ADVANCE MATERIALS IN

CONSTRUCTION

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

W11

LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this lecture, students should

be able to understand and explain;
i. Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) &
composite
ii. Fibre reinforced concrete
iii. Wood cement composite
iv. Industrialize building system (IBS)
v. Green & recycle material
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

COURSE & programme OUTCOMEs

CO1: Apply the basic science and

engineering fundamentals to
properties of construction
materials and analyse their
properties.
PO1: Ability to acquire and apply
basic knowledge of science,
mathematics and engineering
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP)

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

7.1 Fiber reinforced plastic

(FRP)
Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) (also fibre-reinforced polymer) is a
composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres.
FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and
construction industries.

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Fiber Reinforced plastic & Composites

general advantages:

light weight,
high strength,
extreme durability,
stability under UV exposure, and
chemical resistance.
can be molded into an infinite number of forms and surface
finishes
capable of meeting stringent design standards while at the same
time providing major cost benefits.

Fiber reinforced composites typically contain one or more

reinforcing fiber materials embedded in plastic resin. In many
applications core materials are used to increase the section
modulus.
Fiber reinforcements contribute the bulk of strength and stiffness to
a composite.
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Fiber Reinforced Composites

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Characteristics and Limitations of

Thermosetting Resins
Resin Type

Characteristics

Limitations

Polyester

Wide choice of resins

Cure at room temperature
Very good mechanical properties
Good chemical resistance
Good electrical properties

Some shrinkage on curing

Vinyl Ester

Excellent mechanical properties

Excellent chemical resistance
Good fatigue resistance
Good toughness
Low water absorption

High cost
Some shrinkage on curing

Epoxy

Excellent mechanical properties

Very good chemical resistance
Good thermal properties
Very good electrical properties
Low shrinkage on curing

High cost
Long cure cycles
Limited cosmetic
properties

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Mechanical of FRP Laminates

Compared with other Structural Materials
Material

Specific
Gravity

Elastic
Modulus
(MPa)

Tensile
Strength
(MPa)

Aluminum

2.7

69

417

Concrete

2.4

15-35

Mild Steel

7.8

207

240

Stainless Steel 7.92

193

241

FRP

7-53

80-900

1.5-2.2

ECS 256 UiTM PG

Compressive
Strength
(MPa)

Up to100

130-520

W11

Types of Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)

Glass fibre roving strands

Types of fibres are:

Glass fibre,
Carbon fibre, or
Aramid fibre

Types of polymers are:

epoxy,
vinylester or
polyester thermosetting plastic.

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

GLASS FIBRE
The most widely used reinforcement in the FRP composites industry is glass
fiber.
In industry it is often referred to as Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP).
Glass reinforced plastic is lightweight and has good thermal insulation
properties.
It has a high strength to weight ratio, making it useful for the production of
products such as water tanks, surfboards, canoes, small boat hulls and
similar products.

Glass fibre roving strands

Soma pavillion,South Korea

Glass fibre sheet

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Common Glass Fibre Forms

CHOPPED STRAND MAT (CSM)
Supplied in roll form.
This is a mat of randomly chopped strands held together by a light binder.
It provides uniform strength in all directions.

WOVEN ROVING (WR)

Is used in conjunction with chopped strand mat to provide bulk and directional strength to FRP
laminates.
Glass fibers are arranged at right angles to each other or in other positions so that their
orientation provides balanced strength

CONTINUOUS FILAMENT MAT (CFM)

Properties similar to CSM.

WOVEN GLASS CLOTH

- Produced by conventional textile weaving methods in virtually any variation.

- Thinner cloths make laminates of very high tensile strength and modulus.
GLASS FLAKES
- Used in resin-based coatings to reduce the permeability of moisture, vapors and
solvents.
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

CARBON FIBRE
Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer or carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP or
CRP or often simply carbon fiber), is a very strong and light fiber-reinforced
polymer which contains carbon fibers.
The polymer is most often epoxy, but other polymers, such as polyester,
vinyl ester or nylon, are sometimes used.

The composite may contain other fibers such as Kevlar, aluminium, glass
fibers as well as carbon fiber.

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

ARAMID FIBRE
Aramid fibres are most commonly known Kevlar, Nomex and Technora.
Kevlar fibers were originally developed as a replacement of steel in automotive
tires.
Distinctive features of Kevlar are high impact resistance and low density.
Kevlar fibers possess the following properties:
High tensile strength (five times stronger per weight unite than steel);
High modulus of elasticity;
Very low elongation up to breaking point;
Low weight;
High chemical inertness;
Very low coefficient of thermal expansion;
High Fracture Toughness (impact resistance);
High cut resistance;
Textile processibility;
Flame resistance.

