Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ABSTRACT
Quality of coastal waters is very important and affected by human pollution. This study
was conducted to analyze the water quality in selected sampling sites on Brgy. Palilan
and Taboo. Results of the study showed that most of the physico-chemical paramaters
such as temperature(26C -28C) Salinity (1.5ppt- 5ppt), pH (7.71-10.11), and density
(1.005-1.019). Overall assesment revealed that the quality of the water are good for
swimming.
INTRODUCTION
Marine ecosystem cover two-thirds of the surface of the Earth (Michael John
Kingsford,(2008). Such places are considered ecosystems because the plant life supports
the animal life and vice versa . Marine ecosystems are very important for the overall
health of both marine and terrestrial environments. According to the World Resource
Center, coastal habitats alone account for approximately 1/3 of all marine biological
productivity, and estuarine ecosystems (i.e., salt marshes, sea grasses, mangrove forests)
are among the most productive regions on the planet. In addition, other marine
ecosystems such as coral reefs, provide food and shelter to the highest levels of marine
diversity in the world ( Barange M, Field JG, Harris RP, Eileen E, Hofmann EE, Perry RI
and Werner F (2010) The quality of coastal water is of great importance to the overall
maintenance and function of the coastal ecosystem. Water quality impacts both directly
and indirectly on the diversity and abundance of marine communities as well as
recreational use of the coast ( Diersing, 2009) .
Poor coastal and marine water quality can be defined in several ways. Environmental
water quality, also called ambient water quality, relates to water bodies such as lakes,
rivers, and oceans (Linton & Warner 2003). Water quality standards for surface waters
vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended
human uses. Toxic substances and high populations of certain microorganisms can
present a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation, swimming, fishing,
rafting, boating, and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect wildlife, which use
the water for drinking or as a habitat. Modern water quality laws generally specify
protection of fisheries and recreational use and require, as a minimum, retention of
current quality standards. There is some desire among the public to return water bodies to
pristine, or pre-industrial conditions. (WANI, 2014). Most current environmental laws
focus on the designation of particular uses of a water body. In some countries these
designations allow for some water contamination as long as the particular type of
contamination is not harmful to the designated uses. In these cases, environmental
scientists focus on achieving goals for maintaining healthy ecosystems and may
concentrate on the protection of populations of endangered species and protecting human
health. (Rapport, and Maffi (2011).
Marine waters includes a range of threats including from land-based sources, oil
spills, untreated sewage, heavy siltation, eutrophication (nutrient enrichment), invasive
species, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals from mine tailings and other
sources, acidification, radioactive substances, marine litter, overfishing and destruction of
coastal and marine habitats (McCook 1999, Nystrm et al. 2000, Bellwood et al. 2004). A
major threat beyond overexploitation of fisheries and physical destruction of marine
coastal habitats by dredging, is undoubtedly the strong increase in coastal development
and discharge of untreated sewage into the near-shore waters, resulting in enormous
amounts of nutrients spreading into the sea and coastal zones (Burke et al., 2002;
Wilkinson, 2002; Brown et al., 2006; UNEP, 2006). This, together with changes in
salinity, melting sea ice, increased sea temperatures and future changes in sea currents
may severely affect marine life and their ability to recover from extreme climatic
events. Throughout human existence we have relied on the oceans for food, as a waste
dump, for recreation, for economic opportunities and so on. However, its not only our
activities in the marine environment that affect life in the sea its also the things we do
on land (CathBattersby, 2011). With more than half the worlds population now living
within 100 kilometres of the coast, its not surprising that our activities are taking their
toll. Human impacts have increased along with our rapid population growth, substantial
developments in technology and significant changes in land use. Over-fishing, pollution
and introduced species are affecting life in the sea (McCook 1999, Nystrm et al. 2000,
Bellwood et al. 2004).
