ASELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHYFOR

A E R I A L PHOTOGRAPH
INTERPRETATION
OF NATURAL AND CULTURALFEATURES

LANDMANAGEMENTSERlES
REPORT
NO.

S . Hope

Research Division
B.C. f o r e s tS e r v i c e

1976

T A B L E O F CONTENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND PROCEEDINGS

GENERAL REE'ERENCE MATERIAL

INTERPRETATION OF NAT&WL FEATURES

GEOLOGY,
QEOMORPHOLOGY
AND
PEDOLOGY

I.
II.

III

HYDROLOGY

14

VEGETATION

16

SPECIFICAPPLICATIONS

I.
II.

FROM NATURRL FEATURES

18

ENGINEER1 NG

18

RECREATION

19

I 1 I. W I L D L I F E

INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL FEATURES

21

22

INTRODUCTION
The i n c r e a s e d demand f o ri n f o r m a t i o n

on t e r r a i n f e a t u r e s t o

p r o v i d e a framewotk f o r management p r a c t i c e s has r e s u l t e d i n

a growing

i n t e r e s tw i t h i nv a r i o u sr e s o u r c ea g e n c i e st oo b t a i ni n s t r u c t i v e
m a t e r i a l on a e r i a p
l h o t o g r a p hi n t e r p r e t a t i o n .T h i sb i b l i o g r a p h y

was

d e s i g n e d ,t h e r e f o r e ,t os u p p l e m e n tt h ep u b l i c a t i o ne n t i t l e d" I n t e r p r e t a t i o n

N. Keser, B.C.

o f L a n d f o r m sf r o mA e r i a lP h o t o g r a p h s ' b
' y

F o r e s tS e r v i c e

and t oa s s i s tn o v i c ei n t e r p r e t e r si nf i n d i n gs u i t a b l eb a c k g r o u n dm a t e r i a l .
The s e l e c t i o n o f a r t i c l e s
d e s c r i b e ds p e c i f i cf e a t u r e s
p u b l i c a t i o n so f

on b l a c k and whitephotographs;however,

hasbeenconsideredand

allarticles

b r i e f l ya n n o t a t e d .
The guidance o f t h e l a t e

as w e l l as t h ea s s i s t a n c eo f

Dr. N. Keser i s g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged

Mr. T. Clements.Thanksmust

t o t h o s e who s u g g e s t e dm a t e r i a lf o ri n c l u s i o n .

sore

a m o r eg e n e r a n
l a t u r eh a v ea l s ob e e ni n c l u d e d .O n l ym a t e r i a l

w h i c h was r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e v i e w
havebeen

was l i m i t e d p r i m a r i l y t o t h o s e w h i c h

a l s o beexpressed

BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND PROCEEDINGS

Canadian I n s t i t u t e o f S u r v e y i n g . 1968. 2ndseminar
o f a i rp h o t o
i n t e r p r e t a t i o ni nt h ed e v e l o p m e n t
o f Canada.
Proceedings.
Queen's P r i n t e r ,O t t a w a .
214 pp.

" f i e a c c e n t of t h i s symposiwn i s on photointerpretation as it r e l a t e s t o t h e

u t i l i z d t i o n of land resources and on the
education f o r present and future photointerpreters. "

Fezer, F.

1971.

P h o t ion t e r p r e t a t i o a
n p p l i e tdg
oe o m o r p h o l o g y ;
a review.
Photogrammetria.
27(1)
:7-53.

Se Zected papers of geomorphological interpretation

arearrangedaccording
t o t h e landformtype.

Kruckman, L . 1972.The
t e c h n i q u e sa n da p p l i c a t i o n
of a e r i a l
p h o t o g r a p h yt oa n t h r o p o l o g y ;
a b i b 1i o g r a p h y .C o u n c i 1
o f P l a n n i n gL i b r a r i a n sE x c h a n g eB i b l i o g r a p h y
No. 339.
M o n t e c e l l o , I l l . 25 pp.

A world-wide s e l e c t i o n of both older and

more recentZiterature;

the recognition

some papersemphasize

of t e r r a i n f e a t u r e s .

Krumpe, P.F. 1972.

Remote s e n s i n g o f t e r r e s t r i a lv e g e t a t i o n :
a
c o m p r e h e n s i v eb i b l i o g r a p h y .U n i v e r s i t y
o f Tennessee,
K n o x v i l l e , Tenn. 69 pp.

The bibliography deals with remote sensing

app l i c a t i o n s i n forestry, agricuZ ture, p l a n t
ecology, and a l l i e d f i e l d s . A t t e n t i o n i s

given t o material published a f t e r 1955.

Philpotts,

L. and A.R.

Hack.
1972.
B i b l i o g r a p h y on a p p l i c a t i o no f
r e m o t es e n s i n ga n da e r i a lp h o t o g r a p h yt oa g r i c u l t u r a l
c r o p s ,s o i rl e s o u r c e sa n dl a n d - u s e .
Canada Department of
A g r i c u l t u r e ,O t t a w a .
69 pp.

Although t h i s b i b Ziography emphasizes the

use of aeriaZ photographic imagery
in
agricul tural regions, crops, and soi2
resources,otherareas
of use have a l s o
beenincluded. Updated versionsare
avai Zab Ze.

S t e i n e r , D . 1 9 7 0 .A n n o t a t e db i b l i o g r a p h yo fb i b l i o g r a p h i e so n
p h o t o - i n t e r p r e t a t i o n andremotesensing.Photogrammetria

2 6 ( 4 ) : 143-161.

