DESIGN BRIEF: BUENOS AIRES

ENSC1001, Semester 1 2014

Contents
PART I INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Introduction to Global Challenges in Engineering........................................................................ 2
1.2 Developing Engineering Graduate Attributes ............................................................................... 2
1.3 Guide to using your Design Brief ................................................................................................. 3
PART II BUENOS AIRES: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT. ................................................... 3
2.1 Argentina at a glance .................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. Argentinean society ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 The Argentinean Economy ........................................................................................................... 4
PART III WASTE CHALLENGES IN BUENOS AIRES ..................................................................... 6
3.1 Waste collection in Buenos Aires ................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Waste Collectors in Buenos Aires ................................................................................................ 7
PART IV DESIGN AREA ...................................................................................................................... 8
4.1 Introduction to Waste For Life...................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Previous projects completed by students at UWA ........................................................................ 9
4.3 Projects available to UWA students in 2013 .............................................................................. 10
4.4 Submission Requirements .......................................................................................................... 12
PART V REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 12
PART VI USEFUL RESOURCES ....................................................................................................... 13
5.1 Websites ...................................................................................................................................... 13
5.2 Articles and other sources on the web ........................................................................................ 13

More than ever, the world needs creative engineering solutions to face its biggest
challenges, from poverty to climate change.
UNESCOs first Global Report on Engineering, 2010

PART I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Global Challenges in Engineering
The Global Challenge Design Program constitutes a foundation unit for students enrolled in
the Engineering Science major; it is also a broadening unit for students enrolled in the
undergraduate Arts, Science, Design and Commerce degrees. The unit will provide all
students with the opportunity to learn about design, teamwork and communication through
real challenges in a variety of settings: the city of Buenos Aires in Argentina; the province of
Lautem in Timor Leste; and the Shire of Roebourne in Western Australia. The unit will also
enable students to think critically about a range of issues - such as development,
globalisation, cultural diversity, ethics and justice and how these shape the way we devise
equitable and sustainable solutions to the global challenges of the 21st century.
Waste management is a crucial challenge facing nations and communities across the globe.
Waste management is a worldwide problem in poor and rich cities alike.
Managing waste in a socially and environmentally acceptable manner is one of
the key challenges of the 21st century. We are well aware of the growing waste
problem that is literally choking the world we live in today. While the growing
waste problem is a popular subject in the media, which regularly reports on
garbage crises, environmental pollution and landfills, many people do not
think about waste after disposing of it from their homes. Thus, individuals have
very little awareness of where their waste ends up (Jayasinghe et. al. 2013).
You will be looking at ways to assist the waste collectors in Buenos Aires in converting
waste to an income stream. Teams of approximately five students will collaborate on
engineering and design projects that address problems described in this Design Brief.

1.2 Developing Engineering Graduate Attributes

We believe that engineering education should be based on hands-on, problem-based learning
that reflects engineerings problem-solving nature. We also want to link this to issues of
sustainability and equality: according to the 2010 UNESCO Report on Engineering,
engineering needs to promote itself as relevant to solving contemporary problems, to
become more socially responsible and to link to ethical issues related to development.
ENSC1001 supports the integration of authentic project-based tasks into undergraduate
courses with international and domestic, social, cross-cultural and sustainability dimensions.

The course is designed to develop engineering graduate attributes specified by the national
accrediting body Engineers Australia, specifically:

Understanding of the social, cultural, global and environmental responsibilities of the

professional engineer, and the need for sustainable development.
Understanding of the principles of sustainable design and development.
Understanding of professional and ethical responsibilities and commitment to them.
Ability to function effectively as an individual and in multi-disciplinary and multicultural teams.

The course also contributes towards the development of other important graduate attributes
related to problem solving skills, the application of basic science and engineering
fundamentals and communication.

1.3 Guide to using your Design Brief

The information in Part II will set the scene for your design project. It is a summary guide to
the cultural, social, economic and political context of your region. Part III outlines the
specific waste problems in your region. This section indicates the types of problems faced by
households, local government and state government in the collection and sorting of waste, in
waste reduction, and in waste storage. Part IV outlines key principles of your design project,
submission requirements, and some key design areas that are specific to your context. Finally,
Part IV contains a guide to useful reference material.

PART II BUENOS AIRES: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT.

