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CHAPTER R
Multiplying by 3x 2y
Multiplying by 2y
Adding
We have
L
Square of a sum
Square of a difference
Product of a sum and a difference
SECTION R.3
21
c) 1x 2 + 3y21x 2 - 3y2
b) 13y 2 - 222
Solution
R.3
Exercise Set
2 4
7. 12x + 3y + z - 72 + 14x - 2y - z + 82 +
1- 3x + y - 2z - 42
8. 12x + 12xy - 112 + 16x - 2x + 42 +
1 - x 2 - y - 22
2
9. 13x 2 - 2x - x 3 + 22 - 15x 2 - 8x - x 3 + 42
13. 13a 21 - 7a 2
2
20. 1z + 421z - 22
27. 1 x + 322
28. 1 z + 622
19. 1y - 321y + 52
21. 1x + 621x + 32
4. 6p q - p q - 3pq + 5
3 2
18. 1n + 121n2 - 6n - 42
2. - 3n4 - 6n3 + n2 + 2n - 1
4
16. 1- 5m4n2216m2n32
29. 1y - 522
22. 1a - 821a - 12
30. 1x - 422
37. 1n + 621n - 62
38. 1m + 121m - 12
22
CHAPTER R
50. 1x 3m - t 5n22
Synthesis
Multiply. Assume that all exponents are natural
numbers.
47. 1an + bn21an - bn2
48. 1t a + 421t a - 72
55. 1a + b + c22
Factoring
R.4
3
3
3
3
3
b) 12x 2y 2 - 20x 3y
Solution
a) 15 + 10x - 5x 2 = 5 # 3 + 5 # 2x - 5 # x 2 = 513 + 2x - x 22
We can always check a factorization by multiplying:
513 + 2x - x 22 = 15 + 10x - 5x 2.
b) There are several factors common to the terms of 12x 2y 2 - 20x 3y, but
4x 2y is the largest of these.
12x 2y 2 - 20x 3y = 4x 2y # 3y - 4x 2y # 5x
= 4x 2y13y - 5x2
Now Try Exercise 3.
Factoring
SECTION R.4
23
3 Factoring by Grouping
In some polynomials, pairs of terms have a common binomial factor that
can be removed in a process called factoring by grouping.
Solution
3
Grouping. Each
group of terms has
a common factor.
= x 21x + 32 - 51x + 32
Factoring a
common factor out
of each group
= 1x + 321x 2 - 52.
EXAMPLE 3 Factor: x 2 + 5x + 6.
First, we look for a common factor. There is none. Next, we look
for two numbers whose product is 6 and whose sum is 5. Since the constant
term, 6, and the coefficient of the middle term, 5, are both positive, we look
for a factorization of 6 in which both factors are positive.
Solution
Pairs of Factors
Sums of Factors
1, 6
2, 3
7
5
The numbers we
need are 2 and 3.
24
CHAPTER R
EXAMPLE 4 Factor: x 4 - 6x 3 + 8x 2.
First, we look for a common factor. Each term has a factor of x 2,
so we factor it out first:
x 4 - 6x 3 + 8x 2 = x 21x 2 - 6x + 82.
Now we consider the trinomial x 2 - 6x + 8. We look for two numbers
whose product is 8 and whose sum is - 6. Since the constant term, 8, is positive and the coefficient of the middle term, - 6, is negative, we look for a
factorization of 8 in which both factors are negative.
Solution
Pairs of Factors
Sums of Factors
- 1, - 8
- 2, - 4
-9
-6
Solution
Pairs of Factors
Sums of Factors
- 1, 12
1, - 12
- 2,
6
2, - 6
- 3,
4
3, - 4
11
- 11
4
-4
1
-1
Factoring
SECTION R.4
25
We might have observed at the outset that since the sum of the factors must
be 1, a positive number, we need consider only pairs of factors for which the
positive factor has the greater absolute value. Thus only the pairs - 1 and
12, - 2 and 6, - 3 and 4 need have been considered.
The factorization is
1x - 3y21x + 4y2.