"The b i b Ziography contains references to

as well as t o manuaZs
and books withcomprehensive l i s t s of
l i t e r a t u r e , deaZing u i t h a21 aspects of
photo interpretation and remote sensing. If
actual bibZiographies

U.N.E.S.C.O.

1968. A e r i asl u r v e y sa n di n t e g r a t e ds t u d i e sp; r o c e e d i n g s

o f t h eT o u l o u s ec o n f e r e n c e .N a t u r a lR e s o u r c e sR e s e a r c h
S e r i e s No. 6. P a r i s . 575 pp.

"!The papers presented at the conference deaZt

both with methods of m s u r i n g t h e b e s t use o f
aerial photographs i n the study o f geology,
vegetation,hydrology,ecology,
geomorphology,
soiZs, etc.,
and with the application of those
methods t o integrated surveys carried out
all
overtheworld
.
. II

..

GENERAL REFERENCE MATERIAL

AmericanSocietyofPhotogrammetry.
1960. Manual o fp h o t o g r a p h i c
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . G. B a n t aP u b l i s h i n g Co., Washington. 868 pp.

Individual chapters are devoted to different

applications as weZL as to the fundamentals
o f aeriaZ photograph interpretation and keys
for identification.

A v e r y , T . E.

1968. i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a e r i apl h o t o g r a p h s .
2nd.
E d i t i o n .B u r g e s sP u b l i s h i n g
Co., M i n n e a p o l i s .
324 pp.

The topics of

photogrammetry,geometry

of

photos and measurements, and s o u r c e s o f a e e a l

photographsarediscussed.

Mapping, remote

sensing,identification

of agricultural and

Zmd-use patterns and forestzy applications

areaZsodescribed.

Branch, M.C.

1971. C i t yp l a n n i n ga n da e r i ailn f o r m a t i o nH. a r v a r d

UniversityPress,Cambridge,
Mass. 277pp.

Genera2 information on aerial photography i s

presented as we1 l as b r i e f coverage of feature
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . An extensivebibliography is
provided.

F r o s t , R.E.

1953. F a c t o r sl i m i t i n gt h e
use o fa e r i a lp h o t o g r a p h sf o r
a n a l y s i s of s o i l and t e r r a i n .P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
19(3) :427-436.

The Zirniting factors havebeengrouped

majorcategories:photographic,

into six

human, natural,

method, time, and use of suppZementary information.

O'Nei 1 1 , H.T. 1953.

Keys f o ri n t e r p r e t i n gv e g e t a t i o nf r o ma i rp h o t o g r a p h s .
Photogrammetric; Engineering. 19(3) :422-424.

The function of aeriaZ photographic keys

and t h e

standards of referenee for keys are described.

Seymour, T.D. 1957. The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f u n i d e n t i f i e di n f o r m a t i o n .

A b a s i cc o n c e p t .P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
2 3 ( l ): l l 5 - l 2 l .

Procedures f o r t h e o b j e c t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f
featuresaregiven.

S p u r r , S.H.

1 9 6 0P
. h o t o g r a m m e t r ya n dp h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o n w
, ith
a
s e c t i o n on a p p l i c a t i o n s t o f o r e s t r y . 2nd e d i t i o n o f a e r i a l
p h o t o g r a p h si nf o r e s t r y .R o n a l dP r e s s
Co., New York. 472 pp.

The book presents types of aerial photographs,

photogranonetry, mapping, and photo interpretation
of geology, soi Zs, vegetation, andhuman a c t i v i t i e s .

Aerialphotographanalysistechniques,topics

for

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ctnd the use of aerial photograph

interpretation keys are discussed.

S t r a n d b e r g , C.H. 1967. A e r i a ld i s c o v e r ym a n u a l .
New York.249pp.

J. W
i l e y andSons,

Background ivformation and a description of

techniques precedes information presented
on
photogeology and photohydrology.

Inc.,

Wanless, H.R. 1965.

A e r i asl t e r e o - p h o t o g r a p h fsosr t e r e o s c o p ve i e w i n g
i ng e o l o g yg, e o g r a p h yc, o n s e r v a t i o n
and f o r e s t r yH
. ubbard
S c i e n t i f i c Co. N o r t h b r o o k , 1 1 1 . 92pp.

"The c o l l e c t i o n of stereo-aerYia1photographs
has been selected to provide
a p o r t f o l i o f o r the
study of landforms,rockstructure,vegetation,
soils, and conservation, as well as
many cultural
features. Each picture is accompanied by a
description of the region and the prominent
featuxes are keyed to the index
g r i d system. ' I

INTERPRETATION OF NATURAL FEATURES

I.

GEOLOGY,
GEOMORPHOLOGY

AND PEDOLOGY

Allum, J.A.E.
1962. P h o t o g e o l o g i c a li n t e rr e t a t i o no fr e g i o n a l
p h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
28)(3) :418-438.

"!Z'he process of photogeological interpretation

i s considered and the use of photogeological
'keys ' deprecated. Emphasis i s l a i d on the
importance o f developing a legend specificaZZy
adapted to photogeological work.
Several stereopairs o f aeriai!photographsare
discussed w i t h special reference t o t h a t
geoZogical information which can be obtained
r e l i a b l y , and in some cases only, from the
photographs.

........................
Eight principles of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n ( n o t a l l
o f them original), developed from t h e
discussion, a r e s t a t e d e x p l i c i t Zy I'

metamorphism.

Structural and lithological interpretation,

map compilation, and the use of aerial photographs
i n t h e f i e l d axe described.