2.1 Argentina at a glance
Argentina has a population of 40,276,376 (World Bank 2010) residing in an area of over 2.7
million square kilometres, divided into 23 provinces. It is the second largest country in South
America behind Brazil and the worlds eighth largest country. The population is not spread
evenly across the country with 89% residing in urban areas (Lewis, 2003, p. 6).
About one third of the entire population over 13 million people reside in Greater Buenos
Aires (GBA) with 3 million in Buenos Aires City (Lewis, 2003, p. 6). Greater Buenos Aires
(GBA) contains 31 partidos or municipalities.
The Argentinean government has oscillated between military dictatorship and constitutional
government. Since the end of the most recent dictatorship in 1993, the country has operated
under a system of representative government. Although there are a variety of political parties
in Argentina, most political power is controlled by the Justicialist (Peronist) Party.

2.2. Argentinean society

Argentina is different from other South American countries in the sense that 90% of its
population is of European ancestry. The Indigenous Indian population of Argentina were
conquered by the Spanish who arrived in the sixteenth century. Many died of disease or
perished in war with the settlers; others intermarried with the Spanish. There are therefore
very few Indigenous people in Argentina today. Many of the European immigrants who came
to Argentina arrived between 1860 and 1910. Most of these migrants (70%) chose to live in
Greater Buenos Aires. As a result of their colonial and immigration history, Argentineans are
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a blend of ethnicities with the majority identifying as European Argentinean (mainly Spanish
or Italian) and only a minority as Native American, black or mixed (mestizo).

2.3 The Argentinean Economy

In the early twentieth century, after independence from Spain, Argentina enjoyed an
economic boom. Buenos Aires became known as the Paris of South America. Argentina
was a major supplier of beef and wheat to Europe and other parts of the world:
Argentina is a country richly endowed in natural resources where agriculture and
agro-industries have traditionally been important. Argentina was self-sufficient in
petroleum up to the 1980s and investment following privatisation in the early
1990s turned the country into a net exporter of oil and natural gas. Manufacturing
output recovered in the 1990s after two decades of stagnation (Nataraj & Sahoo
2003, 1641).
Unfortunately a combination of poor economic planning and political corruption led to two
financial crises in the last twenty years. The poor economic planning refers to the
combination of a fixed exchange rate and the failure to manage massive foreign debt.
Argentina had a substantial foreign debt, which it couldnt repay; instead, the government
borrowed to meet interest payments, causing the debt to grow ever larger. The countrys
foreign debt, most of which was owed by the central and provincial governments, eventually
reached 50 per cent of GDP in late 2001 a debit worth almost $30 billion due in 2002.
When it finally became clear that Argentina could no longer borrow to roll over those debts
and pay the interest, Buenos Aires was forced to default and to devalue the peso (Nataraj &
Sahoo 2003).
What did this mean for local business? Most local businesses borrowed in dollars. A
company that took a loan for one million dollars expected to repay it with one million pesos.
But if the peso is devalued by 50 per cent, the firm will have to find two million pesos to
repay its obligation. Companies bankrupted. Argentine banks collapsed. Thousands of
factories closed, putting millions out of work. The countrys already high unemployment rate
skyrocketed. Many of the unemployed took to scavenging waste for re-sale as a form of
income and a means of survival. Once known for its high standard of living and affordable
food prices, Argentina saw many of its middle class citizens plunged into poverty. This
problem persists today. According to news reports in 2002, among the growing ranks of
rubbish sorters were electricians, carpenters, construction workers and former office workers
(Crooker, 2003, 83).

The photographer took this on a visit to Buenos Aires in 2002 shortly after the crisis at the
end of 2001 when they defaulted on their debt, devalued their currency, and went through
five presidents in two weeks. These posters were put up outside the local headquarters of
Banco de Boston by angry protestors whose funds had been frozen.
http://www.buenosairesphotographer.com/2008/09/crisis-in-20012002.html
The proportion of households below the poverty line increased from 16% in 1993 to 41.4% in
2002, and the proportion of those who could not even afford basic sustenance (critically poor)
increased from 3% in 1993 to 18% in 2002 (Novick et al. 2007 cited in Shcamber, 2010,
p. 6). These figures have improved since 2002 but poverty is unequally distributed within
Argentina in the second half of 2006, 19.2% of the households were below the poverty line
with 16.3% below the line of indigence or extreme poverty. But while the city of Buenos
Aires had 6.4% and 2.1% of its population living in poverty and extreme poverty
respectively, municipalities within the RMBA had on average 22.9% living in poverty and
9.7% in extreme poverty, with the highest extremes in municipalities on the
periphery.(Hardoy & Almansi 2011, 14). Most cartoneros live in these peripheral areas.

