DOI: 10.21276/sjet.2016.4.12.

Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology (SJET)

Sch. J. Eng. Tech., 2016; 4(12):560-569

ISSN 2321-435X (Online)

ISSN 2347-9523 (Print)

Scholars Academic and Scientific Publisher

(An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Resources)
www.saspublisher.com

Original Research Article

Computer Aided Static Analysis of Frame and Theoretical Heat Conduction

Model for Soya Milk Batch Pasteurizer
Christian Emeka Okafor1*, Efosa Michael Emumwen1, Samuel Ogbonna Enibe1, Anthony O. Onokwai2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
*Corresponding author
Christian Emeka Okafor
Email: ce.okafor@unizik.edu.ng
Abstract: This study covers development of batch (holding) pasteurization equipment, in this method every milk particle
is heated to at least 63C and held for at least 30 minutes. The frame analysis was performed using computer aided
design simulation software. The frame parts were modelled and assembled before being exported to the frame simulation
environment to check the strength and the level of deformation on the frame. Material indices were derived for energy
efficient soya milk batch pasteurizer to determine materials that can resist yielding and rusty condition when exposed to
various working environment. Based on the material indices derived, CES software 2013 was used to generate graphs
showing materials with adequate thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, density, yield strength
and cost property. Considering the performance criterion, stainless steel and low carbon steel was favoured. The
maximum von misses stress on the frame is 102.7Mpa, this value is less than the yield strength of the material of 322.5.
Analysis of Variance for heat flow (Q) was carried out and the "Pred R-Squared" of 97.55% is in reasonable agreement
with the "Adj R-Squared" of 99.46%. The response surface models developed represents the relationship between the
response variable and predictor variables involving the quadric and interaction terms. The model showed that the heat
flow (Q) decreases as insulation thickness of the side walls (X 1) increases and that area of the walls (X2) has least
influence on the variability of heat flow, it also indicates that the heat flow is optimum when insulation thickness of the
side wall (X1) = 50mm, Area of the side wall (X2) = 12780 mm2, and insulation thickness of the lid cover (X3) = 45mm.
Above all, the result of the frame after FEA reveals the suitability and stability of the materials and the dimensions for
the intended purpose.
Keywords: Batch Pasteurizer, theoretical model, frame analysis, soya milk, material selection.
INTRODUCTION
Milk borne diseases in developing countries
leads to millions of deaths and billions of illnesses
annually. Milk disinfection is one of several
interventions that can improve public health, especially
if part of a broad program that considers all disease
transmission routes and sustainable involves the
community [1, 2]. Pasteurization process has become
the most important process especially in dairy and
beverage industries, the aim of the process is to
preserve the product quality and to extend the shelf life
of product [3]. Pasteurization therefore is a relatively
mild heat treatment in which food is heated to <100C.
As a unit operation in food processing it can be used to
destroys enzymes and relatively heat sensitive microorganisms. In this regard it is used to extend shelf life
by several days, e.g. milk or months, e.g. bottled fruit
[4]. The milk and its products are fundamental in
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human nutrition. It can be used as an important part of

his diet throughout life. The milk is a perishable
foodstuff because it is an excellent medium for the
growth of microorganisms which cause spoilage.
Heating milk to a specific temperature for a specific
period of time, lead to killing harmful microorganisms
[2].
Franco et al. [6] have designed a system for
pasteurizing 10 l of milk in about 1 hour. Zahira et al.
[5] fabricated a solar milk pasteurizer having inner box
volume of (52.52436) cm covered on both sides with
aluminum foil. Atia, Mostafa, Abdel-Salam and ElNono [2] conducted a design and performance analysis
of pasteurization system that is based on the solar
energy as a thermal source for pasteurizing the milk has
been done. The pasteurization temperatures were 63 and
72C. The solar milk pasteurizer, during September,
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Okafor CE et al., Sch. J. Eng. Tech., Dec 2016; 4(12):560-569

