corporated
L:ability Insurance.
Claus~
t !1 e
"Protection of birds" '-'as integrated to i::: p r::: : e

of the do~estic population of birds.
e.1o
P~'Jtection
facilities for climbing lattice steel

in accordance
with
the
Eoployers'

Clause 9: Foundations
DIN
1054,
edition
November 1976, does not apply to foundations
of
overhead
power
lines;
the
explanations,
supplemerit
to
DI!i
1054,
state complementarily that the exclusion of towers of
overhead
power lines
in the scope refers exclusively to structural
installations
of Utilities. To take care of this fact the
stipulations
to be observed for the rating and design of foundations
of overhead
power
line towers were presented comprehensively
in Clause 9. This meant a complete revison and essential
exten~ion
of
the
former specifications. The clause starts with
general
requ:rements
as well as with the classification and denomination of subsoils.
Rules
for soil investigations and the
identification of
soils
were
newly
incorporated.
The
basic
principles
for design and analysis follo~ which are based on the
soil characteristics (shown in Table 12).
The
treated
types
of
foundations
were
divided into "Compact
foundations"
(see
Clause
9.5)
and
"Separate
footing
foundations"
(see
Clause
9.6).
Compact
foundations
are
characterized in that the tower
body is accommodated by a single
foundation
and additionally to
horizontal
and vertical forces
moments mainly occur as loadings.
Separate
footing foundations
are
characterized
in
that
individual
foundations
for
each
member stub are provided and each of these foundations must carry
mair.ly vertical loads in addition to horizontal
loads. The rules
to
be observed
in case of the individual types
of foundations
were
separated into design assumptions and stability conditions.
Specifications
for
the
rating
of
foundations
in case of exceptional loading were integrated. The requirements
and
characteristic
data applying to normal
loadings can be
taken in the
latter case whereby the forces resulting from exceptional loading
ca~cs
have to be reduced by a factor of 0,8
(see Clause 9.4.1).
Compact
foundations
comprise concrete monoblock
foundations,
concrete slab foundations, raft-type slab foundations and single
pile foundations as well as the foundation for wood poles.
For
rating of monoblock
concrete
foundations
only
general
assumptions for analysis and stability conditions were specified.
Particularities of
certain design methods were waived since
no
method should
be
especially emphasized. Reference [8] reviews
approaches
often
in
use.
Conditions
for
the rating
of slab
foundations
were newly incorporated in order to take care of the
frequent use of this foundation type (see Clause 9.5.2). Formulae
were
given
for
the proof of the over-turning stability and the
soil p:-essure.
The
proof
of stability
of
raft-type
slab foundations can be
out
according
to
the
conditions
of
concrete
slab
~oundations.
hdditionally,
the
loading
of
the members buried
under earth by overburden was mentioned.
carri~d
~it~out
goi~g
~ed~ent
and
~er.::o:.ec
into details the transfer of loads by lateral emthe

analysis
according to a suitable method
is
i~ case of single pile foundations (see Clause 9.5. 4 ).

In
order
to
take
effective care of
the
local
~onditions,
supplementarily
to
the
normal
additional
load
an
increased
additional
load
was
newly
established.
Increased
additional
loads
shall be assumed as previously in areas where according to
experience,
increased iceloads have to be expected regularly. In
this,
attention
should
be
especially
directed
to
the
responsibility of the Utility operating the
overhead
line
for
attentive
stipulation
of
increased additional
loads,
where
necessary.
This
responsibility
is in force
appropriately also
for
wind loads (see Clause 8.1.2.1). In this
case
too,
higher
values
than
at minimum required by the specifications shall be
assumed
if according to experience higher wind loads have to be
regularly expected.
The
loading
cases
for the tower bodies were clearly gr6uped in
Ta~le
7 so that loading cases with the same physical basis were
given
the
same designation for all tower types wh~reby the separ~tion
into normal loading cases and exceptional loading cases
was
maintained .. Loading cases for tower bodies under normal loading were designated by MN, under exceptional loading by MA. Some
new aspects
resulted for the applications of and assumptions in
individual loading cases.
For
suspension
towers the loading case "Quartering wind action"
case
MN
4 according to Table 7) applies independently
of the tower height. The former limitation on towers with heights
of more than 60 m was cancelled since it could not be physically
validi.lted.
(lo~~ing
The
former
loading case
was omitted, since it was dispensible
due to the new loading case MA 2.
The loadinc; case "Wind on conductors rith ice" (loading case MtJ 5
a~cording
to Table 7) was newly introduced. Wind may act also on
conductors
with
ice. The loading case, therefore, takes care of
physical
facts.
Damage
of overhead lines with ice accretion on
the
conductors showed that the additional wind effects, thereby,
played an important role.
The exceptional loading case MA 1 qonsiders the torsional loading
of
towers.
For this loading case the assumptions for the reduction of conductor tensile forces in case of suspension and angle
suspension towers were newly established (see Clause 8.2.2.2). In
case of bundled conductors the reduction amounted formerly always
to 25 %.
This
reduction
applies according to the new edition
on!y
for
insulator
sets with a length of more than 2,5 m, For
shorter
lengths
of
insulator sets a reduction of 35 % shall be
cor.sidered.
The
reduction
of
the
conductor
tensile
force of earth wires
generally to 65 % instead of the previous 50 %.
anou~ts

