Step 2 - THE GRAMMAR part 2

Now, lets learn what other changes are there when the introduction is in past
simple.
A) Go back a tense
We have to go back a tense. The following table shows you rule.
DIRECT SPEECHINDIRECT SPEECHPresent SimplePast Simplee.g.: I get up at 6.e.g.: Mary
said to Peter she got up at 6. Present ContinuousPast Continuouse.g.: Im having lunch now.e.g.:
Mary said to Peter she was having lunch then.Present PerfectPast Perfecte.g.: I have baked a
cake.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she had baked a cake. Present Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect
Continuouse.g.: I have been cooking all day.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she had been cooking all
dayPast SimplePast Perfecte.g.: I broke my leg yesterday.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she had broken
her leg the day before.Past ContinuousPast Perfect Continuouse.g.: I was reading at 5 pm
yesterday.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she had been reading at 5 pm the day before. Past PerfectPast
Perfecte.g.: She had ironed the clothes.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she had ironed the clothes. Past
Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuouse.g.: She had been ironing.e.g.: Mary said to Peter
she had been ironing.Future Simplewould + V1e.g.: I will visit you.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she
would visit him.Future Continuouswould + be + V-inge.g.: I will be lying in the sun.e.g.: Mary said
to Peter she would be lying in the sun.Future Perfectwould + have + V3e.g.: I will have finished
this work by 5 pm.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she would have finished that work by 5 pm.

B) The modal verbs

DIRECT SPEECHINDIRECT SPEECHcancoulde.g.: I can swim.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she
could swim.maymighte.g.: I may pass the exam.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she might pass the
exam.musthad to (or remains: must)e.g.: I must go now.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she had to go
then.needntdidnt have toe.g.: I neednt take my umbrella.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she didnt
have to take her umbrella.mustntwasnt / werent toe.g.: I mustnt speak rude to my
parents.e.g.: Mary said to Peter she wasnt to speak rude to her parents, Dont change:
couldought towouldmightshouldhad betterused toC) NOTE:
You dont have to go back a tense :
with present introduction. (Look at it above.)
if the content is still true
e.g.: Budapest is the capital of Hungary. Tom said Budapest is the capital of Hungary.
if it is a (daily) habit
e.g.: I always get up at 6 oclock. Tom said he always gets up at 6 oclock.
if it is a natural law.
e.g.: Cats like eating fish. Tom said cats like eating fish.
if in the sentence there is Past Simple and Past Continuous, too.
e.g.: I was ironing when the telephone rang. She said to me she was ironing when the
telephone rang.
if we give the correct time in Simple Past Tense.
e.g.: I broke my leg on Tuesday. She said to me she broke her leg on Tuesday.
in second and third conditional tenses.
e.g.: If I were you, I wouldnt go to that party. She said to me if she were/was me, she
wouldnt go to that party.
Short answer in reported speech:
e.g.: Have you done the homework? Yes, I have. Sam asked Mary if she had done the
homework and she said she had.
Connecting some sentences in everyday conversations.
If you want to connect at least two sentences you have to use one of these linking words:
andthenand he/she added thatwhats moreadding thatas well asbecauseeven thenbutafter
it while

D) Some special introductory verbs

the verbexampleagree to + V1refuse to + V1He agreed to punish the law-breakers.offer to +

V1threaten to + V1accuse sy to + V1order sy to + V1Tom encouraged her wife to write a new

book.advise sy to + V1promise (sy) to + V1beg sy to + V1remind sy to + V1encourage sy to + V1warn sy
to + V1inform sy + thatwarn (sy) + thatKaren informed the students that they are going to have a
test in English.remind (sy) + thatadd + thatcomplain+ thatTim denied that he had stolen the
pictures from the gallery the week before.admit + thatdeclare+ thatagree+ thatdemand+
thatannounce+ thatdeny+ thatbelieve+ thatexplain+ thatboast+ thatinsist + thatclaim+ thatsuggest
+ thatadmit (to) + V-ingsuggest +V-ing I suggested going to the theatre on Saturday.deny + Vingaccuse sy of + V-ingapologise for + V-ingSally apologised for being late from work.

E) Other verbs that can be used to introduce

to
to
to
to
to

(be) sorry to mutter to request to comment to note to respond to confess to notice to retort to cry
observe to scream to disagree to persuade of to screech to doubt to persuade sy out of sg to shout
enquire to persuade sy to do sg to shriek to feel to promise sy sg/sg to syto smile to groan to prove
urge sy to do sg to growl to readto want to know to hearto realize to whine to inquire to recognize
whisper to let somebody know to recommend sg to sy / sy sg to wonder to moan to remarkto

writeto murmur to reply to yell You can add an adverb of manner to make your introduction

more expressive. Here are some examples:

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angrilyreluctantlycheerfullyresignedlydemurelyquixoticallyhappilysadlymysteriouslysweetlyradiantly