October and November 2009, attained pasteurization
temperatures in 3 to 19 minutes depending on the solar
radiation, and the desired temperature for
pasteurization. The average daily maximum amount of
solar-pasteurized milk was 73.9 l at 63C, while the
minimum was 37.3 l at 72C. The change in intensity of
solar radiation had a direct impact on solar milk
pasteurizer.
Wayua, Okoth and Wangoh [7] developed an
artificial neural network model to predict milk
temperature of a locally fabricated solar milk
pasteuriser, based on measures of error deviation from
experimental data. The neural network predictions
agreed well with experimental values with mean
squared error, mean relative error and correlation
coefficient of determination (R2) of 5.22C, 3.71% and
0.89, respectively. Wayua, Okoth and Wangoh [8]
designed and assessed the performance of a flat-plate
solar milk pasteurizer for arid pastoral areas of Kenya.
The solar milk pasteurizer consist of flat-plate waterheating collector and a 1.5-mm thick stainless steel
cylindrical milk vat was designed and tested in an arid
pastoral area of northern Kenya. The milk vat had a
capacity of 80 L and a 50-mm wide hot water jacket
insulated with 38-mm thick fiberglass.
Rehman and Al-Hilphy [9] designed and
manufactured a non thermal milk pasteurizer using
electrical field, the study focused on applying different
electrical fields in milk pasteurization as a non thermal
treatment. Rabab, Hafiz, Nasir and Muhammad [1]
carried out fabrication and performance study of a solar
milk pasteurizer. This experimentation was done on
temperature ranging from 65C to 75C. Mokhtar [3]
developed an empirical model of coconut milk
pasteurization process using plate heat exchanger. The
model was developed based on experimental data and
represented in first order plus time delay (FOPTD)
model. Overall, the obtained model gave good
agreement with experimental data in validation result
with maximum error is 5%. The validation result
showed that this model is suitable for use in control
strategy for the further study.
There is a dearth of theoretical models for soya
milk pasteurizer design, although Mukhopadhaya and
Raju [10] tried to develop a theoretical heat conduction
model for cold storage using Taguchi methodology, the
limitations of Taguchi method in accounting for
interaction and second order effects of factors requires
application of a more robust response surface method.
Also there is need to ensure suitability and stability of
the fabrication materials for the intended purpose.

This study covers development of batch

(holding) pasteurization equipment, in this method
every milk particle is heated to at least 63C and held
for at least 30 minutes. The outer box has volume
(639659582) mm3. The frame analysis was
performed using computer aided design simulation
software. The frame parts were modelled and assembled
before being exported to the frame simulation
environment to check the strength and the level of
deformation on the frame [11]. The values of loads used
for the analysis were obtained from i-properties tab of
Autodesk Inventor software and is as summarized in
table 1, this values are the sum of individual
components of the machine resting on different sections
of the machine. The weights were assumed to be evenly
distributed on the frame by sections. Fixed constraints
were used in constraining the base of the frame to
ensure stability before performing the frame analysis
simulation. The frame is the structural part that supports
the entire load of the machine. It is subjected to the
weight of the other components of the machine. Hence
the frame is subjected to compressive forces. The
material used for frames should be of high rigidity and
toughness. This will enhance the stability of the
machine. The frame will be tested for static strength.
The weight acting on the frame as shown in table 1 was
assumed to be evenly distributed on the frame by
sections. Fixed constraints were used in constraining the
base of the frame. The materials used for the
components were specified in the solid model before
extracting the various masses of the section. The
volume of the inner chamber was used as the control
volume to get the maximum mass of water the machine
can contain.
Material selection
Desirability factors for selection based on
strength and cost of candidate materials are differently
expressed by Crawford, 1998 and Ashby, 2003. When
the pasteurizer is heated, the internal temperature rises
quickly from ambient, To, to the operating temperature
Ti, where it is held for the pasteurization time t (say
30min). The energy consumed in heating time (t) has
two contributions. The first is the heat conducted out; at
steady state the heat loss by conduction Q1 per unit area
is given by the first law of heat flow, if held for time t is

