KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DURG

NAME: S.PRANEET
CLASS: XII B
ROLL NO.: 12240

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2016-17
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS PROJECT

IS THE BONAFIDE WORK OF S.PRANEET
OF CLASS 12TH 'B' AND HAS BEEN
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED AND IS
TAKEN TO BE AN ISSUE CONDUCTED BY
THE C.B.S.E. IN THE SESSION 2016-17.

TEACHER'S SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE

EXTERNAL'S

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS OF

GRATITUDE TO MY TEACHER (MR. J.PRADHAN SIR)
AS WELL AS OUR PRINCIPAL (SMT. GLORIA MINJ
MAM) WHO GAVE ME THE GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY
TO DO THIS WONDERFUL PROJECT ON THE TOPIC
(AIDS), WHICH ALSO HELPED ME IN DOING A LOT
OF RESEARCH AND I CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO
MANY NEW THINGS I AM REALLY THANKFUL TO
THEM.
SECONDLY I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MY
PARENTS AND FRIENDS WHO HELPED ME A LOT IN
FINALIZING THIS PROJECT WITHIN THE LIMITED
TIME FRAME.

INDEX
WHAT IS AIDS?
HISTORY OF AIDS
CAUSES
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
ABOUT AIDS VIRUS
SCREENING TEST FOR AIDS
MANIFESTATION OF AIDS
PREVENTION
CONCLUSION
OBSERVATION
HYPOTHESIS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

WHAT IS AIDS?

ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.

IT IS A PANDEMIC DISEASE. AIDS CANNOT BE
COMPARED TO DISEASE LIKE MALARIA AND
CHOLERA WHICH CLAIM MORE LIVE IN
COUNTRY CURRENTLY. IT HAS A GREATER
IMPACT THAN OTHER DISEASE. THE
TREATMENT OPTIONS ARE STILL IN THE
INITIAL STAGES AND ARE PROHIBITIVELY
EXPENSIVE. THERE ARE INSTANCES OF
QUACKS TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE
SITUATION. THIS HAS COMPOUNDED THE
MISERY OF AIDS PATIENTS.

HISTORY OF AIDS

IT WAS FIRST NOTICED IN USA IN 1981. THE

AMERICAN AND FRENCH SCIENTIST
INDEPENDENTLY IDENTIFIED THE AIDS VIRUS
1984. THE VIRUS FIRST NAMED AS HCLV III
(HUMAN CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS III). THE
NAME (HUMAN CELL LEUKEMIA DEFICIENCY
VIRUS) IS NOW PREFERRED. IT NOW SEEMS
THAT HIV FIRST PASSED INTO HUMAN FROM
CHIMPANZEES BY EATING BUTCHERED
CHIMPS. 10% OF THE PEOPLE, WHO GET
AIDS VIRUS INFECTION, ACTUALLY DEVELOP
FULL BLOWN AIDS.

CAUSES

THE MAIN CAUSES OF AIDS IS A DISORDER OF

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE
BODY. THE DISORDER IS CHARACTERIZED BY
A REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF HELPER. TCELL WHICH STIMULATE ANTIBODY
PRODUCTION BY B-CELLS. THIS RESULT IN
THE LOSS OF NATURAL DEFENSE AGAINST
VIRAL INFECTION.

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

IT IS ONLY TRANSMITTED BY A DIRECT

CONTACT OF INFECTED CELLS - CONTAINING
BLOOD OF PATIENT TO THE BLOOD OF A
HEALTHY PERSON AS IN

1) SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH AN INFECTED

PARTNER IF THERE IS TISSUE INJURY TO
PERMIT BLOOD CONTACT.
2) USE OF CONTAMINATED NEEDLES AND
SYRINGES TO INJECT DRUGS OR VACCINES.
3) USE OF CONTAMINATED RAZORS, NEEDLES
FOR BORING PINNAE.
4) TRANSFUSION OF INFECTED BLOOD OR
BLOOD PRODUCT.
5) ORGAN TRANSPLANT.
6) ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.
7) PARTURITION FROM MOTHER TO BABY DUE
TO RUPTURING OF BLOOD VESSELS.

AIDS IS NOT A CONTAGIOUS DISEASE. IT

DOES NOT SPREAD BY CASUAL CONTACT,
SUCH AS HANDSHAKE , BODY CONTACT IN
CROWDED PLACES, WORKING OR PLAYING
TOGETHER , SHARING CLOTHES , EATING
FOOD COOKED BY INFECTED PERSON, USING
SAME TOILET, SWIMMING POOLS. IT IS ALSO
NOT AND RIBOVIRIN SEEM MOST PROMISING.
A DRUGS NAMED ZIDE VUIDINE PROLONGS
THE LIFE OF MANY AIDS PATIENT. HOWEVER
SOME PATIENTS AIDS VIRUS HAVE ALREADY
MUTATED TO ZIDOVUDINE RESISTANT FORMS.