Overhead lines
with rated voltages
up to 30 kV and
length: of
less than 2,5 m previously also required a reduction of
the
conductor
tensile
forces
by only
25
%. This di~inished
reduction
was
o~itted.
As for all single conductors also a reduction
of
50
% shall be considered in these cases in future.
This
means
doubling
of the exceptional loading. The above mentioned modifications are validated by the influence of the length
of
insulator
sets
on the differences in the tensile forces resulting
fro~ varying
ice accretion and were dictated also by the
conclusions
gained
from
the above mentioned damage due to iceloads. They also take ca~e of additional dynamic loadings in case
of iceshedding [6], [7].
crossar~s
Due
to local characteristics considerable differences concerning
the
ice
accretion
on
conductors in adjacent spans and also in
adjacent
line
sections
may occur. The newly introduced exceptional
loading
case MA 2 "unbalanced tensile forces at all conductors
of a
tower"
(see
Clause
8.2.2.2)
takes care of the
effects
of unequal
ice accretion
on all conductors. For suspension
and
angle
suspension
towers
the differential tensile
forces
to
be assumed
in this loading case are stipulated depending
on
the
length
of
the insulator sets in order to take
their
influence
into account.
This
new
loading case effects
especially the design of towers with circuits installed initially
only on one side of a tower.
The
loading
cases to be assumed for the rating of crossarms and
earth wire peaks (see Clause 8.3) are
systematically grouped in
Table
8 analogously to the loading cases for the tower bodies.
Loading
cases
for crossarms and earth wire peaks are
nominated
as QN for normal loading, and by QA for exceptional loading.
Also the specifications for lattice steel towers (see Clause 8.4)
amended
in
some
items.
The
permissible stresses
(see
T~ble
9)
are
adjusted to the technical development and to the
current
DIN standards.
In
future
bolts of the quality 4.6 instead of 3.6 will be used. The shearing and bearing stresses permissible
for
joints
with
standard bolts
are modified accordingly;
additionally,
in
Table
9 permissible stresses for high
strength
bolts
of shearing/bearing connections are integrated.
The Omega-method for the rating of members under compression was
retained.
The
former
Table
6 showing the data of relevant
cross-sections
for
the
varying
loading
types was omitted.
As
far
as
deviations from practice adopted generally for steel
structures
are
accepted
for
overhead
line towers, these
are
mentioned
in
the
relevant
clauses
(see
for
example
Clause
8.4.2.6). Si~ce slenderness ratios greater than 250 are also permitted
for compression members of lattice steel towers a formula
for the corresponding Omega-factors is given.
~re
.3 p ~ c i : i c a t i o n s
concerning
towers
~ere
i~corporated
L:ability Insurance.
Claus~
t !1 e
"Protection of birds" '-'as integrated to i::: p r::: : e

of the do~estic population of birds.
e.1o
P~'Jtection
facilities for climbing lattice steel

in accordance
with
the
Eoployers'