While the second contribution is the heat absorbed by

the pasteurizer wall in raising it to Ti per unit area it is
(

MATERIAL AND METHODS

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Okafor CE et al., Sch. J. Eng. Tech., Dec 2016; 4(12):560-569

Where
is the thermal conductivity,
is the
temperature gradient,
is the specific heat of the wall
material, is the density and w is the insulation wall
thickness. The total energy consumed per unit area is
the sum of these two
(

Thus to determine the optimum thickness, we

differentiate equation (2) with respect to wall thickness
w and equating the result to zero, giving
(

Where

is the thermal diffusivity. The quantity

has dimensions of length and is a measure of

the distance heat can diffuse in time t = 30min.
Eliminating w we have

Q is minimised by choosing a material with a low value

of the quantity
that is by maximizing

However, before accepting any candidate material we

must check, by evaluating equation 4 to determine how
thick the wall made from it will be. Also Minimize cost
per kg of the material

Where = density of tube material,

= cost per kg of
the material,
is now raised to the power of 2 because
the weight depends on wall thickness as well as density
and wall thickness varies as . The material with the
highest is usually chosen as a candidate material. The
acceptable wall thickness is calculated from equation 4
at a milk pasteurizing temperatures of 63C for 30 min
(low temperature long time LTLT) and Heat transfer is
calculated by using Fouriers law-

Where, K= thermal conductivity of insulating material

=0.04 W/mk , A= area TD= temperature difference. X=
insulation thickness.
Theoretical Model development
The fresh-milk pasteurizer has a design
capacity of 25 litres. It is insulated by fibreglass. Three
control parameters, viz. insulation thickness of the side
walls (X1), area of the walls (X2), Insulation thickness
of the lid cover (X3) taken as predictor variables and
heat flow (Q) taken as response variable. Table 1 shows
all the control parameters and their levels.
The temperature inside the pasteurizer is taken
as 63C and assume that it is constant throughout the
chamber. RSM uses many experiments to reach
optimum and at optimum the appropriate model is
nonlinear regression model. The general polynomial
model to detect nonlinearity and second order effects is
expressed as

Table 1: control parameters and their levels

Std Order
20
3
8
10

Factors

Unit

Insulation thickness of the side wall (X1)

Area of the side wall (X2)
Insulation thickness of the lid cover (X3)

mm
2
mm
mm

Levels
#1
20
12780
25

#2
50
31450
45

Table 2: Central composite design (CCD) matrix for heat flow (Q)
2
Run Order
X1 (mm)
X2 (mm )
X3 (mm)
Heat flow (Q) (W)
1
35
22115
35
909.8743
2
20
31450
25
2012.8
3
50
31450
45
953.4316
4
60.22689
22115
35
668.8363

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Okafor CE et al., Sch. J. Eng. Tech., Dec 2016; 4(12):560-569

2
9
11
15
18
1
4
6
14
12
13
17
7
19
5
16

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

50
9.773108
35
35
35
20
50
50
35
35
35
35
20
35
20
35

12780
22115
6415.464
22115
22115
12780
31450
12780
22115
37814.54
22115
22115
31450
22115
12780
22115

25
35
35
35
35
25
25
45
51.81793
35
18.18207
35
45
35
45
35

met the search criteria as potential materials that can be

used for the aforementioned application. Each of the
parameter plotted for in Figure 1 and 2 was based on the
moderate temperature condition the fresh-milk
pasteurizer is exposed to, during operation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Material selection
Having carried out a search for materials that
can suite the in-service condition of fresh-milk
pasteurizer, the following materials presented in Table 3

Boron carbide

Thermal conductivity (W/m.C)

100

490.752
1422.532
263.9505
909.8743
909.8743
817.92
1207.68
387.4358
733.6181
1555.798
1197.607
909.8743
1393.477
909.8743
566.2523
909.8743

Copper

Silicon nitride

Dough (Bulk) molding compound, DMC (BMC), polyester matrix

Stainless steel

Silicon

Nickel-chromium alloys
Sandstone

Cast magnesium alloys

Marble

Lead alloys

10

Polymethyl methacrylate (Acrylic, PMMA)