Jimenez is
a
third
class municipality in
the province of Misamis
Occidental, Philippines. Three out of its 24 barangays are coastal, characterized by wide
emergent reef flats but relatively narrow fringing reefs. In many coastal communities, the
majority of households depend directly on fish and other coastal resources for their
livelihood. Several of the important fishing bays often have more than 70 fisherfolk per
kilometer of coastline. Such areas include iligan bay. Within the coastal zone, near-shore
fisheries are the most heavily exploited. An increasing number of small fisher families
compete with each other, as well as with commercial fishermen for fishery resources.
Thus, this study was conducted to assess the status of the coastal areas in Jimenez
for the development of management strategies and for and develop or use existing future
monitoring.
Methodology
Study Area
Jimenez is a third class coastal town and one of the oldest municipalities in
the province of Misamis Occidental, Philippines. It lies at the coordinates 8o 00 to 8o 15N
latitude and 123o 32 to 123o 37 E longitude. And in the port of jimenez there are several ships
are docking there to carry charcoal and deliver it from other places.
Palilan, Taboo and Butuay are the three coastal barangays out of 24 barangays in Jimenez
(Fig. 1). These are characterized by wide emergent reef flats but relatively narrow fringing reefs.
In many coastal communities, the majority of households depend directly on fish and other
coastal resources for their livelihood. Several of the important fishing bays often have more than
70 fisherfolk per kilometer of coastline. Within the coastal zone, near-shore fisheries are the most
heavily exploited. An increasing number of small fisher families compete with each other, as
well as with commercial fishermen for fishery resources.
Sampling Procedures
In each of the sampling site (Palilan, Taboo and Port), there will be three sampling
points to be established (10meters, 20meters, 30meters) . Water samples was collected
from each sampling site using cleaned polyethylene bottles for physico-chemical
analysis. The bottles was washed with the sample before the final sample collection.
These was tightly closed, properly labeled and placed in insulated cooler box with ice and
immediately brought to the laboratory for analysis.
Physico-chemical paremeters
Temperature
Temperature was measured with a thermometer usually made of a glass tube with colored
alcohol.
pH
To measure the pH, pH meter was used.
Salinity
Salinity was measured using a recfractometer.
Density
To measure density hydrometer was used.
Relative Humidity(Wet and Dry)
To measure Relative Humidity, Sling psychrometer was used.
Depthness
To measure Depthness Secchi Disk was used .
25
26
27
28
29
30
Temperature (C)
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Salinity (ppt)
pH
10
12
Density
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.02
70
75
80
85
90
95
Depthness
10
12
14
16
18
20
Summary Table
Parameters
Temperature
pH
Salinity
Density
Relative
Humidity
Depthness
Palilan
79
23.15
8.5
3.018
264
Port
83
26.31
14
3.053
263
Taboo
82
24.37
13
3.055
271
Total Average
81.3
24.61
11.8
3.042
266
2.5
4.4
32.8
13.23
Literature cited
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Mann KH and Lazier JRN (2006) Dynamics of marine ecosystems: biological-physical
interactions in the oceans Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1118-8
Diersing, Nancy (2009). "Water Quality: Frequently Asked Questions." Florida Brooks National
Marine Sanctuary, Key West, FL.
World Health Organization (2004). "Consensus of the Meeting: Nutrient minerals in drinkingwater and the potential health consequences of long-term consumption of demineralized and
remineralized and altered mineral content drinking-waters." Rolling Revision of the WHO
Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (draft). From November 1113
http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/our-precious-coasts/page/1292.aspx
EPA (1973). Handbook for Monitoring Industrial Wastewater. Chapter 8.
Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N.
Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson (1997). "Meanings of environmental
terms." Journal
of
Environmental
Quality. 26:
581589.doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x
Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N.
Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson (1997). "Meanings of environmental
terms." Journal of Environmental Quality. 26: 581589.doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x
Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N.
Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson (1997). "Meanings of environmental
terms." Journal
of
Environmental
Quality. 26:
581589.doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x