PART III WASTE CHALLENGES IN BUENOS AIRES

3.1 Waste collection in Buenos Aires
3.1.1 History of waste collection

Waste has always been considered a tradeable commodity in Buenos Aires, as it is in many
other cities. At the end of the nineteenth century bones were especially valuable because
they were used to manufacture different goods after a steam cooking process and used to
manufacture candles and soap in factories in the CABA at that time. Broken glass was
classified into colours green, blue and white and later sold to glass factories (Schamber,
2010, p. 6).
3.1.2 Management of Waste

There has traditionally been no separation at the source in the waste collection system as
there is in urban areas in North America, Europe or Australia. Residents dispose of their
unsorted, miscellaneous recyclables mixed in with organic garbage in bags, which they leave
on the street for collection (Baillie et. al., 2010). In the city of Buenos Aires, these bags are
collected by one of six trucking companies (5 private, 1 public) each assigned to separate
city districts - and delivered to a landfill (Baillie & Feinblatt, 2010b). The single governmentowned company hauls waste from a transit point in Buenos Aires (BsAs) poorest district in
the southwest of the city.
The landfill is operated by CEAMSE (Coordinacin Ecolgica Area Metropolitana Sociedad
del Estado), which is a joint venture of the government of the Province of Buenos Aires and
the government of the City of Buenos Aires. It has been managing urban waste in the Greater
Buenos Aires region for almost 30 years (WFL 2007) and is the biggest player in the BsAs
garbage business. It runs the landfill (named Norte III) that receives all the waste produced by
all the 13,000,000 people living in Greater Buenos Aires. (CEAMSE).
BsAs does not yet have a visible and/or official systematic recycling program. The municipal
government has partnered with the private trucking companies to build six sorting centres, or
Green Points scattered around the city, two of which are currently up and running. These
Green Points were to be paid for by the trucking companies and managed by a local
cartonero cooperative. The waste from some business and large apartment complexes were
targeted to go to the Green Points where it would be sorted, separated, and sold by the
cartoneros. This was supposed to solve the 'cartonero' problem, but the plans have been
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Most of the information in this section comes from Baillie, et. al., 2010, and Baillie & Feinblatt 2011

hampered by corruption and, if successful, would only manage to formalize the work of
several hundred cartoneros at most.
CEAMSE have also set up a series of social factories on the premises of their one remaining
landfill and in the neighbouring slum area. These are run by cartonero organizations which
receive some of the truckloads of waste before it goes to the landfill. These social factories
separate the recyclables (which they can sell for their own benefit) and the remaining waste
goes back to CEAMSE. CEAMSE has also given over space at the same landfill to private
factories which also receive waste for recycling.
3.1.3 Government waste targets

Government has official targets established by a series of laws and decrees since 2005. Zero
Garbage (Basura Cero) went into effect in late 2005 as part of a comprehensive law dealing
with urban waste, It stipulates that the total amount of garbage in landfills is to be reduced by
50 percent by 2012 and 75 percent by 2017 from 2004 levels, and one of its ancillary benefits
is that recyclable materials will no longer end up in landfills.
Greenpeace was instrumental in writing this law and lobbying for its passage, and it has
actively participated in an advisory committee commissioned by the government to
investigate ways of implementing the Zero Waste strategy. However, six years after the law's
passage, the government has been unable and/or unwilling to develop a systematic waste
management program that can meet its targets. Greenpeace is looking for the government (as
per the law) to assume full responsibility for implementing Zero Garbage, and sometimes
finds itself at odds with certain cartonero cooperatives that enter into piecemeal deals with
government, who in their mind circumvent the intention of the law by allowing the
government to sidestep it's centralized responsibility.
Lack of enforcement, lack of will, lack of strategy, and clashing vested interests have stymied
implementation of an overall strategy to meet these waste reduction targets.

