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Excerpt
from
PRYSMIANS
WIRE AND CABLE
ENGINEERING GUIDE
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 1 of 20
Voltage Rating
Voltage Regulation
100(V S V L )
VL
Where:
V = Voltage regulation in percent
VL = Voltage across load
VS = Voltage at source
And VS is defined by the formula:
VS =
(V L cos + R I )2 + (V L sin + X I )2
Where:
tan
X
R
5000 4904
(100) = 1.96%
4904
Approximate Formula:
Voltage Drop
= line to neutral
= R I cos + X I sin
= 0.096 460 0.8 + 0.072
460 0.6
= 35.3 + 19.8 = 55.1
Line-to-line drop
Note: The percent voltage drop is the same
between conductors as from conductor to
ground and should not be multiplied by 3 .
Example:
3 single copper conductors, 5 kV cables in
non-metallic conduit.
Size conductor
Insulation
Jacket
Overall diameter
Voltage (VS)
Current (I)
Power Factor
Length
Resistance
Reactance (X)
VS =
5000
3
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(V L cos + R I )2 + (V L sin + X I )2
= 2,831.6 volts
3 = 4904 V
= 55.1
3 = 95.4 V
Conductor Reactance
The reactance of any stranded or solid
conductor can be calculated for a specific
frequency, conductor size, and spacing. The
following equation can be utilized to find the
reactance of a given configuration by using
the concept of geometric mean radius.
Where:
X
f
r
g
=
=
=
=
Reactance in ohms/1000 ft
Frequency in Hertz
Radius of conductor
geometric mean radius between
conductors and is given by the
following formula:
g = n a b... zn
Where:
n = number of conductors
a = distance from conductor a to b
b = distance from conductor b to c
zn = distance from conductor n-1 to n
Using the equations above, a nomogram (a
graphic representation that consists of
several lines marked off to scale and
arranged in such a way that by using a
straightedge to connect known values on
two lines an unknown value can be read at
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 3 of 20
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Phase-to-phase voltage
Current, in amperes
Percent efficiency in decimals
Power factor in decimals
Kilovolt-ampere
Horsepower
Kilowatts
Single-Phase
Two-Phase*
Four-Wire
Three-Phase
(per phase)
Amperes when
kVA is known
kVA 1000
E
kVA 1000
2E
kVA 1000
Amperes when
kilowatts is known
kW 1000
E pf
kW 1000
2 E pf
kW 1000
Amperes when
horsepower is known
hp 746
E % Eff pf
hp 746
2 E % Eff pf
IE
1000
I E pf
1000
I E % Eff pf
746
I E 2
1000
I E 2 pf
1000
I E 2 % Eff pf
746
Kilovolt-Amperes
Kilowatts
Horsepower
3 E
3 E pf
hp 746
3 E % Eff pf
IE 3
1000
I E 3 pf
1000
I E 3 % Eff pf
746
2 times
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 4 of 20
Definition of shielding
Shielding of an electric power cable is the
practice of confining the dielectric field of the
cable to the insulation of the conductor or
conductors. It is accomplished by means of
strand and insulation shields.
Functions of Shielding
A strand shield is employed to preclude
excessive voltage stress on voids between
conductor and insulation. To be effective, it
must adhere to or remain in intimate contact
with the insulation under all conditions.
An insulation shield has a number of
functions:
1. To confine the dielectric field within the
cable.
2. To obtain symmetrical radial distribution
of voltage stress within the dielectric,
thereby minimizing the possibility of
surface discharges by precluding
excessive tangential and longitudinal
stresses.
3. To protect cable connected to overhead
lines or otherwise subject to induced
potentials.
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 5 of 20
1.73
0.866
* Where it is not definitely specified that a line operates as an isolated single- or two-phase system, it will
be considered as a branch of a 100% insulation level three-phase circuit, and the rating will be the lineto-line voltage of this 100% insulation level three-phase circuit.