Silicone elastomers (SI, Q)
Titanium alloys

Epoxies

Metal foam

Glass ceramic
Ceramic foam
Plaster of Paris
Softw ood: pine, along grain

0.1

GFRP, epoxy matrix (isotropic)

Glass ceramic
Softw ood: pine, across grain

Rigid Polymer Foam (MD)

Rigid Polymer Foam (HD)

Cork

1e-7

1e-6

1e-5

Thermal diffusivity = Thermal conductivity / ( Density * Specific heat capacity ) (m^2/s)

1e-4

Fig-1: -a chart for energy-efficient pasteurizer

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563

Thermal conductivity*Yield strength (elastic

limit)^2

Okafor CE et al., Sch. J. Eng. Tech., Dec 2016; 4(12):560-569

Medium carbon st eel

1e8

T ungst en alloys

Silicon carbide

Gold

Aluminum nit ride

1e6

St ainless st eel

Nickel

Silica glass

Glass ceramic

T in

10000

Plyw ood
100

Silver

Polyst yrene (PS)

Leat her

Concret e

Ceramic foam
1

Hardw ood: oak, across grain

Soft w ood: pine, across grain

0.01

Cork
1e-4

Flexible Polymer Foam (LD)

Flexible Polymer Foam (VLD)

1e-6
100

1000

10000

100000

Price*Density

1e6

1e7

1e8

1e9

Fig-2: material selection chart for energy-efficient pasteurizer based on cost

Figure 1 shows the result of materials obtained
when thermal conductivity is plotted against thermal
diffusivity and Stainless steel and Low carbon steel

Material

Stainless steel
Low carbon
steel
GFRP epoxy
matrix(isotropi
c)

were in that category while Figure 2 shows the results

obtained when material performance index is based on
cost.

Table 3: Candidate materials for energy-efficient pasteurizer

Specific
Yield
Thermal
Thermal
Density
Price
heat
strengt diffusivit
conductivi
(kg/m^3 (387.09

capacity
h
ty
y
)
GBP/kg)
(J/kg.C)
(MPa)
(W/m.C)
(a)
(
( )
( )
(
( )
7.85E3
3.815
18
490
585
4.68E-06 0.016756

3295.29

0.00012

7.84E3

0.367

51.5

482.5

322.5

1.36E-05

0.028581

30248.46

7.16E-05

1.86E3

18.5

0.475

1.1e3

151

2.32E-07

0.003732

0.53221

0.001014

Glass ceramic

2.6E3

4.065

1.92

750

119.75

9.85E-07

0.007686

9.030888

0.000517

Marble

2.79E3

0.457

5.5

870

2.27E-06

0.01166

0.885334

0.000274

Results of static frame Analysis

Properties of the two materials selected were
used to implement static analysis of frame, while
stainless steel was used in design of pasteurizing

chamber, low carbon steel was used for the design of

the base. Table 4 shows the frame weight distribution
while table 5 indicates reaction force and reaction
moment distributions.

Table 4: Frame weight distribution table

Section
Load (kg)
Weight (N)
Casing
54.34
543.4
Insulation material
84.34
843.4
Piping accessories
2.368
23.68
Water content
68.92
689.2
Total
209.97
2099.7

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Okafor CE et al., Sch. J. Eng. Tech., Dec 2016; 4(12):560-569

Constraint Name

Fixed constraint: 1

Fixed constraint: 2

Fixed constraint: 3

Fixed constraint: 4

Table 5: Reaction force and reaction moment distributions

Reaction Force
Reaction Moment
Component
Component (Mx,
Magnitude
Magnitude
(Fx, Fy, Fz)
My, Mz)
577.808N
20.851 N
2989.333 N mm
2108.541 N mm
577.052 N
1.158 N mm
-20.939 N
2114.768 N mm
579.477 N
-21.389 N
2712.586 N mm
1956.382 N mm
578.725 N
6.652 N mm
-20.352 N
-1879.002 N mm
577.507 N
-19.732 N
2942.638 N mm
-2077.814 N mm
576.830 N
1.164 N mm
19.821 N
-2083.700 N mm
579.477 N
20.270 N
2172.795 N mm
-1874.326 N mm
578.724 N
-8.418 N mm
21.470N
1961.14 5 N mm