B u r g e r , D.

1957. I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f f o r e s ts o i l s
F o r e s t r yC h r o n i c l e .
3 3 ( 1 ) :54-60.

"Threemajor

on a e r i apl h o t o g r a p h s .

components of the stereoscopic

image, namely r e l i e f , v e g e t a t i o n and landuse,

areused t o i d e n t i f y f o r e s t s o i l s i n terms of
parent materia2 (texture and mineraZogica2
composition),moistureregime,
and A p t h t o
bedrock.

Burgess, L.C. 1967. A i r p h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o n

as
an
s u s c e p t i b i 1 i t yd e t e r m i n a t i o n .D e p a r t m e n t
MinesandResources,Ottawa.
16 pp.

rl

. . .
mustbe

a i di nf l o o d
o f Energy,

d i r e c t and indirect evidence of past flooding

i n order to assign a
a s u s c e p t i b i l i t yc l a s s .
AZZ

carefully analyzed

s p e e i f i ca r e at o

f a c t o r s must be considered since few indicators

will b e s u f f i c i e n t i n t h e m s e l v e s . 'I
The meteroloqic,physiographic,
geomorphic,
topographic,pedologic and soeio-economic
indicators of flooding are discussed.

Dishaw, H.E.

1967.

Massive
l a n d s l i d e sP. h o t o g r a m m e t r i E
c ngineering.

33(6) :603-608.
"The location of thesemassivelandslidescan
u s u d l y be delineated

and broad engineering

properties of the materials canbe predicted.

Engineers and geo Zogists investigating
construction sites should k n m the location,
s i z e and significance of these massive earth
movements. 'I

Evans, R.

1972. Air p h o t o g r a p h sf o rs o i sl u r v e yi nl o w l a n dE n g l a n d :
Soi 1 patterns.PhotogrammetricRecord.7(39):302-322.

"Eight soil. patterns are described which

were
v i s i b l e on a i r photographs and which proved
useful when mapping s o i l s . They are o f too types;
those assoeiated with former estuarine
and coastal
marshes and those formedduring the Zast Ice Age.
Some patterns are best recorded during spring
when the ground i s bare of crops but others
only as

show

crop patterns during summer."

F l e t c h e r , R.J. 1964. The

use
of a e r i a p
l hotographs
f o r e n g i n e e r i n gs o i l
r e c w n a i s s a n c e i n A r c t i c Canada. P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
30(2) :210-219.

"Soil and vegetation features that indicate

unstable soil and detrimental permafrost, as
we2l a s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of rock type, are
s m m i z e d and i l l u s t r a t e d on aerial photographs.
The engineering quality and photographic
recognition of a v a r i e t y of Arctic landforms
is treated in detail."

Gimbarzevsky, P. 1964. The s i g n i f i c a n c eo fl a n d f o r m si nt h ee v a l u a t i o n

o ff o r e s tl a n d .P u l p
andPaperMagazineof
Canada.
WoodlandsReview.
6 4 ( 7 ) :302-317.

The paperconsidersphotographicanalysis
o f landconditions and the establishment

of

productivityclasses. The productive

capaeiQ of d i f f e r e n t iandforms i s analyzed.

1966. L a n idn v e n t o r iyn t e r p r e t a t i o nP. h o t o g r a m m e t r i c

E n g i n e e r i n g3. 2 ( 6 )
:967-976.

"The recognition of landforms

and s u r f i c i a l

deposits on aerial photographs may beused

q u i t e s u c c e s s f u l l y f o r mapping and evaluation
I t i s based on stereoscopic
of land resources.
analysis of the surface patterns recognized
on
aerialphotographs:landforms,drainage,erosioz,
vegetation,landuse
and photo-tone. The Zand's
productive capacity within a broad climatic
region i s determined from consideration of
Zoea1 topography,sZope,aspect,origin
of
parentmaterial,soiltexture,depth
bo
bedrock and moisture regime. 'I

Gravenor, C.P.,
R. Green,
and
J.D. Godfrey. 1960. Air p h o t o g r a p h s
o fA l b e r t a .P r o v i n c eo fA l b e r t a .R e s e a r c hC o u n c i lo fA l b e r t a .
Q u e e n ' sP r i n t e r ,
Edmonton. 39 pp.

The majorlandforms and structural features of

Alberta are described by
means of aerial photographs.

IO

Hemphi 1 1 , W. R . 1958. Smzl 1 - s c a l ep h o t o g r a p h si np h o t o g e o l o g i ci n t e r p r e t a t

p h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
2 4 ( 4 ) :562-567.

SmaZZ-scale photographs (1:50,000-scale o r smaller)

areadvantageous in photogeologic interpretation
becausethey shotl a comparativelylargeareathat
can be viewed stereoscopically.

..........................

I l l u s t r a t i o n s i n c l u d e b o t h smal l-scale and Zarge-scale

photographs f o r comparison, showing wide Zy d i f f e r i n g
geologic and terrain conditions.

K e l l e r h a l s , R., M. Church
and
D.I. Bray. 1975. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and
a n a l y s i so fr i v e rp r o c e s s e sf r o ma i rp h o t o sa n d
maps.
P r e s e n t e da tt h eH y d r a u l i cE n g i n e e r i n gf o rO p t i m a l
Use o f
W a t e rR e s o u r c e s ,A m e r i c a nS o c i e t yo fC i v i lE n g i n e e r s
C o n f e r e n c eU
. niversity
o f W a s h i n g t o nS, e a t t l e .
37 p p .