Clause 9: Foundations
DIN
1054,
edition
November 1976, does not apply to foundations
of
overhead
power
lines;
the
explanations,
supplemerit
to
DI!i
1054,
state complementarily that the exclusion of towers of
overhead
power lines
in the scope refers exclusively to structural
installations
of Utilities. To take care of this fact the
stipulations
to be observed for the rating and design of foundations
of overhead
power
line towers were presented comprehensively
in Clause 9. This meant a complete revison and essential
exten~ion
of
the
former specifications. The clause starts with
general
requ:rements
as well as with the classification and denomination of subsoils.
Rules
for soil investigations and the
identification of
soils
were
newly
incorporated.
The
basic
principles
for design and analysis follo~ which are based on the
soil characteristics (shown in Table 12).
The
treated
types
of
foundations
were
divided into "Compact
foundations"
(see
Clause
9.5)
and
"Separate
footing
foundations"
(see
Clause
9.6).
Compact
foundations
are
characterized in that the tower
body is accommodated by a single
foundation
and additionally to
horizontal
and vertical forces
moments mainly occur as loadings.
Separate
footing foundations
are
characterized
in
that
individual
foundations
for
each
member stub are provided and each of these foundations must carry
mair.ly vertical loads in addition to horizontal
loads. The rules
to
be observed
in case of the individual types
of foundations
were
separated into design assumptions and stability conditions.
Specifications
for
the
rating
of
foundations
in case of exceptional loading were integrated. The requirements
and
characteristic
data applying to normal
loadings can be
taken in the
latter case whereby the forces resulting from exceptional loading
ca~cs
have to be reduced by a factor of 0,8
(see Clause 9.4.1).
Compact
foundations
comprise concrete monoblock
foundations,
concrete slab foundations, raft-type slab foundations and single
pile foundations as well as the foundation for wood poles.
For
rating of monoblock
concrete
foundations
only
general
assumptions for analysis and stability conditions were specified.
Particularities of
certain design methods were waived since
no
method should
be
especially emphasized. Reference [8] reviews
approaches
often
in
use.
Conditions
for
the rating
of slab
foundations
were newly incorporated in order to take care of the
frequent use of this foundation type (see Clause 9.5.2). Formulae
were
given
for
the proof of the over-turning stability and the
soil p:-essure.
The
proof
of stability
of
raft-type
slab foundations can be
out
according
to
the
conditions
of
concrete
slab
~oundations.
hdditionally,
the
loading
of
the members buried
under earth by overburden was mentioned.
carri~d
~it~out
goi~g
~ed~ent
and
~er.::o:.ec
into details the transfer of loads by lateral emthe

analysis
according to a suitable method
is
i~ case of single pile foundations (see Clause 9.5. 4 ).

Separate
footing
foundations
(see Clause 9.6) include concrete
stepped
foundations,
augered
and
excavated
foundations,
separate grillage
foundations
and
pile
foundations.
For all
types
of
separate
footing foundations it was specified that in
case
of angle,
angle suspension and section towers for ~oading
cases
MN 1 and MN 2 and in case of terminal towers for loading
cases
MN
1 and MN 3 (loading of towers by the maximum working
tensile
forces
or
by wind, respectively)
the
rating of the
foundations
shall
be carried out for stabili'ty
margins which
are
increased
by
10
% compared to other loading cases. This
specification
replaces
the former requirement
to
increase the
stabilities
by
30 % in case of uplift loading of foundations
of
towers
with
considerable permanent loads.
The reduction of
the additional stability margin for such towers
is valida;;ed
by
the
fact that
the working loadings resulting from the
loading
cases MN 1, MN 2 and MN 3, respectively, are considerably higher
than the permanently acting forces.
The
proof of stability against an uplift loading of concrete
stepped foundations (see Clause 9.6.1)
can
be carried out using
the
earth
frustum
method
as applicable
up
to now. However,
a
generally applicable
relation
for
the determination of the
angle of earth frustum was newly established.
\vhere:
angle of earth frustum
I?>
angle of earth frustum for b

t
= 1
..; i d th of foundation at
effective depth of the surcharging earth volume.
the foundation base
The
value
B0 depends on the type of soil, the type of installation
of
the
foundation
(foundation
type
U,
lowermost
step
undercut,
foundation
type
A,
lowermost
step concreted to the
undisturbed
soil,
foundation typeS lowermost step concreted to
the
shuttering)
and
the dimensions of the foundation. Table 12
contains
relevant data for B . This analytical relation replaced
the
diagrams
previously useg for the determination of the angle
of earth frustum. The values e were gained from experience, from
tests
and
from
former
re?erences aiming at a systematic
graduation.
Assumptions
for
design,
conditions
for
the stability
and
of augered and excavated foundations (see Clauses 9.6.2.1
to
9.6.2.4)
were newly integrated since this type of foundation
lainec
increasing importance and could no longer be treated as a
special foundation. The proof of stability against uplift loading
i3
carried
out,
thereby,
by
the same approach as for stepped
:'o.J:-:C:ations.
The
values
B
are
adjusted
to
this
type
a:
: ') ~ :-- .::i:::. t :. on .
r o r the de term 01 nat ion of the v a 1 u e s B0 ,..-eta 1. -1 e d
~uicance ~as
given.
d~sign
Page 96 DitJ VDE 0210

