Noise and Its

Control
in Mine
By: Group 8th

Groubs Members:

Properties of Vibration
By: Mukti Triyanto

Sound becomes noise when:

1. The sound level is so high that hearing can be permanently impaired
2. It interferes with normal work

3. It disturbs or prevents sleep

Properties of vibrations
f = 1/T
f = /2
Where f = frequency of propagating wave (Hz)
T = time period (s)
= angular velocity (radians/s)

X = u x sin t
Xmax = u
V = du/dt = u x x cos t
Vmax = u x = 2/T = 2
fu
A = d2u/dt2 = -u 2sin t
Sinusoidal vibration = angular velocity, u
= maximum displacement of particle, T =
time period

Acoustic Velocity in different media

Medium

Density (g/cm3)

Velocity of acoustic waves (m/s)

Alluminium

2,7

5200

Glass

2,5

5190

Iron

7,9

5100

Steel

7,8

4880

Concrete

2,3

4000

Granite

2,7

3950

Brick

1,8

3600

Water from tap

1,0

1435

Sea Water

1,026

1440

Air Temperature -10C

0,00135

325,6

0C

0,00129

321,8

20C

0,00122

340

30C

0,00116

343,8

(a) displacement of individual particles

(b) Compression and rarefaction of the medium corresponding

to the individual particle
(c) Change in acoustic pressure

Longitudinal wave where the particles are vibrating

The Auditory Field For The Human Ear

Sound intensity and power

N= I x S
N= I x 4r2

I = p2/wc
Where :
I = Intencity , W/m2

Where:

P = sound pressure , Pa

N= acoustic power of the source. W

W = density of the medium 1.2 kg/m3

I = Intensity, W/m2

C = velocity of sound, m/s

S = surface area of the sphere. M2

r = distance at which the sound pressure
intensity is measured

Directional characteristics of emission of noise

The acoustic power and sound power level of some typical sources
source

Acoustic power (W)

Sound power level (dB)

Jet plane

10^4

160

Pneumatic equipment

120

Tractor

10^-1

110

Piano

2x10^-2

103

Human voice During normal talking

2x10^-5

73

Small electric bell

2x10^-8

43

Push sound

2x10^-9

30

Summation of sound pressure levels

Lp = 10 log (pi^2 + p2^2/2x10^-5)

Difference between dB values of two

sources

Add this value to the higher dB

value

Addition of unequal source levels

2.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

10

>10

Addition of two unequal sound levels

Addition of equal sound levels

Properties of Vibration
By: Faizal Akbar

Effect Of Distance From The Source

Effect Of Distance From The Source

1
2

2 2
1

Example :

Where :

I1 = sound intensity at a distance r1 (m) from

a point source, W/m2
I2 = sound intensity at a distance r2 (m) from
the same source, W/m2
LI2 = LI2 20 log
LI = 20 log

2
1

2
1

If the sound pressure level at 10 m from a

source is 118 dB (Lp1), then the sound pressure
level at 80 m from athe source (Lp2) shall be
Lp2 = Lp1 - 20 log

80
10

= 118 20 x 0.9

= 100 dB

Acoustic frequency spectrum

the analysis of sound levels emitted by a source therefore must
be conducted by measuring for the full audible range of 16 to
20000 Hz
in practice, it is sufficient to analyse between 40 and 8000 Hz
Band Limits

22

Mid-Band Frequency (Hz)

31.5

44

88
63

176
125

353
250

707
500

1414
1000

2829
2000

5650

4000

11300

8000

22500

16000

Case Of A Continuous Sound (White Sound)

Lp_total = 10 log (100.1L1 + 100.1L2 + .. + 100.1Ln)
Example :
If LP_total for the frequencies f = f2 f1 = 8000 40 = 7960 is Lp_7960
pressure level for frequencies f = 100 (in dB) is given by :
Lp_100 = L_7960 - 10 log

7960
100

dB,

then the sound

Accoustic absorption
when a sound wave hits a physical surface it is partially reflected and partially
absorbed; the greater the rigidity of the surface, the grater the reflection
A = S
But, for enclosed spaced is :
A=

=1

Reverberation time
T=

0.161

=1 n

Tabel : Absorption coefficient of rock surfaces in underground excavation (after howe, 1982)
Mid-Band Frequency (Hz)

63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000

8000

Absorption coefficient

0.05

0.10

0.13

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.16

0.16

Tabel : attenuation in dB/m of 760 mm diameter duct (after howe, 1982)

Mid-Band Frequency (Hz)

63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000

8000

Steel duct

0.08

0.13

0.17

0.21

0.25

0.28

0.30

0.31

Flexible duct

0.15

0.25

0.55

0.75

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

Tabel : reduction in sound pressure level between inside and outside of a) duct (after howe, 1982
Mid-Band Frequency (Hz)

63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000

8000

760 mm steel duct (dB)

30

18

28

32

23

22

27

29

760 mm Flexible duct (dB)

23

11

10

16

21

22

Accoustic absorption
dB = 12.6

0.8 1.4

where :
dB
= sound level reduction over
distance z, m-dB
P

= perimeter of the excavation, m

A
= cross-sectional area of the
excavation, m2

= distance from the source, m

= absorption coefficient (see table)

Critical distance
For a spherical source
rg

0.14

For a half-spherical source

rg

0.2

Measurement of Sound
By: Sry Wijaya Sahab

Measurementof sound

in general, noise is measured with a sound level meter which

consist of a microphone, amplifier, weighting network (or filters)
and an indicating meter (or recording instrument) which register
the sound level in decibels

Open area measurement

the position of sound-measuring insrument for spherical and hemispherical

propagation are given in the figure. The distance at which the measuring instrument
is placed should not be less than twice the maximum dimensions of the source

LN = Lav + 10 log

dB

Example :
If the measurement are taken 5 m
away from machine of dimensions 1 m
x 1.5 m x 1.2 m, and the average sound
pressure level for a number of
measurement is 100 dB (A), the the
accoustic power (N) of the machine is
calculated as follows :
LN

= 100 + 10 log

22
1

= 121.98 dB 122 dB (A)

122

= 10 log

= 1.58 W

Nr = 10-12 W

Masurement in an enclosed environment witd

dissipated noise

in the case of enclosed environments with dissipated (diffused) noise,

particularly in a small room where the coefficient of accoustic
absorption is small ( < 0.1)
LN = Lav + 10 log

+6

Measurement in large rooms

the minimum distance between the point of measurement, walls,

and equipment surface should be about I m and from the corners 2 m.
LN = Lav + 20 log

+ 10 log 2

Effect of Noise and Noise

Control
By: Rizky Isal

The Human Ear

The ear is a delicate structure that turns
physical vibration in the audible range into
electrical impluase or massages to the brain.
The cochlea, which contains the organ of corti,
along which are abour 2400 tiny hairs. These
hairs all respond to different pressure variations
and together send an electric massege to the
brain.

Acceptable Level

Noise Control
Several basic principles, both individually and collectively,
are used to control noise. the choice depend on a variety of
factor, the primary considerations being effectiveness, cost
and acceptability.
Noise can be controlled by:
1. Preventing it from being generate
2. Confining it by isolating the source
3. Modulating it by using air silencers, resilient mounting,
etc
4. Isolating the whole machine or plant from people
5. Isolating people from the main source and protecting
them wearing ear defenders , and
6. Reducing the time that persons are exposed
(alternatively, making the noise at selected time only)

Ear muffs

Ear plugs

Sources of Noise and Its Control

Noise in open pits and
underground mines is
related to the drilling,
cutting, blasting,
treatment and transfer of
mineral. Ventilation duct
can be a source of high
levels.