Importance of Shielding
Where there is no metallic covering or shield
over the insulation, the electric field will be
partly in the insulation and partly in whatever
lies between the insulation and ground. The
external field, if sufficiently intense in air, will
generate surface discharge and convert
atmospheric oxygen into ozone, which may
be destructive to rubber insulations and to
protective jackets. If the surface of the cable
is separated from ground by a thin layer of
air and the air gap is subjected to a voltage
stress, which exceeds the dielectric strength
of air, a discharge will occur, causing ozone
formation.
The ground may be a metallic conduit, a
damp non-metallic conduit or a metallic
binding tape or rings on an aerial cable, a
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 6 of 20
Shield Materials
Two distinct types of materials are employed
in constructing cable shields:
Nonmetallic shields - consist of either a
conducting tape or a layer of conducting
compound. The tape may be conducting
compound, fibrous tape faced or filled with
conducting compound, or conducting fibrous
tape.
Metallic shield - should be nonmagnetic
and may consist of tape, braid, concentric
serving of wires, or a sheath.
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 7 of 20
Cable Geometry
Configuration
Induced Sheath
Voltage Formulae
(V to Neutral per ft)
Single Phase
Phase A: IXM
S
A
Equilateral
S
Rectangular
Phase A & C:
I 3 Y + X
2
A
Phase B: IXM
X )
(
M
2
I R
S
2
2
( RS) + ( XM )
Where:
Total Loss:
2
( XM )
2
2I R
S
2
2
( RS) + ( XM )
Phase A, B & C:
( XM )2
2
I R
S
2
2
( RS) + ( XM )
P = RS / Y
Q = RS / Z
Total Loss:
2
( XM )
2
3I R
S
2
2
( RS) + ( XM )
Phase A & C:
( P2 + 3Q2) 2 3 ( P Q) +
2
I R
S
2
2
4 ( P + 1) ( Q + 1)
Y = xM + A/2
Phase B:
S
Z = xM - A/6
I R
Q +1
Total Loss:
2
2
2 P + 1 Q + 1
3 I R
2
P +Q +2
)(
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 8 of 20
Induced Sheath
Voltage Formulae
(V to Neutral per ft)
Phase A & C:
Cable Geometry
Configuration
Flat
S
I 3 Y + X
Where:
)2
Y = xM + A
2
A
Z = xM - A/3
Phase B: IXM
Phase A & C:
Phase A & C:
2-Circuit, No Phase
Rotation
A
I 3 Y + X
2
B
2
I R
C
)(
Y = xM + A + B/2
S
B
Phase B:
2
S
P2 + 3Q2 2 3 ( P Q) + 4
2
2
4 P + 1 Q + 1
I R
A
I X +
M
2
Phase B:
Z = xM + A/3 - B/6
Q +1
Total Loss:
Phase A & C:
2-Circuit, Phase
Rotation
A
I 3 Y + X
2
S
2
2
2 P + 1 Q + 1
3 I R
P +Q +2
)(
Y = xM + A - B/2
S
C
S
B
I X
Phase B:
Z = xM + A/3 - B/6
A
2
Values (cmil/ft)
30
70
2500
RS = /(8rmt) /ft
350
Lead Sheath
150
Aluminum Sheath
20
f = Frequency (Hz)
28
70
102
30
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 9 of 20
Thermoplastic Compound
150C
200C
Impregnated Paper
200C
Thermoset Compound
250C
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 10 of 20
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 11 of 20
1000 kcm
750 kcm
500 kcm
350 kcm
2 AWG
1 AWG
1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG
250 kcm
4 AWG
Where:
I = Short Circuit, Amperes
A = Conductor Area, Circular Mils
t = Time of Short Circuit, Seconds
T1 = Maximum Operating Temperature (90C)
T2 = Maximum Short Circuit Temperature (250C)
(T2 + 228.1)
I2
t = 0.0125 log
(T1 + 228.1)
A2
Conductor - Aluminum
Thermoset Insulations
Rated for 90C
Maximum Continuous Operation
10
0
5
10
20
60
30
16
8
4
2
1
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cle
cle
cle
cle
cy cyc
cle
cle
les
cle
s
s
s
-0
s
s
s
0
0
0
.0
-1
.1
.0
0.
0.
1.
