Jishnu Bhattacharya

1st Semester - 2016-17

Lecture -7

Module 2
Internal Combustion Engines

Recap power cycles

The basic heat engine cycle:

Carnot cycle

From second law, it possess the highest possible efficiency.

Consists of two isothermal (heat addition and heat rejection)
processes
The expansion and compression processes are isentropic

Carnot cycle
Gross heat supplied

Net work produced

Carnot cycle efficiency

Carnot cycle wet vapour region

Note:
Constant temperature heat addition or heat rejection requires thermal
reservoirs of infinite size or infinite heat capacity.
This can be achieved using the isothermal nature of the phase change
process. This is used in Rankine cycle which is derived from the
Carnot cycle in the saturation dome of liquid-gas phase change.
Variation of this cycle is used in
the thermal power plants, where
heat is produced by burning fuel
which is used to heat up water a two step process.

Carnot cycle Gas phase

IC engines are developed mainly for the transportation sector where
weight and space have to be minimized.
Hence, a heat exchanger as well as a big mass of another fluid is
avoided
Only option left is to use the gaseous product of combustion directly
into the power cycle.
Here we are unable to utilize
the isothermal phase change
process to our advantage

Carnot cycle

Even though efficiency is maximum, between two fixed practical temperatures,

the PV diagram is so thin that the work output of the cycle is really small.

Carnot cycle Gas phase

Back to the same problem
For gases, it is much easier to control volumes or pressures
For heat transfer processes, isothermal assumption is inherently slow
unsuitable for transportation engines which has to run fast.
The work output is very small.
Therefore, it is not possible to use Carnot cycle as a power cycle in the
IC engines.

Joule-Brayton cycle
The isothermal processes are replaced by the constant pressure processes.

Joule-Brayton cycle
Note:
This is a closed cycle (the same working fluid, which is air) is getting cycled.
Hence, the problem of two heat exchanger still exists
Used for gas turbines not for IC engines

Joule-Brayton cycle

Joule-Brayton cycle
Note:
The problem with isothermal processes is
solved by isobaric processes
The working fluid is gas as well
However, the problem of two heat exchangers
is still there not yet transportable
Need something where we get rid of these
heat exchangers get air in, burn fuel directly
with it to input heat and once that heat is
used up by producing work, get rid of that
flue gas air standard cycles

Air standard cycle

Air standard cycles are still approximations. They differ from the real cycles in
the following way.
The working fluid in air standard cycle is always treated as air, which is
not the case in a real cycle.
The working fluid or air is assumed an ideal gas with constant specific
heat.
The real open cycle is approximated by a closed cycle. Closing the cycle
simplifies the analysis.

Otto cycle
Constant volume
processes

Otto cycle

Otto cycle
rc =

v1

v2

Diesel cycle

Constant pressure
process

Constant volume
process

Diesel cycle
Cut off ratio: Ratio between volumes after and before combustion

Where,

rc =

v1

v2