A system of r i v e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d ,

somewhat modified from previous ones, to take

account o f the graduaZ t r a n s i t i o n between
cZassica1types. The engineeringsignificance
of v a r i o u s r i v e r f e a t u r e s i s emphasized. I

Lattman, L.H. 1958. Technique of m a p p i n gg e o l o g i cf r a c t u r et r a c e s

a n dl i n e a m e n t so na e r i apl h o t o g r a p h sP
. hotogrammetric
E n g i n e e r i n g . 2 4 ( 4 ) :568-576.

Aerial photographic evidence indicative

of

fractures i s presented and various mapping

techniquesaredescribed.

and

R.G. Ray. 1965.

Holtl, RinehartandWinsTon,

A e r i a pl h o t o g r a p h si nf i e l dg e o l o g y .
New York. 221 pp.

The t e x t is d i v i d e d into chapters devoted

to

a genera2 discussion of peKal photographs, t o

t h e i r geometry and viewing, and e s p e c i a l l y t o
procedures f o r t h e i r e f f e c t i v e use in t h e f i e l d .

ion

11

Lueder, D . R . 1959. A e r i apl h o t o g r a p h i ci n t e r p r e t a t i o nP

. rinciples
a n da p p l i c a t i o n s M
. cGraw-Hill
Book
Co.
I n c . , 462 pp.

f!

. .

t h e book coversthe

fundamerMals of aeriaZ

..

photographictheory and technique, .

suxveys and discusses the various landforms
and rocktypes
. . andshows p r a c t i c a l

uses and applications of photo interpretation

i n a w i d e variety of engineering and s c i e n t i f i c
f i e I d s".

M i l l e r , V . C . and C.F. M i l l e r . 1961.

Photogeology. McGraw Hill
Book Co. I n c . , New York.248pp.

The book presents the basic principles

of a e r i a l
photography and stereoscopy, as well as t h e
p r i n c i p l e s of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

Mollard,

J.D. 1960.

A i r p h o t oa n a l y s i sa n di n t e r p r e t a t i o n .
A
l a b o r a t o r y manual o fs e l e c t e da i rp h o t o ss h o w i n gl a n d f o r m s
and s o i cl o n d i t i o n si nW e s t e r n
Canada.
P r e p a r e df o rt h e
s h o r t 1960 c o u r s e .U n i v e r s i t yo fA l b e r t a .
Regi.na, S a s k . 80 pp.

A wide v a r i e t y of landforms are iZlustrated

o f aeriaZ photographs

bymeans

and &taiZed captions.

1972. Air p h o t o
interpretation
m a n u a lL. a n d f o r m s
and
landscapesof
Canada. A s t e r e o s c o p i c a l l yi l l u s t r a t e dg u i d e
t op h o t oi d e n t i f i c a t i o n
and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , 2nd e d i t i o n .
Regina, Sask.
360 pp.

Themanual contains stereograms ilzzdstrating

a
wide cross-section of Canadian Zandscapes, shown a t
varying photogrpphic scales,

and summarizep aerial

photographic patterns f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

12
M o l l a r dJ, . D .
1973. Air p h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f f l u v i a lf e a t u r e s .
Subcommittee on H y d r o l o g y ,A s s o c i a t eC o m n i t t e e
on Geodesy
andGeophysics.NationalResearchCouncilof
Canada,
FluviaP
l r o c e s s e sa n dS e d i m e n t a t i o n .H y d r o l o g y
Symposium
No. 9 . U n i v e r s i t yo fA l b e r t a ,
Edmonton, May 8-9, 1973.
P r o c e e d i n g s .I n l a n dW a t e r sD i r e c t o r a t e ,
Canada Department
o ft h eE n v i r o n m e n t .
pp341-380.

"This paper discusses the

approach and techniques

used by the photo interpreter studying

river

- whatmightbetermed
morphology. ' Emphasis i s placed

patterns and features

'riverscape
on the airphoto-distinguishing features of

d i f f e r e n t r i v e r channel and floodplain patterns

them. If
and on the variables influencing

1974. L a n d f o r m sa n ds u r f a c em a t e r i a l s
A s t e r e o s c o p i ca i r p h o t oa t l a sa n dg l o s s a r y .
t e r r a i na n a l y s i sf o re n g i n e e r i n g ,g e o l o g i c a la n d
e n v i r o n m e n t asl t u d i e s3, r de d i t i o nR
. egina,
410 pp.

chaptersaredevoted
theformat

o f Canada.
A guide to

Sask.

to different Zandfoms;

i s similar t o t h e 2nd e d i t i o n ( 2 9 7 2 ) .

Muskeg Subcommittee o f t h e N.R.C.

AssociateCommitteeonGeotechnica!
Research. 1968. A i r p h o t o
interpretation
of
muskeg.
Muskeg
E n g i n e e r i n g Handbook, U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t oP r e s s ,T o r o n t o .
PP 53-77.

Aerial patterns of muskeg cover are p r o v i h d and

prediction smmaries for engineering purposes axe described.

Powers, W . E . and C.F. Kohn. 1959. A e r i a lp h o t o - i n t e r p r e t a t i o no f

l a n d f o r m sa n dr u r a lc u l t u r a lf e a t u r e si ng l a c i a t e da n d
c o a s t a rl e g i o n s .N o r t h w e s t e r nU n i v e r s i t y .E v a n s t o n ,

The monograph presents "aerial photographic

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f principal landform types
developed by continental glaciation, shore line
features associated with glacial landforms,
and
Zandforms i n a d r y grasslandmarginal t o
glaciated plains."