.0
16
33
50
26
33
00
66
.6
7
3
00
67
00
7
3
66
se
s
s
s
7
ec
ec
ec
se
se
co
se sec
o
o
o
c
c
nd
nd
on
on
o
nd
nd
co
s
s
s
nd nds
ds
ds
s
s
50
100
10 AWG
1000 kcm
750 kcm
500 kcm
350 kcm
2 AWG
1 AWG
1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG
250 kcm
4 AWG
6 AWG
6 AWG
0.5
8 AWG
0.2
8 AWG
0.1
10 AWG
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 12 of 20
1000 kcm
750 kcm
500 kcm
350 kcm
2 AWG
1 AWG
1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG
250 kcm
4 AWG
Where:
I = Short Circuit, Amperes
A = Conductor Area, Circular Mils
t = Time of Short Circuit, Seconds
T 1 = Maximum Operating Temperature (90C)
T 2 = Maximum Short Circuit Temperature (250C)
(T2 + 234.5)
I2
t = 0.0297 log
(T1 + 234.5)
A2
Conductor - Copper
Thermoset Insulations
Rated for 90C
Maximum Continuous Operation
10
0
5
10
20
60
30
16
8
4
2
1
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cle
cle
cle
cle
cy cyc
c
c
le
le
l
cle
s
s
s
e
-0
s
s
s
-0
-0
-0
s
-0
-0
.0
- 1 - 1.
.
.
.
13
03
06
16
.
.
5
0
2
.6
67
66
33
33
00
7
66 000
se
7
0
se
se
se
7
s
s
co
s
ec
ec
co
co
ec
co
se
nd
on
nd
on
on
nd
nd
co
s
nd
ds
ds
ds
s
s
s
s
50
100
10 AWG
1000 kcm
750 kcm
500 kcm
350 kcm
2 AWG
1 AWG
1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG
250 kcm
4 AWG
6 AWG
6 AWG
0.5
8 AWG
0.2
8 AWG
0.1
10 AWG
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 13 of 20
1000 kcm
750 kcm
500 kcm
350 kcm
2 AWG
1 AWG
1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG
250 kcm
4 AWG
Where:
I = Short Circuit, Amperes
A = Conductor Area, Circular Mils
t = Time of Short Circuit, Seconds
T1 = Maximum Operating Temperature (105C)
T2 = Maximum Short Circuit Temperature (250C)
Conductor - Aluminum
Thermoset Insulations
Rated for 105C
Maximum Continuous Operation
10
0
5
10
20
60
30
16
8
4
2
1
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cle
cle
cle
cle
cy cyc
cle
cle
le
cle
s
s
s
-0
s
s
s
s
0
0
0
.0
-1
.1
.0
1.
.0
0.
0.
16
66
33
33
00
26
50
.6
7
3
7
00
67
3
00
66
se
s
s
s
7
e
e
e
se
se
co
c
c
c
se sec
on
on
on
co
co
nd
on
co
nd
ds
nd
ds
ds
s
ds
nd
s
s
s
50
100
10 AWG
1000 kcm
750 kcm
500 kcm
350 kcm
2 AWG
1 AWG
1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG
250 kcm
4 AWG
6 AWG
6 AWG
0.5
8 AWG
0.2
8 AWG
0.1
10 AWG
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 14 of 20
1000 kcm
750 kcm
500 kcm
350 kcm
2 AWG
1 AWG
1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG
250 kcm
4 AWG
Where:
I = Short Circuit, Amperes
A = Conductor Area, Circular Mils
t = Time of Short Circuit, Seconds
T 1 = Maximum Operating Temperature (105C)
T 2 = Maximum Short Circuit Temperature (250C)
(T2 + 234.5)
I2
t = 0.0297 log
(T1 + 234.5)
A2
Conductor - Copper
Thermoset Insulations
Rated for 105C
Maximum Continuous Operation
10
0
5
10
20
60
30
16
8
4
2
1
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cle
cle
cle
cle
cy cyc
cle
cle
le
cle
s
s
s
-0
s
s
s
s
0
0
0
.0
-1
0.
1.
0.