ABOUT AIDS VIRUS

IT IS 100 TO 140 NM. IN DIAMETER AND
HAS A CYLINDRICAL CORE. IT IS FOUND IN
BLOOD AND SEMEN AND TO A LESSER
EXTENT IN MILK TEARS AND SALIVA. IT IS
A RETROVIRUS, I.E. ITS GENETIC
MATERIAL IS - RNA (SINGLE STRANDED
LINEAR) WHICH CAN MAKE A DNA COPY
OF ITSELF WITH THE HELP OF THE
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE ENZYME. THE
VIRUS BIND SPECIFICALLY TO A SURFACE
RECEPTOR ON A HELPER T-CELL AND
INTRODUCE ITS RNA AND REVERSE
TRANSCRIPTASE ENZYME INTO THE CELLS
HERE IT MULTIPLIES AND THE RELEASE OF
NEW VIRUS DESTROYS THE CELL. AIDS
OCCURS WHEN THE HELPER T-CELL FALLS
TOO LOW TO FIGHT THE DISEASE.

SCREENING TEST FOR AIDS

AIDS PATIENT GENERALLY HAVE CIRCULATING

ANTIBODIES WHICH CAN BE DETECTED. IN
MANY COUNTRIES THIS TEST IS DONE AS A
ROUTINE ON BLOOD, DONOR, SCREENING
MAY PROVE HARMFUL TO VICTIMS. PERSONS
FOUND TO BE HIV POSITIVE BECOME
DEPRESSED AND SUICIDAL AND ARE DENIED
INSURANCE, EVICTED FROM THEIR HOUSES,
FIRED FROM THEIR JOBS ONLY A SMALL
MINORITY OF SUCH PERSONS ARE LIKELY TO
DEVELOP FULL BLOWN AIDS. HOWEVER THE
INFECTED PERSONS MAY SPREAD INFECTION
TO OTHERS.
TODAY ELISA TEST IS DONE IDENTIFY THIS
PANDEMIC DISEASE (AIDS).

ELISA: ENZYME LINKED IMMUNO

SORBANT ASSAY

MANIFESTATION OF AIDS
IT CAN MANIFEST IN TWO MAJOR WAYS I) MALIGENT TUMOURS IN CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
II) VIRAL, BACTERIAL, PROTOZOAN AND
FUNGALIN-FECTION OF ANY SYSTEM OF THE
BODY. THERE ARE DESTRUCTION OF WBCS,
DAMAGE TO BRAIN,. UNEXPLAINED FEVER,
UNEXPLAINED LOSS OF APPETITE,
UNEXPLAINED LOSS WEIGHT OVER A SHORT
TIME, CHRONIC DIARRHEA, COUGH, NIGHT
SWEATS, ENLARGEMENT OF LYMPH GLANDS,
SHORTNESS OF BREATH, WEAKNESS.

PREVENTION
FOLLOWING STEPS MAY HELP IN
CONTROLLING THIS DREADED DISEASE.
I) PEOPLE PARTICULARLY THOSE IN HIGH RISK
GROUP SHOULD BE EDUCATED ABOUT AIDS
TRANSMISSION.
II) HIGH RISK GROUP SHOULD REFRAIN FROM
BLOOD DONATION.
III) DISPOSABLE NEEDLES AND SYRINGES
SHOULD BE USED.
IV) SEXUAL HABITS SHOULD CHANGED
IMMEDIATELY.
V) BEFORE RECEIVING BLOOD, ENSURE THAT
IT HAS BEEN SCREENED FOR HIV.

VI) ROUTINE SCREENING MAY BE DONE IN

A) BLOOD DONORS,
B) ORGAN DONORS
C) DONORS OF SEMEN AND GROWTH
HORMONE.
D) PATIENT RECEIVING
HAEMODIALYSIS
E) FEMALES IN HIGH RISK GROUP, WHO ARE
PREGNANT OR CONTEMPLATING PREGNANCY.
CHASTITY, LIFE LONG MONOGAMY, AND A
CLEAN NEEDLE FOR EACH INJECTION ARE THE
ONLY WAYS TO PREVENTS THE SPREAD OF
AIDS. THESE MEASURE WILL SUCCEED ONLY
IN PERSONS NOT ALREADY INFECTED.