I1 1 .

1 1 1 pp.

Keys f o r the aeriaZ photographic identification

of selected farm crops, rural settlement features,
and seaside resorts are given.
A geographic method of aeriaZ photographic
iden tif i c a t i o n i s o uZine
t d.

Ray, R.G.

1960. A e r i a p
l h o t o g r a p h si ng e o l o g i ci n t e r p r e t a t i o n
and
mapping.
U n i t e dS t a t e s
Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , Washington. 230 pp.

a description of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
f a c t o r s , l i t h o Zogic and structural. information,
appZications, types of instruments, and a e r i a l
photographmeasurements.
The paper contains

T a t o r , B.A.

1958. The a e r i a pl h o t o g r a p h
and appliedgeomorphology.
P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .2 4 ( 4 )
:549-561.

"The c h i e f o b j e c t i v e of photo-interpretation
i n geoZogy i s t o determine by u t i l i z i n g t h e
medium o f t h e a i r photograph, geoZogica1
features of the earth ' s surface through their
geomorphological expressions.

U.S.

It

Soi 1 C o n s e r v a t i o nS e r v i c e .
1966. A e r i a lp h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o n
i nc l a s s i f y i c g andmapping
s o i l .U n i t e dS t a t e sD e p a r t m e n t
o fA g r i c u l t u r e .U n i t e dS t a t e sP r i n t i n gO f f i c eW a s h i n g t o n .

"The highly technical aqpects

of photogranmetric

. .

,
engineering have been@voided
SeveraZ i l Z u s t r a t i o n s show how keys for correZating
photographic images and kinds of soiZ can be

prepared and used i n t h e f i e l d . l1

Aerial photograph patterns and examples of s p e c i f i c
sdils in the United States
arediscussed.

80 pp.

14

The book presents the morphological eqression

of rock types, as w c l 2 as an analysis of
structure and l a n d f o r m s .

Way, D.C.

1973.

T e r r a i na n a l y s i s .
A g u i d e t o s i t es e l e c t i o nu s i n g
Community Development
a e r i a lp h o t o g r a p h i ci n t e r p r e t a t i o n .
S e r i e s , Dowden, Hutchinsonand
Ross I n c . S
, troudburg,
P.A. 392 pp.

"The majoremphasis of t h i s volume i s on u t i l i z i n g

aerial photographic analysis as
a technique f o r
t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of landforms. It

I I.

HYDROLOGY

Howe, R.H.L. 1958. Procedures of a p p l y i n ga i rp h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o ni n

t h el o c a t i o no fg r o u n dw a t e r .P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
2 4 ( 1 ) :35-49.

"The technique o f a i r p h o t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n has

been used and t e s t e d i n t h e l o c a t i o n of ground
waterbearingformations.
A procedure f o r t h e
appZication of this technique has been developed
and improved. ' I

1960.

The a p p l i c a t i o n o f a e r l a lp h o t o g r a p h i ci n t e r p r e t a t i o n
o f h y d r o l o g i cp r o b l e m s .P h o t o g r a m m e t r i c
E n g i n e e r i n g . 2 6 ( 1 ) :85-95.

to t h ei n v e s t i g a t i o n

"Aerial photographic interpretation has been

found t o beusefuZ i n t h e i n v s s t i g a t i o n of

surface water problems, including: (1) the

preparation of drainage mape, (2) the study o f
suxfacedrainagepatterns,
( 3 ) theevuZuation
o f a watershed, ( 4 ) the study o f a stream
channeZ c o n d i t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o g e o l o g y ,

and ( 5 ) the preparation o f a hydrologic mode 2.

Aerial photographic interpretation also has

been applied t o t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f
ground
I!
waterconditions.

...

M o l l a r d , J.D. 1967. The r o l eo fp h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o ni nf i n d i n g

g r o u n d w a t e rs o u r c e si nW e s t e r n
Canada. Proceedings o f t h e
2ndSeminaron
Air P h o t oI n t e r p r e t a t i o ni nD e v e l o p m e n t
of
Canada. Canadian I n s t i t u t eo fS u r v e y i n g ,O t t a w a ,p p
57-75.

"Information discussed

i n t h i s paper i s l i m i t e d t o

the roZe of air photo-interpretation

i n the quest
f o r c o m e r c i a l gToundwater supplies.
The approach t o ground water search, factors
a f f e c t i n g ground water movement m d d e t e c t i o n
of springs are described.

P a r v i s , M.

1950.
D r a i n a g ep a t t e r ns i g n i f i c a n c ei na i r p h o t oi d e n t i f i c a t i o n
o f s o i l s a n db e d r o c k s P
. h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
16(3) :387-402.

"This paper reports the anaZyses of drainage

patterns for their

use i n t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

of r e g i o n a l s o i l s and bedrocks, by
airphotos.

means o f

.......................
Drainage patterns, traced directZy

from

representative airphotos of various

physiographicregionsthroughoutthe
United States, are presented as illustrations
of patterns which develop i n t h e s o i Is and
bedrocks typical

o f the regions.

16

S t r a n d b e r g , C.H. 1966. Water q u a l i tay n a l y s i sP. h o t o g r a m m e t r i c

Engineering.32(2):234-248.

Many types of pollutants and other significant

water quality conditions may be indicated by
d i s t i n c t i v e s i g n a t u r e s on aerial photos.
Some of theterminologywhich
i s used i n
water quality ana l y s i s i s defined, some of
the required supporting ground truth data i s
l i s t e d , and a g e n d e s t o whom observationsshould
be reported are Listed.