In
case
of
separate
g~illage
foundations
loaded by uplift a
theoretical
stability
against
being uprooted of 1,8 instead of
1,5 for other foundations is stipulated as previously (see Clause
9.6.3.3).
The
Clause
9.6.4
"Pile
foundations" was e~sentially extended.
Thereby,
a series of basic principles was adopted from DIN 1054
in
adjusted forrn.The strength of a constructio~ pile can be more
reliably
determined
by
a~ uplift test carried out at that pile
itself
than
by analysis or by testing of a separate test pile.
In
case
of
proof
by analysis
values of the surface friction
derived
from
tests
will
result
at
best
in a proper rating
of
pile.
The difference
between
the
procedu~e
of
testing
const~uction
piles
[9],
[10], [ll]
whic!": has proved its worth
time
and again for overhead lines and tests of ultimate strength
carried
out
on special
test
piles as generally used in civil
enginc~ring
was
therefore
especially
emphasized
(see
Clause
9. 6. 4 6) .
methods
of
proving
the
Differing conditions
apply
to
both
strength.
Uplift tests carried out on construction piles at best
ensure
the
reliability necessary for overhead lines. Such tests
shall
b~
car~ied
out
at
least
at
5 % of the installed con5truction
p11es.
Thereby, a loading up to 1,2 tim~s the workinc
t <: n s i l (;
l cad
suf f i c es
i f
t he d i s p 1 a c e me n t s r ~ c o g n i s e d t h e r e b y
stay
~~thin permissible li~it~ and permi~ tne 8Xtrapclation to a
ultim~te tensile lo&d which corresponds 2t least to 1,5 times the
workin~ tensile load.
The
distance
between
the centres of g~avity of the compression
r(;action
of
the used
te3ting set-up shall not fall below 3 m.
lt 1 s iufluence on the results of the test was taken care of by an
increase of the working tensile loads by 5 %.
The Cla'Jse 9.8 11 Design and construction of foundations" had to be
drafted
anew,
in
respect
of
non-reinforced and
reinforced
concrete
in
accordance
with
the modifications
in
DIN 1045.
The
new classification
of concrete
strength was
observed.
Values for
the
ratio
of the height
of
the
step to the width
of
the
projection
depending on the
quality of concrete and on
the soil pressure are stipulated in Table 13 for
non-reinforced
concrete foundations.
:or
the
anchoring of
structural
steel
stresses are given in Tables 14 and 15.
Clause 10: Earthing
Reference is made to DIN VDE 0141.
members
permissible

11: Minimum clearances within the transmission line
Clau~e
In
Table 16 just one value SA~ (voltage dependent minimum value)
measured i:: r:1 is assigned to t:he
standardised maximum operating
or rated voltages, respectively, which is
necessary for the stipulation
of
the
clearances
in Clauses
11 to 14. The value
S~~
complies
with
the figure UN/150 used in VDE 0210/5.69. The
v~Iues for the maximum operating voltages 245 kV
and 420 kV wer~
adjusted
to
Ditl VDE 0111 Part
3 (Tables 16 and 17) and
clearances
were
increased
from
1,5 to 1,55 m and from 2,55 to
2,70 m, r~spectively.
rearranged.
Table
coeffcient
17 "Values
for
k" Has
confir;uration of the table
is based en the swing angle of
conductors a3 the
factor.
deciding
The
~h
.!. ~
th~
Corresponding values
for
the coefficient k
are assigned
to
the
specified
ranges
of
swin~
angles
and
examples
of
conductor types in use Here given.
Conductors not mentioned here
shall be grouped according to
their
sHing angle which results
from
the
ratio
of
the
wind load
acting
upon
the conductor
~ccording
to Clause
8.1.2.1 and it's dead load.
Thereby, the
wind
load
shall be calculated using the
formula
for spans up
to
200 m and taking the wind pressure from Table 5 according
to the values for the 0 to 40 m range of heights.
The values for k assigned to the individual ranges of swing angle
t~ke
care of the relative position of the individual conductors.
schematic
figures
associated
with
Table
17 describe the
position of the conductors by means of ranges of angles
and their assigned coefficient k.
The
r~lative
In
case
of varying
cross-sections,
materials or sags of c~n
d.Jctors
it shall be proved that no inadmissible approach of conductor.::;
will occur (see Clause 11.1.2) if dynamic ...rind pressures
differ by 40 % from conductor to conductor.
Clau~e
This
12: Clearances in rural areas
section was compiled withodt significant modifications.