MAJOR CAUSES & STEPS TO

PREVENT IT

REASONS OF SPREADING AIDS AMONG

WORLD PEOPLE
MORE THAN 90% OF THE INFECTED PERSONS
ARE BELONG TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
REASONS:(I) LOW-LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT.

(II) LOW HEALTH CONSCIOUSNESS AND

FACILITIES
(III) A GROWING UNMARRIED YOUTH
POPULATION DUE TO DELAYED MARRIAGE
(IV) HIGH RATE OF LABOUR MIGRATION.
(V) LOW LEVEL OF LITERACY AMONG HIGHRISK GROUPS.
(VI)HIGH INCIDENCE OF SEXUALITY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES AND REPRODUCTIVE
TRACT INFECTIONS AMONG MEN AND
WOMEN.

STEPS TAKEN TO PREVENT THE SPREADING

OF AIDS:

(I) NATIONAL AIDS PROGRAMME OF SOUTH

EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES ARE BEGINNING TO
YIELD ENCOURAGING RESULTS. THE 100%
CONDOM USE PROGRAMME IN THAILAND AND
THE SONAGACHI PROJECT IN CALCUTTA, A
MODEL PEER EDUCATION PROGRAMME
AMONG SEX WORKERS, HAVE HELPED BRING
DOWN AIDS INFECTION AND ALSO REDUCED
THE INCIDENCE OF STD.

(II) NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS HAVE

BROUGHT BAPTIST INTEREST LITIGATIONS
AGAINST SUCH CASES OF DISCRIMINATION
AND THE COURTS HAVE PRONOUNCED THE
RIGHTS OF SUCH PEOPLES. THIS HAS HELPED
ALLEVIATE THE MISERY OF AFFECTED
PERSONS.

CONCLUSION

AFTER STUDYING THE CAUSE AND EFFECTS

OF AIDS FROM DIFFERENT VIEWS, WE
CONCLUDE THAT IT IS A PANDEMIC DISEASE.
IT IS MAINLY SPREADING SEXUALLY AND
PERSON OF THE AGE GROUP OF 25-45 YEARS
ARE THE MOST AFFECTED GROUP. THERE ARE
SOME METHODS LIKE ANTIVIRAL THERAPY
AND IMMUNO STIMULATIVE THERAPY WHICH
BRING SOME HOPE THAT EVEN THEN NO
SPECIFIC TREATMENT HAS BEEN FOUND SO

FOR AND MORALITY FORM IS VIRTUALLY

100%. SO ONLY PREVENTION IN THE TEST
MEDICINE CARE.

OBSERVATIONS
AIDS IMMERSED AS PANDEMIC DISEASE. IT IS
NONDURABLE. IT IS MORE COMMON IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. NOW EVERY DAY
1000 PEOPLES ARE GOING TO BECOME HIV
INFECTED IN WORLD. THIS IS MAINLY DUE TO
BLOOD TRANSFUSION & SEXUAL CONTACT. IN
WHOLE WORLD ABOUT 3 CRORE 30 LAKHS
PEOPLE ARE HIV +VE & IN INDIA 3 LAKH 70
THOUSANDS ARE HIV +VE. THE NUMBER OF
HIV +VE PERSONS ARE HIGHER IN
TAMILNADU BOMBAY, CALCUTTA AND KERALA
AND MANIPUR.

PROBLEMS FOR PATIENT:

AIDS CAUSE DISEASE OF IMMUNE
SYSTEM OF BODY. THE HIV CAUSE DAMAGE
TO T & B CELL. THUS THIS IS BECOMING A
THREATENING PROBLEM OF TODAY AND OF
FUTURE.

HYPOTHESIS
AIDS IS NON CURABLE DUE TO ITS NATURE OF
PATHOGEN. IT ALSO DAMAGE IMMUNE
SYSTEM OF THE BODY. THEREFORE ANY
MEDICINE (ANTIVIRAL) DRUGS ARE NOT
EFFECTIVE AGAINST HIV VIRUS. IGNORANCE
AND LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THIS
DISEASE IS THE ROOT CAUSE OF WIDE
SPREAD OF THIS DISEASE.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
I WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE FOLLOWING
SOURCES THROUGH WHICH I OBTAINED VITAL
INFORMATION WHICH CONTRIBUTED IN THE
COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT:

I
II
III
IV

SLIDESHARE.COM
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
ICBSE.CO.IN
SCRIBD.COM

THANK
YOU!!!