The red colour on the colour bar signifies area

of high stress concentration while the blue part signifies
area of less stress concentration for figure 4 and 5. Von
misses failure criterion is used in evaluating the frame.
According to the failure criterion, material will fail if
the maximum value of von misses stress induced in the
material is more than the yield strength of the material.
The maximum von misses stress on figure 4 is

Name
Displacement
Forces

Moments

Normal Stresses

Shear Stresses
Torsional stresses

102.7Mpa, this value is less than the yield strength of

the material of 585MPa and 322.5MPa for both
stainless steel and low carbon steel respectively. Thus
the frame is considered to be stable. The maximum
factor of safety for the frame is 15. The red colour on
the colour bar signifies area of high stress concentration
while the blue part signifies area of less stress
concentration for figure 3 and 4.

Table 6: Static Result Summary

Minimum
0.00mm
Fx
-272.892 N
Fy
-271.873
Fz
-66.539 N
Mx
-14790.540Nmm
My
-18667.390Nmm
Mz
-985.503N
Smax
-1.277 Mpa
Smin
-14.207 Mpa
Smax(Mx)
0.000 Mpa
Smin(Mx)
-8.728 Mpa
Smax(MY)
0.000 Mpa
Smin (My)
-8.638 Mpa
Saxial
-1.295 Mpa
Tx
-1.638 Mpa
Ty
1.645 Mpa
T
-0. 736 Mpa

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Maximum
0.036
372.183 N
273.201 N
578.083 N
18858.725 Nmm
14905.057 Nmm
981.307 Nmm
6.718 Mpa
0.283 Mpa
6.845 Mpa
0.000 Mpa
6.898 Mpa
-0.000 Mpa
0.310 Mpa
1.643 Mpa
1.637 Mpa
0.739 Mpa

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Okafor CE et al., Sch. J. Eng. Tech., Dec 2016; 4(12):560-569

Fig-3: Displacement diagram of the frame

Figure 3 shows displacement diagram of the
frame in all load cases while table 4 shows the
displacement values from the range of frames analysed
and the optimised responses. The optimised values
show a considerable improvement over the best of

the existing frames, with a 13% increase in

vertical displacement and 15% decrease in lateral
displacement when compared to the best of the
analysed frames.

Fig-4: FEA Analysis results showing Von Mises stress and factor of safety of the frame
From the results of FEA, it is apparent that the
stresses induced in the frame of pasteurizer is least and
the factor of safety is also well above the limit. The use
of ANSYS software makes the process of calculation

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fast and several iterations are permissible to arrive

at the best possible results. The results are relevant
provided the assumptions and boundary conditions are
perfect.

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Okafor CE et al., Sch. J. Eng. Tech., Dec 2016; 4(12):560-569

Fig-5: Soya Milk Batch Pasteurizer CAD Model

Response surface results
From table 7, the R-Squared value indicates
that 97.55% variation in heat flow was due to
independent Variable, only about 2.45 % cannot be

explained by the model, so it is concluded that the

theoretical model is adequate to describe the flow of
heat by response surface.

Table 7: Analysis of Variance for heat flow (Q)

DF
Seq SS
Adj SS
Adj MS
F
9
3332073
3332073
370230
386.81
3
3159796
3159796
1053265
1100.42
1
667255
667255
667255
697.13
1
2197038
2197038
2197038
2295.41
1
295502
295502
295502
308.73
3
37411
37411
12470
13.03
1
31635
33554
33554
35.06
1
44
1
1
0.00
1
5732
5732
5732
5.99
Interaction
3
134866
134866
44955
46.97
X1*X2
1
68299
68299
68299
71.36
X1*X3
1
32951
32951
32951
34.43
X2*X3
1
33617
33617
33617
35.12
Residual Error
10
9571
9571
957
Lack-of-Fit
5
9571
9571
1914
Pure Error
5
0
0
0
Total
19
3341644
S = 30.9378, PRESS = 81947.8, R-Sq = 99.71%, R-Sq(pred) = 97.55% and R-Sq(adj) = 99.46%.
Source
Regression
Linear
X1
X2
X3
Square