3.2 Waste Collectors in Buenos Aires

3.2.1 Who are they?

The absence of any coordinated or enforced recycling policy and critically high
unemployment rates combined to incubate a population of informal garbage scavengers,
(cartoneros) who roam the streets of Buenos Aires, picking through the trash for recyclables
to sell. A correlation exists between the number of cartoneros on the streets, the high
unemployment rates, and the prices of raw materials. They are a barometer of Argentinas
well being. It is almost impossible to imagine the Buenos Aires metropolitan urban network
without the presence of the cartoneros, but 10 years ago they were invisible; those who
planned public policies on garbage management ignored them. Nevertheless, at the beginning
of the twenty-first century they began to be regarded as one of the most important
expressions of social exclusion and unemployment as the country fell into one of the deepest
crisis of its history (Schamber 2010). In 2003 anthropologist Franciso Suarez estimated that
there were between thirty and forty thousand cartoneros working in the greater metropolitan
area of BsAs (CNN 2003).
3.2.2 How do they work?

They arrive in (in the city) in late afternoon, each armed with a trolley framing a huge,
woven plastic bag. Their numbers are unknown, but estimates range from 8,000 to 40,000.
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They get to work quickly, opening the garbage bags put out by homeowners and
shopkeepers and fishing out cardboard, plastic bottles, clothing, paper, metalanything
that can be reused or recycled. Adults and children work together all night, rushing up and
down the streets until their bags are bulging with recyclables. Then, they ride a strippeddown train, the Tren Blanco, or walk dozens of blocks back to their homes in the
shantytowns and poor neighbourhoods. They are the cartoneros. (Verge 2010).

PART IV DESIGN AREA

4.1 Introduction to Waste For Life
4.1.1 What is Waste For Life?
Waste For Life (WFL) is a loosely-joined network of scientists, engineers, educators,
architects, artists, designers, and cooperatives who work together to develop povertyreducing solutions to specific ecological problems. They use scientific knowledge and lowthreshold/high-impact technologies to add value to resources that are commonly considered
harmful or without worth, but are often the source of livelihood for societys poorest
members. WFLs twin goals are to reduce the damaging environmental impact of nonrecycled waste products and to promote self-sufficiency and economic security for at-risk
populations who depend upon waste to survive. WFL do not work for profit, nor do they
manage the projects they effectively facilitate other groups such as cooperatives of waste
pickers or cartoneros in Buenos Aires to adopt new technologies to process waste into
products , thereby making more money than selling the waste to intermediaries.
Waste for Life Argentina began in July 2007. The organisation works with cooperatives of
cartoneros, assisting them in improving the effectiveness of their collection and recycling
work, in order to generate more income. WFLs work is supported by teams from the
University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto Nacional de Tecnologa Industrial, Argentina
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Queens University in Kingston, Ontario

University of Naples, Italy
Rhode Island School of Design and Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island
Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts
Brown University
University of Western Australia in Perth

4.1.2. The WFL project in Argentina

Waste For Life currently enables communities to create products from waste plastic bags,
reinforced by fibrous material such as cloth, paper or plant fibres. This is accomplished using
a large heated press.
WFL is working with a co-operative that is using the first prototype of the Kingston
Hotpress and experimenting with different processes to make plastic composites from high
and low density waste plastic that is supplied from some of the cartonero cooperatives.
Students at the Rhode Island School of Design have been supporting WFLs work since
September 2009. They have built their own Hotpress, have been able to integrate Waste for
Life into their design curriculum, and have made impressive advances in product design,
research, and development. Learn more about their participation here:
http://risdwasteforlife.wordpress.com.
Images of RISDs design/development processes can be seen here:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/46334730@N07/.
WFL continues to build their own photo database here:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wasteforlife/.
WFL Buenos Aires has urgent needs that engineers can assist with. All projects are
scrutinised by the WFL team and good ideas will potentially be tested for transfer to the
project on the ground in Buenos Aires. Be mindful it is not large scale recycling in factories
that we are referring to, but small scale, cottage industries, run by groups of otherwise
unemployed men and women struggling to surviving. These groups own their own means of
production - in other words they do not work for WFL or any other organisation but are selfemployed. Hence all profits go directly to cartonero groups. WFL works with these groups
to assist them in improving their quality of life whilst helping to divert more of the waste
stream from landfill.
In order to understand the design needs and the context in which they are used you are
expected to read through all the material on the WFL website as well as using the
resources given below and doing your own research.