clearances applicable previously were retained.
The
minimu~
Clause 13: Minimum clearances and overhead line design

in the
proximity of building installations and traffic routes
In
t.:~re
order
to avoid repetition of similar clearances the objects
surr.r.Jarized to fot.:r groups as follo...rs:
Residential properties and other buildings

Traffic installations
o~erhea~ line installations
?lay gra~nds, sports and recreational installations.
,
- tr.e
.
.
d ..1:.~.
... h as n 0 ....~ discr-iptir-..,
... r. .- a::_-::
-~
clearances ...rere llste
- .. ,
,
..
evaluation
of
':.he
1
-l~~1:a~e~u=-1
the
c-auses
re 1 evant
.or ..he
~
.
ci~ar~nce~
and
for
the design of overhead line were mer.tlone~.
~
98 DIN
?age
V~~
0210
~a~e
In
of crossing of residential or other buildings the varying

of
roofs
were
considered
if :he roofing co~plies ~ith
D.!:i: 11102 Part 7. Since mountable flat roof~ are erected to ar. ir.crea~ing
extent raising of clearances fro~ 3 to 5 ~ was required
fer :his type of roofs due to safety considerations .
~!ope~
. r::
protccti;r~
r:. t o r ::;
in st i
areas
sho....-r, in Fig. 6 are based or. saGs of conl 1 a i r a c c o r d i n ~;; t o C1 a u s e s 4 . 3 . 1 a n d L: 3 . 2 a r. d o n
~a~s according to +40 c of the swung cor.~~ctcrs justified by the
r ;~ r: t , t h a t '.1 i n d n e c e s sa r y f o r s w i n g i n g o f con d u c to r s s i ~ u 1 t a r. r~ ,,usly causes cooling.
(: t;
ca.se
of
crossin;;s of traffic rcute:: 1t sh<:1ll t.~ ~roves that
requirements
for clearances bet~ee~ overcrossin[ conductors
! ~~ ("
c r 8 s :; e d o b j e c t s i n c a s e o f i n c r e a s e s f s a t; d u e t. o a n u n c: q .: a l
additional load
of
spans
according
tc
Clau~e !L:.8 as w~ll as
: o! the c l e a r a n c e s
be tween
t he i n d i : i d ..: :: l co n d u c to r :; i n c a s e o f
'
th~
u n .-.: q u 3 1
add i t i o na1
o f
1oa d
accor d i ng
c on du c t o r s
are
strictly
met.
Thereby,
accou:1t
~ignificance
of
traffic
in~talla:io~s
14.')
d ~ ~~ s i t y
of
on multiple
t raf f i c
a nd o f
t he
b u n d l i n g-
of
vta~
t o
C 1 a u :; e
taken
of
the
to
increasing
due
c l ec t r i c
c i r c ' 1 i L :;
ovcrh0ad power line structure~.

The
restriction
of
u:;!
of
wood
poles
accordinc; to Claus>:: l4.5 al:::;o rcpr~0_:nt:; Jn
~~propriate design measure.
of overhead power lin~ in~tall~tlo~~ th0 5~mc
apply analogou~ly as in c~~e of traffic in~tallaL i o n :; .
;.J h c n
c r os s i ng p1a y
g r o u n d s rJ r ;; !1 ~: n a p p r o c-. c h i n c t r-J a d j a r: ~: n t. :; :) or t s
f i e 1 d ::;
t h c r e was f r e que n t l :: a :; our c e c f do u b L
con ccrnint:. thr:.: interpreting of
the specifications.
Ther,3forc, this
~ubject
was
expanded
in
detail
being aware
that e~en a ~ore
dct~ilcd division would not be able to cover all
individu~l case~
~o:t:ich me::.:; occur for
this type of instz,llations.
I~
ca~e
of
cro~~ing
~p~cification~
experience
the
vertical clearances between conductors and
used sports grounds could be reduced fro~ 12 to 8 rn.
Fro~
~nnerally
In case of crossing of sports fields or other sports areas it has