I I I . VEGETATION
Hegg, K . M .

1966. A p h o t oi d e n t i f i c a t i o ng u i d ef o rt h el a n d
types o f i n t e r i o rA l a s k a .U n i t e dS t a t e sF o r e s tS e r v i c e
N o r t h e r nF o r e s tE x p e r i m e n tS t a t i o n ,A l a s k a .N o r - 3 .
55 PP.
The paper describes

and f o r e s t

A dichotomous e Zimination

key, supported by ground and a i r stereograms,

leading t o t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of theland and
f o r e s tt y p e s of interiorAlaska
. II

...

Howard,
J.A.
1970.

Aerialphoto-ecology.FaberandFaber,London.

The factors influencing

a e ~ a photography,
l
the

eZements o f p h o t o g r m e t r y , and integrated

interpetation are discussed.

Olson, D.P.

1964. The use o f a e r i a lp h o t o g r a p h si ns t u d i e so fm a r s h

v e g e t a t i o n .O r o n oA g r i c u l t u r a lE x p e r i m e n tS t a t i o n .T e c h n i c a l
S e r i e sB u l l e t i n
13, Maine.62pp.

The paperconsiders

film s e l e c t i o n , accuracy of

interpretation, and keys for marsh vegetation

identi fication.

325 pp.

17

Rinfret,

R. 1964.
F o r e s ts i t ec l a s s i f i c a t i o ni nr e l a t i o nt op h o t o
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n andloggingcruises.PulpandPaperMagazine
o f Canada. WoodlandsReview.65(10):410-418.

This paper outlines the application of

a method
o f f o r e s t s i t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and the use of a e f i a l
photo interpretation in relation to this classification.

S a y n - W i t t g e n s t e i n , L . 1961. R e c o g n i t i o n of t r e es p e c i e so na i rp h o t o g r a p h s
b yc r o w nc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
2 7 ( 5 ) : 792-809.

"The characteristics of tree form important

species recognition

in

on a i r photographs are

discussed, and b r i e f r e f e r e n c e s

made t o t h e

vaZue of phenotogy and ecotagy i n s p e c i e s

identification. Descriptions are given

of the
appearance of over 20 tree species on a i r
photographs,alongwitheliminationkeys
for
t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of these species. If

Tomlinson, R.F. and W . G . E . Brown.

1962.
The
use
o fv e g e t a t i o na n a l y s i s
i nt h ep h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o n
o f s u r f a c em a t e r i a l .P h o t o g r a m m e t r i c
Eng i nee r ing. 28(4) :584-592.

If

...

the retationships between natural

vegetation and surface materials observed

during photo interpretation over
a period
ofyearsarepresented.

For varioustypes

i n each of severat
major climatic zones, indicator species,
and indicator associations of species are
advunced. I t is proposedthatthereqaqnition
o f t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p can be used as a vaZuab l e
criterion in photo interpre4ation of surface
material.
of surface material,

18
I

Z s i l i n s z k y , V.G. 1963.
- ' h o t o g r a p h i ci n t e r p r e t a t i o n
of t r e es p e c i e s
i nO n t a r i o D
. e p a r t m e no
tL
f a n d sa n dF o r e s t s T
. oronto,
O n t a r i o . 80 pp.

The iden.tification of the principal deciduous

and cuniferous tree species of Ontario
is
demonstrated using double-weight glossy prints.

SPECIFICAPPLICATIONS

FROM NATURAL FEATURES

I. ENGINEERING
L i a n g , T. and
D.J.
Belcher.
1958. A i r p h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o n .L a n d s l i d e s
andEngineeringPractice.CommitteeonLands
l i d el n v e s t i g a t ~ o n s
HighwayResearchBoardSpecialReport
29. Washington.
PP 69-92.

!This c h q t e r c o n s i d e r s t h e p r i n c i p l e s

of air

photointerpretation,theinterpretation
of
landslides and the procedure f o r d e t e c t i n g
evidence of lands Zides.

Mathur, 6. Sen., and J.F. G a r t n e r . 1968.

P r i n c i p l e s o f p h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o n
i n h i g h w a ye n g i n e e r i n gp r a c t i c e .O n t a r i oD e p a r t m e n to fH i g h w a y s .
236 pp.

Consideration i s given to the

elemerrts of

as
applied to hightclay engineeAng, basic geological
concepts,variousinterpretationtechniques
and
engheering soils applications.

photogranmetry,airphotointerpretation

M i l e s , R.D.

1962. A copcept o f l a n d f o r m s ,p a r e n tm a t e r i a l sa n ds o i
1s
i na ir p h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o ns t u d i e sf o re n g i n e e r i n gp u r p o s e s .
T r a n s a c t i o n so ft h e
Symposiumon
P h o t oI n t e r p r e t a t i o n ,D e l f t .
A r c h i v e sI n t e r n a t i o n a l e s
de Photogrammetrie. 1 4 : 462-476.

rrIti s t h e purpose of t h i s paper t o e x p l a i n

a concept of Zand forms, parent materials,

and evdgineer-ing s o i l group c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
using the technique
of airphoto interpretation.
The concept i s an integrated approachcombining
information gathered from the sciences of
geomorphology,pedology, and s o i l mechanics.

W a e l t i , H.

1970.

F o r e srto a dp l a n n i n gP. h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .

34 ( 3 ) :246-252.
"A systematic approach i s t a k e n t o t h e i n t e r -

pretation of principal factors, nameZy topography,

s o i l t y p e and drainageregime,which
in their
combined effect determine the location
and cost
o f a road.Airphotointerpretationpermits

one

t o scanlargeareas
in a short time, and t o
identify critical localities early in the
investigation,allowing one toconcentrate
field checks to these areas. I'

I I

. RECREATION

D i 1 1 , H.W.

1963. A i r p h o t oa n a l y s i si n ,o u t d o o rr e c r e a t i o n :S i t ei n v e n t o r y
a n dp l a n n i n g .P h o t o g r a m n e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g2 9 ( l ) :
67-70.

"Depending on t h e probZem situation, airphoto

analysis can beused i n t h r e e d i f f e r e n t approaches;
t o make estimates of the overalZ site potential
for
a largearea,toidentify
and Zocate ' p o s s i b l e '
s i t e s , and t o make detaiZed studies of individwzi!
sites to assist in finai! site selection, technical
planning and finai! presentation.

I'

20

L i n d s a y , J. 1969. L o c a t i n gp o t e n t i aol u t d o o r e c r e a t i o na r e a sf r o m
a e r i ap
l h o t o g r a p h s .J o u r n a l
of F o r e s t r y . 6 7 ( 1 ) : 3 3 - 3 5 .

"This study correlated standard photo interpretive

techniques with seven criteria f o r i d e n t i f y i n g
recreationland of highpotential.
They were
populationcenterfactors,landuse,water
values,roadsystems,vegetation,aesthetic
value, and uniquefeatures.
A l l butthelast
tu0
were consistently usefuZ f o r recreation potential
prediction. ' I

MacConnell, P., and P. S t o l l . 1969. E v a l u a t i n gr e c r e a t i o n arl e s o u r c e s

of t h eC o n n e c t i c uR
t i v e rP
. h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
35 (7) :686-692.

lrAerial photogrammetric techniques were &ve Zoped

and t e s t e d for i d e n t i f y i n g and c l a s s i f y i n g r i v e r based recreation sites.
A classification system
was designed to describe the nature of the land
i t s e l f , t h e land use, or thevegetation on the
landscape.

Olson, E., L.W. Tombaugh, and H.C. D a v i s . 1969. I n v e n t o r y o f r e c r e a t i o n

s i t e s .P h o t o g r a m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
35(6):561-568.

"The usefulness o f e=cisting USDA a e r i a l

photography i n t h e i n v e n t o r y of p o t e n t i a l
outdoorrecreationsites
was determined
during the study, pd-bsntial recreation

...

w d oorreotly identified
s i t e s could be located
w i t h s u f f i c i e n t accuracy t o make coordinated
air-photo/groun.d inventory vethods more
ecanomicaZ than ground methodsalone.Three
majortypes

of error in the air-photo

i d e n t i f i e d . It

work are

21

t II.

WILDLIFE

Heyland,J.D.

1972.
Verticaa
l eriap
l hotography
as an a i di nw i l d l i f e
p o p u l a t i o ns t u d i e s .P r o c e e d i n g so ft h eC a n a d i a n
Symposiumon
Remote S e n s i n g C
. a n a d i a nC e n t r ef o r
Remote Sensing,Department
o f Energy,MinesandResources,Ottawa.pp121-136.

"The advantages and disadvantages of visual censuses of

wildlifepopulationsarediscussed
. . Experimental
vertical photography has shown that severaZ species
o f waterfowl, some terrestriaZ ungulates, naruhal,
and beluga could probably be accurately censused
using this technique. ''

1974. Aspects of t h eb i o l o g y of B e l u g a ( D e l p h i n a p t e r u s
l e u c a sP a l a s )i n t e r p r e t e df r o ma e r i a lp h o t o g r a p h s .P r o c e e d i n g s
o f t h e 2ndCanadianSymposium
on Remote Sensing,Guelph.
DepartmentofEnergyMinesandResources,Ottawa.
pp 373-390-

t'Panchrornatic and colour vertical aerial photographs

08 beZuga may be successfulZy interpreted to provide

precise data on several aspects of the biology of
beluga.Techniquesrelativetotheacquisition
and
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of imagery of white whales i n Arctic
waters are discussed. "
'

Leedy, D.L. 1953.

wi Id1
ife

A e r i a lp h o t o
use
and
i n t e r p r e t a t i o ni nt h ef i e l d so f
a nrde c r e a t i o nP.h o t o g r a m m e t r E
i cn g i n e e r i n g1.9 ( 1: 1) 2 7 - 1 3 7 .

A s u m a r y o f work done i n wiZdZife interpretation;

photographic interpretation techniques are outlined.

.,

22
3

Murtha, P.A. 1964. The Ase of a e r i a lp h o t o g r a p h si nw i l d l i f e

U n p u b l i s h e d M , S . t h e s i s .C o r n e l 1U n i v e r s i t y ,I t h a c a ,

management.
New York. 66 pp.

The studyconsists of two sections: ( 1 ) changes i n landuse patterns and t h e e f f e c t upon the Hungarian partridge,
and ( 2 ) analysis of d e e r a c t i v i t y i n a deer y a r d .

INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL FEATURES

B r u d e r , J.S., E . G . Large,and
B.L. S t a r k . 1974. A t e s to fa e r i a l
p h o t o g r a p h yi n an e s t u r i n e mangrove swamp i nV e r a c r u z ,
M e x i c o .A m e r i c a nA n t i q u i t y .
40(3)~333-336.

"A groiuzd t r u t h checkconfirmedthe

u t i l i t y of

color aerial Photography f o r predicting and

mapping a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s i n an estuarine
mangrove swmp zone and for serving as a basis
for settlement pattern studies.