4.2 Previous projects completed by students at UWA

Composite recycling (not available this year)

WFL has to date worked only with plastic and fibrous waste to manufacture composite
materials. These are reinforced plastic products which have properties superior to the
component waste thereby effectively upcycling. In previous years, UWA students have
assisted WFL by designing products from composites and by improving the machinery
needed to do the reprocessing. This year we are asking students to consider the recycling of
other materials.

4.3 Projects available to UWA students in 2014

4.3.1 Waste plastics products

WFL would like to know what possibilities exist for the formation of plastic products from
waste plastic components (available in the waste stream of Buenos Aires) that are not
otherwise valuable within an existing market.
In Argentina for example, the cartoneros can sell waste plastic bottles as a source of recycled
material, but they cannot sell the bottle tops. Hence designing a process and thinking of a
product to manufacture from bottle tops would be a useful project (but we would like you to
select your own).
To take on this project it is necessary to research which waste plastic products are easily sold
by waste pickers and which are not. Avoiding products reaching landfill is the primary task
generating income for the cartoneros is also a significant influence on project direction
though. Once you have discovered a plastic product which does not already have a ready
market, you will need to check that it is:
a) recyclable can melt and reform into another product
b) it is not a health hazard to melt the material in a room without a fume hood (to
replicate conditions that the cartoneros work in).
Only then should you try to think of a process and product to reprocess the waste and
experiment with this using the Hotpress or compression mould, in the MILC which is a
duplicate of the press they have available in Buenos Aires, initially designed by WFL.
Try to think about a modular design such as you get in Ikea so it could be made in parts
and put together. Think also of lego and different ways of linking parts which do not need
screws etc.
You will be assessed on your choice of waste product as well as your process and final
product which will need to be carefully documented in your report with photographs and any
experimental data, as well as a prototype product to show during your presentation.
4.3.2 Plastics Recycling equipment

i) Postforming
The hotpress provided in the MILC labs is a prototype of the Kingston hotpress designed by
Darko Matovic for Waste for Life. It is designed to create composite material products from
waste these are reinforced plastic products. The plastic has to melt and flow through the
fibres and hence a lot of pressure is needed. Such pressure is not required for simple plastic
thermoforming which is what we find the cartoneros are often doing in Buenos Aires. This is
when the plastic softens (once it reaches its glass transition temperature) and behaves like
plasticine. As soon as it is cooled again it can form into a solid shape. Hence the potential is
to postform waste plastic into different shapes like cups and toys etc. The hotpress is limited
here also as it can only make flat plates.
Your challenge therefore is to create a simple alternative to the hotpress for post forming
plastics. You could think about heating with an oven or heat lamps and cold forming
(pressing after heating whilst it is still hot), or hotpressing (heat and pressure at the same
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time) but with much less pressure, and in a way that allows for a different shape of mould.
Think of ways of avoiding having to create expensive moulds you could just create the
lower part of the mould and use rubber to push the plastic into the mould on the upper side.
However, you need to research the constraints that the cartoneros are under with respect to all
design parameters such as : equipment, tools, electricity, cost, storage, ease of use, safety (fire
hazard next to waste plastic and paper), health (no fume cupboards) etc.
ii) Calendering
Another process used to create continuous sheets of plastic or laminated paper (sheets of
plastic and paper) is the calendar. This is like a large rolling pin which heats and presses into
a flat continuous sheet which may be used for cladding on houses or material to be use in
many different crafts and industries. It might be possible for example to create long sheets
which can then be cut up and sold as material to designers be used for making bags and other
consumer products. Waste for life has had quite a few enquiries about the availability of this
basic material. You would need to research how calendars work and reproduce the
functionality but at low cost and ease of manufacture with locally found materials.
For all projects you may prepare a prototype of the product (4.3.1) or the process (4.3.2). If
you are able to, locate recycled materials to build the prototype or a model built of wood or
cardboard which demonstrates the process and makes your presentation of the idea easier
but does not actually reprocess the waste. You can document this in your report and show the
model during your presentation.
All your projects with be assessed first and foremost for their appropriateness to the
environmental, social and economic context of the cartoneros so that they may be useful for
WFL to help implement. Each year WFL are sent the most promising projects and those
which are deemed viable are used to create prototype projects in Buenos Aires. You will be
doing invaluable research which would otherwise need to be funded by WFL. Instead the
funds that they raise can be used to directly implement any good ideas that you develop.
All student projects should demonstrate your skills to the levels noted on your list of learning
outcomes in the course outline document. You should include evidence of all your attempts,
including those that failed and you will be given higher marks if you show that you tried
several different ideas before coming to your final designs.
4.3.3 Contacting WfL
Direct all queries in the first instance to your Information and/or your Practical Tutor.
Do not contact WfL directly. The reasons for this are:
a) we find that many student queries can be answered by more research or by a more
thorough reading of available material, particularly the WfL website (see link in Part
VI below)
b) these are working organizations who will find it time consuming to field enquiries
(particularly if they are of the kind described above) from over 150 students.