From table 7, the "Pred R-Squared" of 97.55%

is in reasonable agreement with the "Adj R-Squared" of
99.46%. The response surface models in terms of actual
factors is in equations (10). It represents the relationship
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P
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.977
0.034
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

between the response variable and predictor variables

involving the linear, quadric, and interaction terms. The
models show that the insulation thickness of the side
walls (X1) has the highest effect on the heat flow
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Okafor CE et al., Sch. J. Eng. Tech., Dec 2016; 4(12):560-569

response. Also interaction effects are shown to be
significant; both main and high order effects were also

depicted.

Surface Plot of heat flow(Q) vs X3, X1

2000

heat flow(Q)

1500
1000
50

500

40
X3

30
20

20

Surface Plot
of40heat flow(Q)
vs X1, X2
60
X1
Fig-6: 3-D surface plot of variation of heat flow with insulation thickness of the side walls (X 1) and Insulation
thickness of the lid cover (X3)

2000
1500
heat flow(Q)
1000
60
500
40

X1

20

10000

Surface 20000
Plot of30000
heat flow(Q) vs X3, X2
X2

40000

Fig-7: 3-D surface plot of variation of heat flow with insulation thickness of the side walls (X1), area of the walls
(X2)

2000
1500
heat flow(Q)

1000
500
20
X3

30

40

50

40000

30000

20000
X2

10000

Fig-8: 3-D surface plot of variation of heat flow with area of the walls (X 2), Insulation thickness of the lid cover
(X3)
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Okafor CE et al., Sch. J. Eng. Tech., Dec 2016; 4(12):560-569

Figure 3-5 show that the heat flow decreases as

insulation thickness of the side walls (X1) increases and
that area of the walls (X2) has least influence on the
variability of heat flow, it also indicates that the heat
flow is optimum when insulation thickness of the side
wall (X1) = 50mm, Area of the side wall (X2) = 12780
mm2, and insulation thickness of the lid cover (X3) =
45mm.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The conceptual design and computer aided
static analysis of frame and theoretical heat conduction
model for soya milk batch pasteurizer has been
presented. The modelling was done with CAD and DOE
software; hence Finite Element Analysis was used to
evaluate the stress values on the machine structure by
replacing infinite atoms with finite nodes and the bonds
replaced by elements. Material selection considerations
ensured that appropriate materials is used in the design.
For fresh-milk pasteurizer having design capacity of 25
litres, it is recommended that insulation thickness of the
side wall should be set at 50 mm while the area of the
side wall should be 12780 mm2, and 45 mm insulation
thickness is recommended for the lid cover.

9.

10.

11.

12.
13.

Rehman A, Al-Hilphy S. Designing and

manufacturing of a non thermal milk pasteurizer
using electrical field. American Journal of
Agricultural
and
Biological
Sciences.
2013;8(3):204-211.
Mukhopadhaya N, Raju D. Theoretical heat
conduction model development of a Cold storage
using Taguchi Methodology. International Journal
of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER).
2014;4(6):77-82.
Metu CS, Enibe SO, Ulasi TS. Conceptual Design
and Computer Aided Static Analysis of Frame and
Plates of a Continuous Process Breadfruit DePulping Machine. American Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Automation. 2016;3(3):22-28.
Robinson K. Dairy microbiology handbook, Wiley
and Sons Inc., New York, USA. 2002;(3):31-35.
Sigley JE, Mischke CR. Standard Handbook of
Machine Design, Second Edition. Mc Graw- Hill
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1. Rabab Z, Hafiz A, Nasir A and Muhammad A.
Fabrication and performance study of a solar milk
pasteurizer. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 2009;46(2):162-170.
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