Now Try Exercise 25.
x +
21
x +
2 = ax 2 + bx + c.
FOIL
4. Repeat steps (2) and (3) until a combination is found for which
the sum of the Outer product and the Inner product is bx:
1 x +
21 x +
2 = ax 2 + bx + c.
I
O
FOIL
26
CHAPTER R
SECTION R.4
Factoring
27
3. Try to factor - 24 so that the sum of the factors is the coefficient of the
middle term, 5.
Pairs of Factors
Sums of Factors
1, - 24
- 1, 24
2, - 12
- 2, 12
3, - 8
- 3,
8
4, - 6
- 4,
6
- 23
23
- 10
10
-5
5
-2
2
- 3 # 8 = - 24; - 3 + 8 = 5
4. Split the middle term using the numbers found in step (3):
5x = - 3x + 8x.
5. Finally, factor by grouping:
6x 2 + 5x - 4 = 6x 2 - 3x + 8x - 4
= 3x12x - 12 + 412x - 12
= 12x - 1213x + 42.
Be sure to include the common factor to get the complete factorization
of the original trinomial:
12x 3 + 10x 2 - 8x = 2x12x - 1213x + 42.
3 Special Factorizations
b) 9a2 - 25
c) 6x 4 - 6y 4
a) x 2 - 16 = x 2 - 42 = 1x + 421x - 42
b) 9a2 - 25 = 13a22 - 52 = 13a + 5213a - 52
28
CHAPTER R
c) 6x 4 - 6y 4 = 61x 4 - y 42
= 631x 222 - 1y 2224
= 61x 2 + y 221x 2 - y 22
= 61x 2 + y 221x + y21x - y2
x 2 y 2 can be factored
further.
Because none of these factors
can be factored further, we
have factored completely.
b) 25y 2 - 30y + 9
Solution
A2 + 2 # A # B + B2 = 1A + B22
a) x 2 + 8x + 16 = x 2 + 2 # x # 4 + 42 = 1x + 422
A2 - 2 # A # B + B2 = 1A - B22
b) 25y 2 - 30y + 9 = 15y22 - 2 # 5y # 3 + 32 = 15y - 322
b) 16y 3 - 250
Solution
a) x 3 + 27 = x 3 + 33
= 1x + 321x 2 - 3x + 92
SECTION R.4
29
Factoring
C. Always factor completely. If a factor with more than one term can itself
be factored further, do so.
R.4
Exercise Set
13. 24x 3 - 36x 2 + 72x - 108
5. 4a2 - 12a + 16
4. 12m + 3m
15. x 3 - x 2 - 5x + 5
6. 6n2 + 24n - 18
16. t 3 + 6t 2 - 2t - 12
7. a1b - 22 + c1b - 22
17. a3 - 3a2 - 2a + 6
8. a1x 2 - 32 - 21x 2 - 32
18. x 3 - x 2 - 6x + 6
Factor by grouping.