.1
.0
.0
16
33
00
33
26
50
66
.6
7
3
3
00
00
67
66
7
se
s
s
s
7
ec
ec
ec
co
se
se
se sec
o
o
o
c
c
nd
nd
on
nd
on
on
nd
co
s
ds
s
s
s
ds
ds
nd
s
50
100
10 AWG
1000 kcm
750 kcm
500 kcm
350 kcm
2 AWG
1 AWG
1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG
250 kcm
4 AWG
6 AWG
6 AWG
0.5
8 AWG
0.2
8 AWG
0.1
10 AWG
I=
MA
N
60
Where:
I
A
N
M
=
=
=
=
Cable Material in
Contact with Shield or
Sheath
T2
(C)
Crosslinked (thermoset)
Thermoplastic
Impregnated Paper
Varnished Cloth
350*
200
200
200
NOTE: The material in contact with the shield or sheath shall limit the temperature of the
shield or sheath. For example, a cable having a crosslinked semi-conducting shield under
the metallic shield and a crosslinked jacket over the metallic shield would have a
maximum allowable temperature of 350C. With a thermoplastic jacket, it would be 200C.
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 15 of 20
Rated
Voltage
(kV)
Values of M
(90C)
Cu
Al
Pb
Values of M
(105C)
Cu
Al
Pb
200
350
5
5
0.063
0.089
0.042
0.059
0.012
----
0.058
0.085
0.039
0.056
200
350
15
15
0.063
0.089
0.042
0.059
0.012
----
0.058
0.085
0.039
0.056
200
350
25
25
0.063
0.089
0.042
0.059
0.012
----
0.060
0.086
0.040
0.057
200
350
35
35
0.065
0.090
0.043
0.060
0.012
----
0.060
0.086
0.040
0.057
200
350
46
46
0.065
0.090
0.043
0.060
0.012
----
0.060
0.086
0.040
0.057
0.01
1
---0.01
1
---0.01
1
---0.01
1
---0.01
1
----
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 16 of 20
To calculate the circular mil area of a shield design, use the following
formulas:
Formulas For
Calculating A
(See notes 1 & 2)
nd S
127
. nwb
4bd m
100
2(100 L
127
. (d is + 50) + B b
5. Tubular Sheath.
NOTE 1:
Where:
A =
B =
b =
dis =
dm =
ds =
w =
n =
L =
4bd m
NOTE 2:
The effective area of composite shields is the sum of the effective areas of the
components. For example, the effective area of a composite shield consisting of a
helically applied tape and a wire serving would be the sum of the areas calculated from
Formula 2 (or 3) and Formula 1.
NOTE 3:
The effective area of thin, helically applied overlapped tapes depends, also, upon the
degree of electrical contact resistance of the overlaps. Formula 3 may be used to calculate
the effective cross-sectional area of the shield for new cable. An increase in contact
resistance may occur after cable installation, during service exposed to moisture and
heat. Under these conditions the contact resistance may approach infinity, where Formula
2 could apply.
700 Industrial Drive
Lexington, South Carolina 29072
Phone: 1.800.845.8507
Fax: 1.803.951.1142
www.na.prysmian.com/energy
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 17 of 20
OTHER CALCULATIONS
Charging Current
The charging current I of a single
conductor insulated power cable can be
obtained from the following formula:
I = 2 f C E
Where:
I
f
C
E
=
=
=
=
Wd =
Capacitance of Cables
Where:
Wd
E
SIC
C=
7.354 ( SIC )
D
log
d
Where:
C
SIC
D
d
3.5 - 8.0
2.5 - 4.0
3.0 - 6.0
2.1 - 2.3
3.3 - 3.7
D cs ln
D cs
Where:
V
Eg
DCS
Di
=
=
=
=
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 18 of 20
Support
Grip
Length
or
Maximum Riser Length for Given
Support Grip
The following formula may be used to
determine either:
1) Minimum support grip lengths for
a given riser section length, or
2) Maximum riser section length for
a given support grip working
length.
SL =
1.8 ( D GL )
WC
Where:
SL
D
GL
WC =
General Calculations
Revision 4
06/21/2006
Page 19 of 20
General Calculations
Revision 2
01/18/2005
Page 20 of 20