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4.4 Submission Requirements

The Final Report Template is available under the Assessment Folder in the Course Materials
section on LMS.

PART V REFERENCES
Baillie C., Feinblatt E., Thamae T., & Berrington, E. (2010). Needs and Feasibility. A Guide
for Engineers in community Projects: The Case of Waste For Life. San Rafael:
Morgan & Claypool.
Baillie, C. & Feinblatt, E. (forthcoming). Whose project is it anyway? The case of Waste for
Life, Argentina. In T. Stewart & N. Webster (ED.), Exploring Cultural Dynamics and
Tensions within Service Learning.
Bijslama, B. & Hordyk, M. (n.d.). Open Streets but Closed Minds: Differentiated Exclusion
of Buenos Aires Cartoneros. Retrieved from: http://www.naerus.net/web/sat/workshops/2009/Rotterdam/pdf/Bijlsma_Hordijk.pdf
CEAMSE. Retrieved from
http://www.estrucplan.com/ar/Secciones/Organismos/ceamse/CEAMSE.asp
Chronopolous, T. (2006). Neoliberal reform and urban space: the Cartoneros of Buenos Aires
2001-2005. City, 10(2): 167-182. Also available from
http://themis.slass.org/images/cartoneros/chronopoulos-cartoneros-article.pdf
CNN. (2003). Accommodating an Army of Garbage Pickers, March 26. Retrieved on
January 26 2011 from
http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/03/26/argentina.train.reut/
Eppelin, C. (2007). New Media, Cardboard, and Community in Contemporary Buenos Aires.
Hispanic Review, 75(4): 385-398.
Gasparini, L., (2004). Poverty and Inequality in Argentina: Methodological Issues and a
Literature Review. Retrieved on 22 July 2011from
http://www.depeco.econo.unlp.edu.ar/cedlas/monitoreo/pdfs/review_argentina.pdf
Hardoy, J. & Almansi, F. (2011). Assessing the Scale and Nature of Urban Poverty in Buenos
Aires. International Institute for Environment & Development (IIED), Human
Settlements Working Paper Series. London: IIED. Retrieved from:
http://pubs.iied.org/10591IIED.html
Jensen, D. & McBay, A. (2009). What We Leave Behind. New York: Seven Storied Press.
Lewis, D. K. (2003). The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
Novick, P. (1998). The management of urban services in the city of Buenos Aires,
Environment & Urbanization, 10(2), 209-222.
Nataraj, G. & Sahoo, P. (2003). Argentinas Crisis: Causes and Consequences. Economic &
Political Weekly, 38(17), 1641-1644.
Schamber, P. (2010). A historical and structural approach to the cartonero phenomenon in
Buenos Aires: continuity and new opportunities in waste management and the
recycling industry. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 2(1-2),
6-23.
Verge. (2010). The Other Nightlife in Buenos Aires: The Story of Argentina's Cartoneros.
Whitson, R. (2011). Negotiating Place and Value: Geographies of Waste and Scavenging in
Buenos Aires. Antipode, 43(4): 14041433.

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PART VI USEFUL RESOURCES

5.1 Websites
http://wasteforlife.org/

5.2 Articles and other sources on the web

Argentinean economic crisis: An article that looks at neoliberalism as the cause of the
economic crisis
http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/372.cfm
A useful summary of the rise of the cartoneros.
http://www.magicalurbanism.com/?p=149
A film made by Professor Ernesto Livon-Grosman out of Boston College.
http://www.cartonerosdoc.com/Cartoneros.html
A useful quick guide to Argentina (facts and figures)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1192478.stm
Problems of measuring poverty in Argentina
http://www.depeco.econo.unlp.edu.ar/cedlas/monitoreo/pdfs/review_argentina.pdf

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