9. 3x 3 - x 2 + 18x - 6
11. y 3 - y 2 + 2y - 2
10. x + 3x + 6x + 18
3
12. y 3 - y 2 + 3y - 3
20. p2 + 6p + 8
21. x 2 + 6x + 5
22. x 2 - 8x + 12
30
CHAPTER R
23. t 2 + 8t + 15
24. y 2 + 12y + 27
79. x 3 - 4x 2 + 5x - 20
80. z 3 + 3z 2 - 3z - 9
26. t 2 - 2t - 15
81. 8x 2 - 32
82. 6y 2 - 6
83. 4y 2 - 5
84. 16x 2 - 7
29. y 2 - 4y - 21
30. m2 - m - 90
85. m2 - 9n2
86. 25t 2 - 16
31. y 4 - 9y 3 + 14y 2
87. x 2 + 9x + 20
88. y 2 + y - 6
33. 2x 3 - 2x 2y - 24xy 2
89. y 2 - 6y + 5
90. x 2 - 4x - 21
35. 2n2 + 9n - 56
36. 3y 2 + 7y - 20
91. 2a2 + 9a + 4
92. 3b2 - b - 2
38. 6x 2 - 7x - 20
93. 6x 2 + 7x - 3
94. 8x 2 + 2x - 15
39. 4x 2 + 15x + 9
40. 2y 2 + 7y + 6
95. y 2 - 18y + 81
96. n2 + 2n + 1
41. 2y 2 + y - 6
97. 9z 2 - 24z + 16
98. 4z 2 + 20z + 25
99. x 2y 2 - 14xy + 49
100. x 2y 2 - 16xy + 64
45. 12a2 - 4a - 16
103. 3z 3 - 24
104. 4t 3 + 108
50. 4z 2 - 81
107. y 3 - 3y 2 - 4y + 12
108. p3 - 2p2 - 9p + 18
51. 6x 2 - 6y 2
109. x 3 - x 2 + x - 1
110. x 3 - x 2 - x + 1
54. 5x 2y - 5yz 4
111. 5m4 - 20
112. 2x 2 - 288
113. 2x 3 + 6x 2 - 8x - 24
114. 3x 3 + 6x 2 - 27x - 54
60. 4z 2 + 12z + 9
61. 1 - 8x + 16x
115. 4c 2 - 4cd + d2
117. m6 + 8m3 - 20
118. x 4 - 37x 2 + 36
119. p - 64p4
Synthesis
Factor.
70. n + 1
71. 8t 3 + 8
72. 2y 3 - 128
73. 3a - 24a
74. 250z - 2z
75. t + 1
76. 27x - 8
Factor completely.
77. 18a2b - 15ab2
78. 4x 2y + 12xy 2
121. y 4 - 84 + 5y 2
123. y 2 -
8
49
+ 27 y
125. x 2 + 3x +
127. x 2 - x +
1
4
9
4
129. 1x + h23 - x 3
122. 11x 2 + x 4 - 80
124. t 2 -
27
100
+ 35 t
126. x 2 - 5x +
25
4
128. x 2 - 23 x +
1
9
130. 1x + 0.0122 - x 2
131. 1 y - 422 + 51 y - 42 - 24
132. 612p + q22 - 512p + q2 - 25
SECTION R.5
31
137. 25y 2m - 1x 2n - 2x n + 12
138. x 6a - t 3b
135. x 2 + ax + bx + ab
136. bdy 2 + ady + bcy + ac
R.5
3
3
3
An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal. To solve an equation in one variable is to find all the values of the variable that make the
equation true. Each of these numbers is a solution of the equation. The set
of all solutions of an equation is its solution set. Equations that have the
same solution set are called equivalent equations.
Equation-Solving Principles
For any real numbers a, b, and c,
The Addition Principle: If a = b is true, then a + c = b + c is true.
The Multiplication Principle: If a = b is true, then ac = bc is true.
The Principle of Zero Products: If ab = 0 is true, then a = 0 or b = 0,
and if a = 0 or b = 0, then ab = 0.
The Principle of Square Roots: If x2 = k, then x = 2k or x = - 2k.
32
CHAPTER R
First, we consider a linear equation. We will use the addition and multiplication principles to solve it.
Solution
8x = 4
x =
4
8
1
Simplifying
2
We check the result in the original equation.
x =
2x + 3 = 1 - 61x - 12
Check:
2 # 12 + 3 ? 1 - 6 A 12 - 1 B
1 + 3
4
4
The solution is 12.
1 - 6 A - 12 B
1 + 3
4
Substituting 12 for x
TRUE
EXAMPLE 2 Solve: x 2 - 3x = 4.
First, we write the equation with 0 on one side.
x 2 - 3x = 4
2
x - 3x - 4 = 0
Subtracting 4 on both sides
1x + 121x - 42 = 0
Factoring
or x - 4 = 0
x + 1 = 0
Using the principle of
Solution
zero products
x = - 1 or
x = 4
SECTION R.5
For - 1:
Check:
For 4:
x 2 - 3x = 4
x 2 - 3x = 4
1- 122 - 31- 12 ? 4
1 + 3
4 4
The solutions are - 1 and 4.