Accuracy of

prediction was extremelyhigh due t o t h e

sharpresponse of v e g e t a t i o n t o s l i g h t
d i f f e r e n c e s i n e l e v a t i o n . If
Reliable prehistoric site patterns

and s i t e

signatures are descAbed f o r this area.

C h i s n e l l , T.C.,
and
G . C . Cole. 1958. " I n d u s t r i a l components" - a p h o t o
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n key on i n d u s t r yP
. h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
24 (4):590-602.

"A system hasbeendevised

whereby a l l i n d u s t r y can

beplaced i n m e of s i x categories by reference to

the numbers m d k i n d s of imagecomponents of t h e
industry appearing

on the a e ~ a photo.
l

The classes of these same image components, a l l

readily identifiable

by the untrained obmrvcr,

a r e u t i l i z e d i n t h e arrangement of i I Zustrations
i n a photo interpretation k e y so that the

mer of

the key need search only a limited number of

illustrations to identify the industry
in
question.

Davis, J.M.

"

1966.

Uses o fa i r p h o t o sf o rr u r a l
and u r b a np l a n n i n g .
Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e . EconomicResearchService.
Government P r i n t i n gO f f i c e ,W a s h i n g t o n .
40 pp.

An i l l u s t r a t e d mnuaZ o f f e a t u r e s w i t h

U.S.
W.S.

a smary

of interpretations.
Goodman, M . S . 1959. A t e c h n i q u ef o rt h ei d e n t i f i c a t i o n
a e r i a lp h o t o g r a p h s .P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .

o f farmcropsfvom

2 5 ( 1 ) :131-137.

"This paper includes a deseription of a technique

deveZoped f o r the purpose of s e t t i n g down aerial-

photo identification criteria for various farm

crops at several stages of growth i n Northern
I Z l i n o i s . The general aspects

of the photo

appearance of these crops are also &scribed.

"

1964. C r i t e r i a f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t y p e s
on a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s .P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .

o f farming
30(6) :984-990.

"Three s e t s o f c r i t e r i a t h a t can be read or

inferred from aerial photographs serve as
indicators of types
of farming: (1) farmstead
features such as

barns, granaries, and silos;

crop associations
( 3 ) the uses that are
(2)

M a r t i n , A.

on individualfarms; and
made o f corn and hay. I'

1971. A r c h a e o l o g i c a sl i t e s
E n g i n e e r i n g .3 7 ( 4 ) :353-357.

s o i l s and c l i m a t eP
. hotogrammetric

24

"A porous soil mayshowmore

yearbecausethesesoils

s i t e s i n a wet

d q quickly. The

evidence of many s i t e s on loess may be

a t t r i b u t e d t o a period of rain followed by
sunshine and wind. Si-t;es frequently do not
show on conventional vertical mapping
photographs but

can be detected by sight

from low-level flights

ob Zique views.

and registered on

I'

Packman, D., and

L.E.
P h i l p o t t s . 1955. E l e m e n t a r ya g r i c u l t u r a al i r p h o t oi n t e r p r e t a t i o nw i t hp a r t i c u l a rr e f e r e n c et oe a s t e r n
Canada.
Canada Department o fA g r i c u l t u r e .M a r k e t i n gS e r v i c e ,
Economics D i v i s i o n . 103 pp.

The elements of airphoto interpretation and the

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of bedrock and geomorphic fgatures
aredescribed.

Ryerson, R . A . , and H.A. Wood. 1971. Air p h o t oa n a l y s i s

d a i r yf a r m i n g .P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .3 7 ( 2 ) :

If

o f beea
f nd

157-169.

Using, as a point of departure, reconanended feeding

systems f o r c a t t l e of d i f f e r e n t t y p e s and t h e ways
i n which c a t t l e a r e housed within barns, i t hasbeen

possible, using air photo interpretat+on, to

detrermine,

92
with an average ZeveZ of accuracygreaterthan
percent, whether a cattle-raising farm in Southern
Ontario has a dairy of a beef emphasis and howmany
cattle are kept on thefarm. 'I

S o l e c k i , R.S. 1958. C o n s i d e r a t i o ni nt h ei n t e r p r e t a t i o n
of aeriav
l i e w si n
archaeology.PhotogrammetricEngineering.24(5):798-802.

"The uses of aerial photogrbphy f o r pdrposes

of arehaeologicaZ work may be divided into

four parts. Theseare ( 1 ) documentary,

(2) Zocation, ( 3 ) evaluatory and appraisal,
and ( 4 ) progress report. 'I

S t r a n d b e r g , C.H., and R. Tomlinson.1970.Analysis

o f . a n c i e n t f i s ht r a p s .
P h o t o g r a m m e t r i cE n g i n e e r i n g .
34(8) :865-873.

"AeriaZphotography

w a s an e f f e c t i v e photo-

archaeological technique f o r detecting and

analyzing a s e r i e s o f a n c i e n t f i s h t r a p s i n
a section of the

Potomac River near Washington,

D.C. Thirty-six stone structures and one major
Indianvillagesiteuerediscovered.
The stone
structures were p r i m a r i l y s t o n e f i s h traps and
f i s h w e i r s . I'

Vogt, E.V.

1974. A e r i apl h o t o g r a p h yi na n t h r o p o l o g i c afli e l dr e s e a r c h .

H a r v a r dU n i v e r s i t yP r e s s ,C a m b r i d g e ,
Mass. 194 pp.

An analysis of specific areas

and technipai!
developments i n archeological aerial
photography i s given.