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Applications of FRP
Reinforcement bars for Concrete
Prestressing Tendons for Concrete
Members
FRP sheets can be used to increase
flexural strength in weakened or
underdesigned members

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

DISADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS

Advantages
Will Not Corrode In Field
Conditions
Lightweight
Strong in Tension
Methods of Construction Same
as Steel Reinforcement

ECS 256 UiTM PG

Low Moduli of Elasticity

Cannot be Shaped in the Field
More Expensive than Steel
Coefficients of Thermal
Expansion are Different than
Those of Steel or Concrete

W11

FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE (FRC)

Fiber- reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which
increases its structural integrity.
It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly
oriented.
Fibers include :
steel fibers
glass fibers
synthetic fibers
natural fibers
etc.
Within these different fibers that character of fiber-reinforced concrete changes
with varying concretes, fiber materials, geometries, distribution, orientation and
densities
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Effect of Fibers in Concrete

Control cracking due to both plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage.
Reduce the permeability of concrete
Reduce bleeding of water.
Some types of fibers produce greater impact, abrasion and shatter
resistance in concrete.
Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and
cannot replace moment resisting or structural steel reinforcement.
Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the strength of concrete.
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

GLASS FIBER

Fiberglass is a man-made mineral fiber that is widely used in America.

made from extremely fine fibers of glass
effectively replace asbestos in many applications such as in electrical,
thermal, and acoustic insulation and in adding structural reinforcement and heat
resistance to a material.
used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products; the resulting composite
material, known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced
plastic (GRP).
These types are continuous fibers used in
-electrical insulation
-cement and plastics reinforcement
-insulation wool (for thermal and acoustic insulation)
- special purpose fibers (used for heat resistance and light-weight material)

ECS 256 UiTM PG

Advantages
Very High Tensile Strength
Excellent resistance to sunlight and UV
Very Brittle
Cheaper
Does not burn
Good dimensional stability
Resistant to mildew, rotting and insects
Zero moisture absorbance

ECS 256 UiTM PG

Disadvantages
Adhesion difficulties
Relatively heavy
Glass fibres if breathed into
the lungs can promote fatal
cancerous growth.
Brittle, poor flexing properties

W11

W11

STEEL FIBER

Steel fiber is a kind of newly developed reinforcement for concrete widely

adopted globally nowadays.

Compared with those using comprojects using steel fiber are

increased evidently in anti-stretching, anti-pressing, anti-abrasion, anti cracking
and anti bending and long duration according to physical measuringmon
concrete, the.

In a steel fiber, the fiber spread the strain across the cracks created in matrix. In
other terms the fibers are only useful if there are potential cracks in the material.

Steel fiber concrete has already been used for and wide on to many fields, such as
road, bridge, airport runway, tunnel, culvert and so on.

The principle is essential as long as the anchoring of the fiber in the concrete is
assured.
ECS 256 UiTM PG

The function of the steel fiber

W11

Crack prevention

Steel fiber bridge across the stress and

prevent the crack from propagating. It minimizes
and evens to eliminates the shrinkage crack, giving
a better control of surface quality.

Ductility

Steel fibers are distributed throughout the

concrete to prevent the delamination of concrete
surfaces and edges.
Tensile Stress
Tensile force is transferred to steel fiber
across the crack. The fiber provide additional
anchorage to improve tensile load bearing
capacity of concrete.
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Energy Absorption
Steel fibers reinforcing in all direction and
distribute load more evenly. Steel fiber reinforcing
concrete has relatively much higher load bearing
capacity due to its ability in absorbing large
amount of energy before failure.

Advantages of steel fibers

Resistance to impact, blast and shock loads and high
fatigue
Shrinkage control of concrete
Very high flexural, shear and tensile strength
Resistance to splitting/spalling, erosion and abrasion
High thermal/ temperature resistance
Resistance to seismic hazards.
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

COCONUT FIBER

Coconut fiber is extracted from the outer shell of a coconut.

Unlike man-made fibers, coconut is a renewable resource.

2types of coconut fibers,

1) brown fiber extracted from matured coconuts thick, strong & have high abrasion resistance

2)white fibers extracted from immature coconuts- smoother and finer, but also
weaker.

Coconut fibers are commercial available in three forms,

1)bristle (long fibers),
2)mattress (relatively short)
3)decorticated (mixed fibers).

In engineering, brown fibers are mostly used. Coir provides a natural, non-toxic
replacement for asbestos in the production of cement fiberboard.

The fiber-reinforced concrete is strong, flexible and may be less expensive to

produce than other reinforcement methods such as wire mesh or rebar.
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Advantages of coconut fiber

There are many general advantages of coconut fibers :

they are moth-proof,
resistant to fungi and rot
provide excellent insulation against temperature and sound
not easily combustible
flame-retardant, unaffected by moisture and dampness
tough and durable
resilient
springs back to shape even after constant use
totally static free and easy to clean.
ECS 256 UiTM PG

Industrialize building system (IBS)

The Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) is a construction process that utilises techniques,
products, components, or building systems which involve prefabricated components and
on-site installation.
From the structural classification, there are five IBS main groups identified as being used in
this country, and these are:
Pre-cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems
Pre-cast columns, beams, slabs, 3-D components (balconies, staircases, toilets, lift
chambers), permanent concrete formwork, etc;
Steel Formwork Systems
Tunnel forms, beams and columns moulding forms, permanent steel formworks (metal
decks, etc;
Steel Framing Systems
Steel beams and columns, portal frames, roof trusses, etc;

Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems

Timber frames, roof trusses, etc
Block Work Systems
Interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU), lightweight concrete blocks, etc.
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

W11

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

ADVANTAGES OF IBS SYSTEM

The reduction of unskilled workers,
Less wastage, less volume of building materials,
Increased environmental and construction site cleanliness and better
quality control, among others.
Promote a safer and more organised construction site,
Reduces the completion time of construction.
Many world-class Malaysian developers have chosen IBS methods for
important projects such as the Petronas Twin Towers, Putrajaya, KL
Sentral and KLIA.

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

Petronas Twin Towers

Putrajaya

KL CENTRE

KLIA
ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11

GREEN AND RECYCLE MATERIAL

ECS 256 UiTM PG

W11
W7

(Q&A)

ECS 256 UiTM PG