33
TRUE
42 - 3 # 4 ? 4
16 - 12
4 4
TRUE
The principle of square roots can be used to solve some quadratic equations, as we see in the next example.
EXAMPLE 3 Solve: 3x 2 - 6 = 0.
We use the principle of square roots.
3x 2 - 6 = 0
Adding 6 on both sides
3x 2 = 6
2
Dividing by 3 on both sides to isolate x2
x = 2
Using the principle of square roots
x = 22 or x = - 22
Solution
Both numbers check. The solutions are 22 and - 22, or ; 22 (read plus
or minus 22).
Now Try Exercise 53.
3 Formulas
A formula is an equation that can be used to model a situation. For example, the formula P = 2l + 2w gives the perimeter of a rectangle with length
l and width w.
The equation-solving principles presented earlier can be used to solve a
formula for a given letter.
We have
P = 2l + 2w
P - 2w = 2l
We want to isolate l.
P - 2w
= l.
2
Solution
P - 2w
can be used to determine a rectangles length
2
if we are given the perimeter and the width of the rectangle.
The formula l =
34
CHAPTER R
Solution
We want to isolate P.
Factoring
Dividing by 1 rt on both sides
A
can be used to determine how much should
1 + rt
be invested at simple interest rate r in order to have A dollars t years later.
The formula P =
We have
1
h1b + b22
2 1
2A = h1b1 + b22
2A = hb1 + hb2
2A - hb2 = hb1
2A - hb2
= b1.
h
A =
R.5
Exercise Set
15. 7y - 1 = 23 - 5y
16. 3x - 15 = 15 - 3x
2. y + 3 = 4
17. 3x - 4 = 5 + 12x
18. 9t - 4 = 14 + 15t
3. 3x + 4 = - 8
4. 5x - 7 = 23
19. 5 - 4a = a - 13
20. 6 - 7x = x - 14
5. 5y - 12 = 3
6. 6x + 23 = 5
21. 3m - 7 = - 13 + m
22. 5x - 8 = 2x - 8
7. 6x - 15 = 45
8. 4x - 7 = 81
23. 11 - 3x = 5x + 3
24. 20 - 4y = 10 - 6y
9. 5x - 10 = 45
10. 6x - 7 = 11
25. 21x + 72 = 5x + 14
26. 31y + 42 = 8y
11. 9t + 4 = - 5
12. 5x + 7 = - 13
27. 24 = 512t + 52
28. 9 = 413y - 22
13. 8x + 48 = 3x - 12
14. 15x + 40 = 8x - 9
Solve.
1. x - 5 = 7
30. 8x - 13x - 52 = 40
SECTION R.5
32. 912x + 82 = 20 - 1x + 52
36. y 2 - 4y - 45 = 0
37. x + 5x = 0
38. t + 6t = 0
39. y 2 + 6y + 9 = 0
40. n2 + 4n + 4 = 0
42. y 2 + 25 = 10y
43. x 2 - 4x - 32 = 0
44. t 2 + 12t + 27 = 0
45. 3y 2 + 8y + 4 = 0
46. 9y 2 + 15y + 4 = 0
47. 12z 2 + z = 6
48. 6x 2 - 7x = 10
49. 12a2 - 28 = 5a
50. 21n2 - 10 = n
51. 14 = x1x - 52
52. 24 = x1x - 22
53. x 2 - 36 = 0
54. y 2 - 81 = 0
55. z 2 = 144
56. t 2 = 25
57. 2x 2 - 20 = 0
58. 3y 2 - 15 = 0
59. 6z 2 - 18 = 0
60. 5x 2 - 75 = 0
Solve.
61. A = 12bh, for b
(Area of a triangle)
3
10 1I
- 12,0002, for I
Synthesis
h
Solve.
81. 335 - 314 - t24 - 2 = 53315t - 42 + 84 - 26
82. 63418 - y2 - 519 + 3y24 - 21 =
- 73317 + 4y2 - 44
62. A = pr , for p
(Area of a circle)
2
35
31. 713x + 62 = 11 - 1x + 22