be ensured that an approach to the conductor of less than 3 m
be
avoided
in
case
of
shooting or sports '.lith throwing
i m p l E: r~ e n t. s
to
wil~
f..ccount
was
taken
of
sporting activities on water by incorporo.ting
clearances
and to the
above
the
maximum water
level
i! eight gauge agreed upon above lakes and rivers.
For ca~ping installations with extendable or erectatle
3n appropriate clearance was specified.
Clau~c
~ 1 ll ~
Particular
14:
~pccifications
componen~s
for crossings and approaches
ad j u .s t. n e n t
'::. o
t he c u r r e n t l i r. e d e s i g n , s c ::: e c o n d i t i o n s
particularly
increased
additiona~
loads
of
~:uc:~r~
ir
crossings
could
be
o~~::~d
whe~ compared ~~:h
t ::,
~~~~rn~~g
;:, r .-:: : i c
~~
::;
-:: c! i t ~ o !1
r~~~~re:::e~:s
:-.
~-
e :-
- '
p .~ r t. i
~ ~
t he
of
s t a n da r d .
ccncerning
l a:-
s;:;
c 1 f
F' ~..: : :
wood poles
i c a '::. i on s .
e r ::-: 0 r ~
r~sulted
:-. e
i~
c o :;1 b i ra a :
redu~ing
c. :--.
:~e
DIN VDE 0210 Page gg

Appendix A:
The
-
r~vi~icn
~tr~cture:
Galvanizing of towers and other components

ai~ed
at dividing the appendix into:
and cowponents
~ade
of
st~el
as well
a~
colts and
nuts,
Steel
wi~s,
- Cap: for overhead

~nd
at
r~ferring
as
li~e
far
insulators and fittings

a~
necessary tc relevant DIN Standard:.
International patent classification

H 01 B
li 01 8
!! 02 G
E 04 H
E 04 H
E 04 H
E 04 H
....t' 04 H
E 011 H
E 02 D
l/C2
17/00
7/00
12/00
12/08
12/10
12/12
12/20
12/22
27!00

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DEUTSCHE NORM

Planning and Design of Overhead Power

Planning and Design of Overhead Power

German Electrotechnical Commission within DIN and VDE

Page 2 DIN VDE 0210

2.2.6 Special tower serves for one or several of

2.2.8 Net working force of a tower or pole is the permissible total

DIN VDE 0210 Page

2.2.10 Additional load allows for

2.3.1 Compact foundation

the tower body within one

2.3.2 Separate footing foundation provides individual foundations

2.4.4 Nominal cross-section of a conductor is the cross-sectional

Page 4 DIN VDE 0210

an arrangement of several insu-

2.5.2 Routine test load of an insulator

DIN VDE 0210 Page

2.6.1 Accessories for conductors

2.7 Layout of an overhead line

2.7.2 Span is the part of an overhead line situated between two

2.7.3 Crossing span is the part of an overhead line over or under

Page 6 DIN VDE 0210

the series DIN 48201, DIN 48204 and DIN 48206

Permissible conductor temperature in case of short-circuit loading

4.1.2 Mechanical rating

DIN VDE 0210 Page

Page 8 DIN VDE 0210

DIN VDE 0210 Page

4.2.3 Minimum cross-sections

ACSR ace. to DIN 48204

Single-wire conductors shall not be used.

Conductor type and

Continued from Table 3.

Unit dead- '

AAAC (Aldrey) ace.

Page 12 DIN VDE 0210

DIN VDE 0210 Page 13

6. INSULATORS, INSULATOR SETS

a shall be 3,12 related to the failing load.

6.1.2.3 Cap and pin-type insulators (string insulators type B)

Page 14 DIN VDE 0210

1. ACCESSORIES FOR INSULATOR SETS AND OTHER CONDUCTOR ATTACHMENTS

DIN VDE 0210 Page 15

accessories shall be rated for the forces resulting from the

The minimum failing loads of standard accessories are specified

Malleable cast iron ace. to DIN 1692

Aluminium 'tlrought alloy ace. to DIN 1725 Part 1

Aluminium casting alloy ace. to DIN 1725 Part 2 *)

Copper-tin and copper-tin-zinc casting alloys

Copper wrought alloys low-alloyed ace. to DIN 1766

Copper-aluminium casting alloys ace. to DIN 1714

For non-standard components it shall be proved that their failing

multiple insulator sets shall guarantee equal

In case of failing of an insulator string of a multiple insulator

Page 16 DIN VDE 0210

8.1 Loading assumptions

DIN VDE 0210 Page 17

permissible stresses for exceptional loading

8.1.2 Horizontal loads

for spans up to 200 m

surface exposed to wind in m2

m. When analysing the towers the wind span